Field Evaluation of Selected Botanical and Synthetic Insecticides against Mealybug Drosicha mangiferae Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Infesting Citrus Orchards in Pakistan
Research Article
Field Evaluation of Selected Botanical and Synthetic Insecticides against Mealybug Drosicha mangiferae Green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Infesting Citrus Orchards in Pakistan
Hafiz Abdul Ghafoor1*, Muhammad Afzal1, Muhammad Luqman2, Muhammad Arshad Javed2, Syed Wasim Hasan3 and Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed1
1Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, 40100 Sargodha, Pakistan; 2Department of Agricultural Extension, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, 40100 Sargodha, Pakistan; 3Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, 40100 Sargodha, Pakistan.
Abstract | Mealybug Drosicha mangiferae Green (Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera) is a destructive sap-feeding pest of a number of horticultural and agricultural crops in Indo-Pak region. It has been an emerging threat to citrus industry in Pakistan and is considered as hard-to-control pest. This study evaluated some selected pest control options against the infestation of D. mangiferae under field conditions. The treatments included some most effective conventional and novel chemistry insecticides, botanicals and cultural control practice (i.e. two under-canopy deep hoeings with 15 days interval along with lower-branch pruning) alone or in combination with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (@ 1x108 conidia mL-1). First experiment was conducted in March 2016 and 2nd was performed from November 2016 to March 2017 in a citrus (Citrus reticulata cv. kinnow mandarin) orchard. In first year field experiment, there was a significant impact of all treatments on the reduction of mealybug infestation (F9, 39 = 39.10, P < 0.001; HSD at α = 0.05) as compared to control plants. Results of 2nd experiment also clearly demonstrated a significant impact of different treatments on the mealybug infestation (F12, 103 = 58.75, P < 0.001; HSD at α = 0.05) as compared to control. At both 3 and 7 days post-treatment, maximum reduction of mealybug infestation was recorded in plots treated with spirotetramat (87.75±3.91%) and lambda-cyhalothrin (85.52±4.42%) in combination with EPF followed by these two insecticides and sulfoxaflor alone. Based on overall study results, the insecticidal formulations of spirotetramat, lambda-cyhalothrin and sulfoxaflor in combination with EPF and under-canopy hoeing are recommended to the local citrus growers for an effective control of D. mangiferae infestation.
Received | January 01, 2020; Accepted | February 26, 2020; Published | July 09, 2020
*Correspondence | Hafiz Abdul Ghafoor, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, 40100 Sargodha, Pakistan; Email: hafizabdulghafoor@yahoo.com
Citation | Ghafoor, H.A., M. Afzal, M. Luqman, M. A. Javed, S.W. Hasan and M.Z. Majeed. 2020. Field evaluation of selected botanical and synthetic insecticides against mealybug Drosicha mangiferae green (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) infesting citrus orchards in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, 33(3): 454-460.
DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjar/2020/33.3.454.460
Keywords | Drosicha mangiferae, Citrus mealybug, Synthetic insecticides, Botanicals, Field efficacy, Spirotetramat, Lambda-cyhalothrin
Introduction
Mealybugs (Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera) are one of the most economic insect pests all over the world. These phloem-feeding insect pests infest and suck sap from tender twigs, shoots, stems, leaves, aerial roots, panicles, trunks, spurs and from the underground roots of a wide range of plants including many agricultural and horticultural crops (Williams and Willink, 1992). In Southeast Asian countries, more than 300 mealybug species belonging to 50 genera have been described so far infesting different agricultural crops including citrus, mango, banana, grape, tomato, okra and cotton etc. (Williams and Willink, 1992; Sirisena et al., 2013).
Mealybug Drosicha mangiferae Green, commonly known as mango mealybug, is among the most damaging and widespread species in Indo-Pak regions (Gundappa et al., 2018). Besides mango, this mealybug attacks on many other horticultural and agricultural crops. For example, citrus is a major fruit crop of Pakistan being primarily produced in Sargodha region (Ahmad et al., 2018) and D. mangiferae has become a regular pest status of citrus orchards in Sargodha and cause substantial qualitative and quantitative damage to citrus fruit production (Tahir et al., 2015; Afzal et al., 2018). This pest has been difficult to manage with most of the routine conventional synthetic insecticides because of its obscured mouthparts and impervious scales present on dorsal side of its body (Chaudhari, 2012; Mani and Shivaraju, 2016). Consequently, farmers mostly apply heavy and repeated sprays of insecticides (Aheer et al., 2009; Gulzar et al., 2015) causing environmental contamination and health hazards (Edwards, 2013; Nicolopoulou-Stamati et al., 2016).
In view of aforementioned situation, it is necessary to screen out the most effective synthetic insecticides being currently used by the local farmers against mealybugs and to seek out other biorational pest control strategies such as microbial and botanical pesticides. This study was therefore aimed to comparatively compare different laboratory selected most effective synthetic conventional and novel chemistry insecticidal formulations and different botanical extracts for their effectiveness against D. mealybug infestations in citrus orchards under field conditions. Moreover, compatibility of the most effective treatments was also determined along with microbial formulation (Beauveria bassiana) and cultural practice (hoeing and branch pruning) which can be effectively used against this destructive insect pest.
Materials and Methods
Experimental site
Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of different control options against D. mangiferae infesting citrus plants. First experiment was conducted in March 2016 and 2nd was performed from November 2016 to March 2017. Both field experiments were conducted in a citrus (Citrus reticulata cv. kinnow mandarin) orchard located in the vicinity of the College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha (32°08’21”N; 72°40’11”E). The average annual temperature and rainfall of this area is 23.8ºC and 410 mm, respectively (Zaka et al., 2004). Citrus is the main fruit crop of Sargodha region and encompasses more than 70% of country citrus production. Soil texture is sandy loam. The citrus orchard selected for the field experiments was severely infested by D. mangiferae and was ensured not to receive any pesticidal application for last 6 months prior to the experiment.
Treatments
Commercial formulations of conventional and novel chemistry insecticides (Table 1) were procured from the registered pesticide dealers of multinational companies from the local grain market of the Sargodha district. Formulation of entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana RACER 1.15% WP; formulated from naturally occurring soil fungal strains ATCC 26851 and NCIM 1216) was purchased from AgriLifeTM, Hyderabad, India. Botanical extracts were prepared in the laboratory of Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha. In brief, different plant parts as described in Table 1 were collected from the vicinity of the College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha and were washed with clean tap-water and were air-dried at room temperature (26ºC) for a week followed by grinding of plant material to course powder form using an electric blender. Extraction of botanicals was done through Soxhlet apparatus (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany) using 1:10 (w/v) methanol as extraction solvent. Plant essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation using Clevenger-type apparatus.
Experimental protocol
In first field experiment, treatments included botanical extracts of Azadirachta indica (neem) and Nerium indicum (oleander) applied @ 20% v/v, essential oil of Datura alba (Dhatura) applied @ 2.0 % v/v, formulations of spirotetramat, sulfoxaflor, thiamethoxam, methidathion, lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin applied according to their field-recommended dose rates (Table 1). Second field experiment contained the most effective treatments of 1st field experiment (i.e. A. indica, spirotetramat,
Table 1: Different botanical extracts and conventional and novel chemistry insecticides evaluated against 2nd instar nymphs of mealybug Drosicha mangiferae Green under field conditions.
|
Chemical name (active ingredient) |
Chemical family* | Mode of action | Brand name | Company |
Does (ha-1) |
| deltamethrin | 3A (pyrethroids) | Sodium channel modulator |
Decis® 10.5 EC |
Bayer crop science | 300 ml |
| lambda-cyhalothrin | 3A (pyrethroids) | Sodium channel modulator |
Karate® 2.5 EC |
Syngenta | 625 ml |
| methidathion | 1B (organophosphates) | Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor |
Supracide® 400 EC |
Syngenta | 2500 ml |
| spirotetramat | 23 (tetramic acid derivatives) | Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor |
Movento® 240 SC |
Bayer crop science | 800 ml |
| sulfoxaflor | 4C (sulfoximines) | Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric modulator |
Closer® 240 SC |
Dow agro sciences | 400 ml |
| thiamethoxam | 4A (neonicotinoids) | Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric modulator |
Actara® 25 WG |
Syngenta | 130 g |
| Botanical name | Common/ Vernacular name | Family | Major bioactive constituents | Extraction type | Plant parts extracted |
| Azadirachta indica | Neem | Meliaceae |
Azadirechtins and triterpenoids (Benelli et al., 2017) |
Botanical extract | Leaves and fruits |
| Datura alba | Dhatura | Solanaceae | Tropane alkaloids (Moniraand Munan, 2012) | Essential oil | Leaves and seeds |
| Nerium indicum | Kaner (Oleander) | Apocynaceae |
Oleandrin and oleandrigenin (Dodia et al., 2010) |
Botanical extract | Leaves |
*according to Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (www.irac-online.org) IRAC MoA Classification Version 8.3, July 2018.
sulfoxaflor and lambda-cyhalothrin) and their combination with entomopathogenic fungus (B. bassiana @ 5 g L-1) and manual hoeing (i.e. two under-canopy deep hoeings of soil with 15 days interval along with lower-branch pruning). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Each treatment was replicated independently and randomly in three blocks of the experiment. One row of orchard trees was left untreated in between two replication plots as buffer zone. Treatments were applied on 30 cm long infested apical twigs (4 per plant, one on each side of the plant) using knapsack sprayer. Data regarding number of D. mangiferae mealybugs (both adults and nymphs) was taken 1 day before and 3 and 7 days post-treatment and percent reduction in mealybug population was calculated.
Statistical analysis
Using Statistix® 8.1 (Analytical Software, 2005), data regarding percent reduction of mealybug population was subjected to factorial analysis of variance. Treatment means were compared using Tukey’s honestly significant difference (HSD) test at 95% level of significance.
Results and Discussion
Two sets of field experiments were carried out in citrus (C. reticulata; mandarin orange) orchards to determine the effect of selective biorational control options on infestation of mealybug D. mangiferae infesting recurrently citrus plants in Sargodha region. Percent reduction in mealybug infestation was assessed to determine the effect of treatments. Results of first year field experiment showed that there was a significant impact of all treatments on the reduction of mealybug infestation (F9, 39 = 39.10, P < 0.001; HSD at α = 0.05). Infestation reduced significantly on all trees treated with botanical and synthetic insecticides as compared to control trees (Figure 1). In control plots, mealybug infestation increased by 10.96±2.28%. In case of treatments, maximum reduction was observed for spirotetramat (70.54±6.83%), lambda-cyhalothrin (69.01±3.21%) and sulfoxaflor (58.69±6.42%) without any statistical difference (Figure 1). Thiamethoxam, methidathion and deltamethrin showed intermediate response. Among botanical insecticides, the extract of A. indica caused maximum reduction (36.23±3.17%) of mealybug infestation followed by the essential oil of D. alba (23.89±1.40%), while the extract of N. indicum was the least effective with average percent reduction of 10.30±3.16% (Figure 1).
Results of 2nd experiment which was performed using the most effective insecticidal and botanical treatments selected from 1st field experiment in integration with the application of entomopathogenic fungus (B. bassiana) and manual hoeing of under-canopy soil. Results of this experiment clearly demonstrated a significant impact of different treatments on the mealybug infestation as compared to control (F12, 103 = 58.75, P < 0.001; HSD at α = 0.05). Moreover, observation time (F1, 103 = 25.02, P < 0.001) and its interaction with treatments had also a significant effect (F12, 103 = 2.39, p = 0.011) on mealybug infestation (Table 1). Nevertheless, at 3 days post-treatment, maximum reduction was exhibited by spirotetramat alone (71.00±4.38%) and in combination with EPF (67.97±6.10%) and by lambda-cyhalothrin plus EPF (70.03±9.79%) without any statistical difference. Minimum reduction was exhibited by the botanical extract of A. indica (30.53±2.93%) followed by its combined application with EPF (35.67±2.13%) and with hoeing (37.13±7.05%). Similarly, sulfoxaflor alone and along with EPF and hoeing and lambda-cyhalothrin alone and with hoeing showed intermediate but significant reduction of mealybug infestation as compared to control (Figure 2).
According to data of 2nd observation taken at 7 days post-treatment, maximum infestation reduction was exhibited by plots treated with spirotetramat (87.75±3.91%) and lambda-cyhalothrin (85.52±4.42%) in combination with EPF followed by these two synthetic insecticides alone (Figure 2). The extract of A. indica showed minimum infestation reduction (28.92±5.06%) followed by its combined application with hoeing (31.63±3.95%) and with EPF (57.36±2.94%). In control plots, mealybug infestation increased from 7.44% to 16.02% recorded at 3 and 7 days post-treatment, respectively (Figure 2).
Table 2: Analysis of variance comparison table for mean reduction of mealybug Drosicha mangiferae Green population in response to different botanical and synthetic insecticides.
| Source | DF | SS | MS | F-value | P-value |
| DAS | 1 | 2277.8 | 2277.76 | 25.02 | <0.001 |
| Treatments | 12 | 64194.6 | 5349.55 | 58.75 | <0.001 |
| DAS * treatments | 12 | 2613.3 | 217.78 | 2.39 | 0.0113 |
| Error | 75 | 6828.9 | 91.05 | ||
| Total | 103 | 76423.4 | |||
| Grand Mean | 56.99 | ||||
| CV | 16.74 |
P < 0.001 (highly significant) and P < 0.01 (significant); two-way factorial ANOVA at α: 0.05. DAS: days after spray.
Mealybugs D. mangiferae is posing a severe threat to horticultural industry in Indo-Pak region. Farmers rely on repeated and over-dosed applications of conventional insecticides with unsatisfactory control of this pest. Although many previous studies have evaluated the toxicity of available synthetic, botanical and microbial insecticidal compounds against mealybugs (Karar et al., 2010; Kulkarni and Patil, 2013; Arshad et al., 2015; Dwivedi et al., 2018; Majeed et al., 2018), no study so far determined the field efficacy of these insecticidal compounds against D. mangiferae mealybug infestation. This study evaluated some most effective conventional and novel chemistry synthetic insecticides and botanicals selected from the preliminary laboratory bioassays First field trial was carried out with three most effective conventional, novel chemistry and botanical pesticides, while second trial incorporated the most effective treatments of first experiment alone or in combination with microbial formulation of B. bassiana and cultural (hoeing and pruning) practices.
Results of both field experiments revealed that there was a significant reduction in mealybug infestation by all treatments as compared to control. In first field trial, regarding synthetic insecticides, maximum mealybug infestation reduction was observed for spirotetramat and lambda-cyhalothrin, followed by sulfoxaflor, methidathion and thiamethoxam. Among botanical treatments, extract of A. indica was the most effective causing maximum and significant reduction of mealybug infestation followed by the essential oil of D. alba. In the second field trial, treatments and time intervals (days) exhibited a significant effect on the reduction of mealybug infestation. Most effective treatments in this trial were spirotetramat and lambda-cyhalothrin along with entomopathogenic fungi application, followed by these two synthetic insecticides alone.
Our results are consistent with those of Mansour et al. (2010) and Seni and Sahoo (2015) demonstrating that spirotetramat and lambda-cyhalothrin are effective insecticidal formulations against different mealybug infestations. Similarly, our results corroborate the findings of Majeed et al. (2018) who showed that extract of A. indica is most effective botanical against mealybug D. mangiferae. In addition, our results showed a synergistic effect of these synthetic insecticides along with B. bassiana formulation and cultural practices. Many previous studies have shown laboratory and field efficiency of B. bassiana against D. mangiferae individuals alone (Masarrat et al., 1998; Haseeb and Srivastava, 2003) or in combination with different synthetic insecticides (Andaló et al., 2004; Tanwar et al., 2007). Likewise, cultural operations such as deep soil hoeing/ploughing and pruning of tree lower braches appeared to be very effective for the integrated management of mealybug D. mangiferae infestations (Karar et al., 2010b; Bhau, 2012).
Conclusions and Recommendation
Based on overall findings of this field study, the insecticidal formulations of spirotetramat, lambda-cyhalothrin and sulfoxaflor in combination with EPF and under-canopy hoeing are recommended to the local citrus growers for an effective control of D. mangiferae infestation.
Author’s Contributions
Muhammad Afzal and Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed conceived and designed the experimental protocols. Hafiz Abdul Ghafoor performed the experiments. Muhammad Luqman performed the statistical analyses. Hafiz Abdul Ghafoor prepared the first draft of manuscript. Muhammad Arshad Javed and Syed Wasim Hasan provided technical assistance in the field experiments and during data collection. Muhammad Zeeshan Majeed technically revised the manuscript. Muhammad Afzal provided technical assistance in the experimentation.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this research work.
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