Research Article

Effect of Different Irrigation Intervals and Sowing Methods on Growth and Productivity of Lentil Crop Grown in Semi-Arid Conditions

Junaid Ali1, Muhammad Nawaz2, Muhammad Ilyas3, Muhammad Umer Chattha1, Imran Khan1, Muhammad Bilal Chattha4*, Muhammad Arshad5, Muhammad Akram6, Mina Kharal7, Ehsan Ullah1, Muhammad Talha Aslam1, Fareeha Athar1, Ayesha Mustafa1 and Muhammad Umair Hassan1

1Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan; 2Department of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan; 3University College of Dera Murad Jamali Nasirabad (LUAWMS). Pakistan; 4Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan; 5Agronomy (Forage Production) Section, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 6Agronomic Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 7Department of Management Sciences, National Textile University, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Received | 31 December 2021; Accepted | 15 February 2022; Published | June 20, 2022

*Correspondence | Muhammad Bilal Chattha, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan; Email: bilal1409@yahoo.com

Citation | Ali, J., M. Nawaz, M. Ilyas, M.U. Chattha, I. Khan, M.B. Chattha, M. Arshad, M. Akram, M. Kharal, E. Ullah, M.T. Aslam, F. Athar, A. Mustafa and M.U. Hassan. 2022. Effect of different irrigation intervals and sowing methods on growth and productivity of lentil crop grown in semi-arid conditions. Journal of Innovative Sciences, 8(1): 20-28.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.jis/2022/8.1.20.28

Keywords | Growth, Irrigation, Lentil, Ridge sowing, Yield

Copyright: 2022 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

1. Introduction

Pulses are the important source of protein and nutrient across the globe. Lentil is an important pulse crop after chickpea and it has great importance as a pulse and legume crop globally (Kazmi et al., 2002). Lentil has great importance as food for humans and animals owing to fact it contains an appreciable amount of proteins and nutrients (Cheng et al., 2019). Lentil can fix atmospheric nitrogen and increase the nitrogen content in soil and subsequently soil fertility (Humayun, et al., 2019). It is grown in arid region and it has a great ability to with stand harsh environmental situations such as low water and high temperature (Yadav et al., 2007). The lentil has different types red, green and black which is also a great source of vitamin B-complex and dietary fiber (Lardy and Anderson, 2009).

The pulses production in Pakistan is very low because the cultivated area under pulses is less as compared to other major crops (Ahmad et al., 2021). Moreover, poor agronomic practices including lack of good quality seed, land preparation, inappropriate sowing and irrigation method, along with diseases and insects attacks are the major problems for lower pulses production in Pakistan (Ahmad et al., 2021). During the growth of pods and seeds, a sufficient supply of moisture substantially increased the crop yield and grain production (Assaduzaman et al., 2008). However, water deficiency induced serious alterations in plant physio-biochemical and metabolic processes which in turn caused huge yield losses (Hassan et al., 2017, 2020a; Mehmood et al., 2021; Zahra et al., 2021; Batool et al., 2022). Moreover, water shortage also contracts the cells and compact the soil which adversely affect the ion water and nutrient transportation (Mahajan and Tuteja, 2005). Water stress also induced production of ROS that damage membrane, proteins and other major molecules of plants (Chattha et al., 2021; Dustgeer et al., 2021; Imran et al., 2021; Seleiman et al., 2021; Sultan et al., 2021). Although the lentil is drought tolerant crop, but irrigation application can significant increase its yield (Soltani et al., 2001). In addition, lentil is cultivated as irrigated crop to improve its yield and to attain maximum potential of the crop (Erman et al., 2011).

Sowing method is one of the indispensable actions in agricultural operations and skill of seed placing in the soil has significant importance in achieving high yield. Sowing method affects the interception of radiation and moisture extraction from soil (Rehman, 2002). Among different sowing techniques, raised bed planting is an effective agronomic intervention particularly in high rainfall and irrigated areas to minimize the damage caused by waterlogging, especially in rainy-season. In pigeonpea, ridge and furrow method of planting reduced the disease incidence (Chauhan et al., 2005). Further, better drainage under raised bed planting also minimizes the risk of root rots and collar rot diseases (Chaudhary et al., 2014). Bed sowing also saves the irrigation water and costly inputs like seeds and fertilizers (Kumar et al., 2012). Yield enhancement in pulses like pigeonpea, lentil and chickpea is also observed owing to better nodulation and crop growth under raised bed (Kumar et al., 2015). It is widely known that line planting in suitable rows is the most effective method for increasing yield (Ansari et al., 2000). The sowing of lentil in ridge has significant effect on the production of lentil where the soil moisture is high because ridge provided good drainage condition (El-Ashry et al., 2009). Though, broadcasting is still the most common technique of lentil production, and it is one of the most significant yield limiting factors. We hypothesized that application irrigation can improve lentil growth and production under bed sowing. Therefore, present research was performed to determine the influence of diverse irrigation intervals and sowing methods on growth and yield of lentil crop grown in semi-arid conditions.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1 Site of experiment

The current research was performed to observe the response of lentil crop to different sowing method and irrigation at the Agronomic Research Area, University of Agriculture Faisalabad during winter, 2020. The studied site had hot and humid summer (Hassan et al., 2019, 2020b) with dry winter whereas; overall research area is characterized with semi-arid climatic region.

2.2 Experimental treatments

The experiment was performed in RCBD with a two-factor split plot layout having three replications. Experimental treatments comprised of different irrigations levels; 1 irrigation (60 DAS), 2 irrigations (30 DAS and 60 DAS), 3 irrigations (30 DAS, 60 DAS and 90 DAS) and 4 irrigations (30 DAS, 40 DAS, 60 DAS and 80 DAS) and different sowing methods; flat sowing, bed sowing and ridge sowing.

2.3 Crop husbandry

The field was prepared by one rota-vator and two cultivations (by using cultivator) followed by planking to prepared seedbed. The seed @ 20 kg ha-1 was used in all methods and the fertilizers were used at rate of 30:60:25 (N: P: K) kg ha-1. All potash and phosphorus was applied at sowing and remained N was used in two splits; one dose was applied in first irrigation and second dose used at flowering stage. Urea (46% N), single super phosphate (SSP: 18% P) and sulphate of potash (SOP: 50% K) are fertilizer source was used for N: P: K, respectively.

.

2.4 Procedure for recording observations

Plants were harvested from the unit area from each plot and then leaves were detached from the branches and weighed. A sub sample of 2 g leaves was taken to measure and leaf area index (LIA) was measured with procedure of Watson (1947). Moreover, leaf area duration (LAD) was calculated by the method of Hunt (1979). Moreover, crop growth and net assimilate rates were measured with methods of Hunt (1979). Five plants in each plot were marked and their height was measured along with counting the number of branches and nodes per plant and averaged. Likewise, 10 pods from different plants in each plot were taken and pods were counted and averaged. The plots were harvested for determination of grain and biomass production. Moreover, A sub-sample of 1000 grains from harvested grains were taken and 1000 GW was determined. Finally, harvest index (HI) was determined as a ratio of grain and biological yield.

2.5 Statistical analysis

The data was analyzed statistically by using the fisher’s analysis of variance methods (Steel et al., 1997) and means of treatment were compared by using LSD test at 5 % level of probability.

3. Results and Discussion

Irrigation frequency and sowing methods had significant impacts on the LAI. The maximum LAI was recorded with application of three irrigations (after 30, 60 and 90 DAS) and lowest was noticed in one irrigation (after 60 DAS), whilst amongst the sowing methods, maximum LAI was attained with ridge sowing method and lowest was reported with flat sowing method (Figure 1). The application of irrigation increases nutrient uptake which in turn improve leaves production therefore resulting in more LAI. Ridge sowing method improved the good environment for the roots which ultimately improved the leaves of plant and consequently, increased the LAI and LAD (Yadav and Singh, 2014). The maximum LAD throughout growing period was recorded with three irrigations (after 30, 60 and 90 DAS) and lowest was recorded in one irrigation (after 60 DAS), whilst ridge sowing methods had the maximum LAD whilst flat sowing had the lowest LAD (Figure 2). The maximum LAD was noticed with three irrigations and ridge sowing method. The application of three irrigations significantly increased the LAI which resultantly increased the LAD owing to facto LAD is product of LAI. Ridge sowing method improve the good environment for the roots which ultimately improve the leaves of plant and increase the LAI and LAD Rathore et al. (2006) also found same results.

 

The CGR increased progressively over the time and reached to highest value after 60-75 DAS. The maximum CGR during growing period was recorded in I3 (after 30, 60 and 90 DAS) and lowest was recorded in one irrigation (Figure 3). Moreover, in sowing methods, maximum CGR was recorded in ridge and lowest was recorded in flat sowing. After 60-75 DAS the CGR also started decreasing and maximum reduction was reported for one irrigation and lowest reduction was recorded in three irrigations levels. The increase in LAI increased the light

 

harvesting and produce more assimilates which leads to better dry matter production consequently better CGR. Total dry matter production was more responsive to irrigation that caused a large increase in dry matter production (McKenzie et al., 1985). The maximum NAR (6.21 g m-2 day-1) was recorded with I3 (30, 60 and 90 DAS) followed by I4 (30, 40, 60 and 80 DAS) and lowest NAR (5.06 g m-2 day-1) was recorded in I1 where one irrigation was applied. Sowing methods also had significant difference as maximum NAR (5.73 g m-2 day-1) was recorded with the ridge sowing that is followed by bed sowing and lowest NAR (5.44 g m-2 day-1) was noted with flat sowing. The maintenance of moisture contents with ridges helped the plants to produce the good assimilates production which resulted in increase in LAI. The increase in LAI leads to more light harvesting which favors better dry matter production thus resulting in higher NAR (Hari et al., 2011).

 

Table 1: Effect of different sowing methods and irrigation levels growth and yield traits of lentil crop.

Irrigations levels	NAR g m-2 day-1	PH (cm)	BPP	NPP	GPP
I1	5.06D	39.77D	5.33D	61.33C	1.00C
I2	5.18C	44.33B	6.66C	68.44B	1.22BC
I3	6.21A	47.66A	9.22A	77A	2.11A
I4	5.83B	43.00C	8.11B	76.33A	1.77AB
LSD≤0.05P	0.11	1.15	0.59	3.66	0.76
Sowing methods
Flat sowing (FS)	5.44C	43.16B	6.50B	68.16C	1.50A
Bed sowing (BS)	5.55B	43.16B	7.41A	69.58B	1.25B
Ridge sowing (RS)	5.73A	44.75A	8.08A	74.58A	1.83A
LSD≤0.05P	0.09	0.82	0.66	1.08	0.43
Interaction
I1 × FS	4.98	38.33fg	5.00d	61g	1.66
I1 × FS	5.10	47.66a	5.33d	67.33f	2.33
I1 × FS	6.11	48.33ab	7.33bc	71de	2.67
I1 × FS	5.55	37.33g	8.33b	73.33cd	2.33
I2 × BS	5.08	39.33f	5.66d	61.33g	1.67
I2 × BS	5.12	39.00fg	7.00c	68.66ef	1.33
I2 × BS	6.23	47.66ab	8.66b	74.66c	2.00
I2 × BS	5.78	46.66bc	8.33b	73.66c	2.33
I3 × RS	5.12	41.66e	5.33d	61.66g	1.33
I3 × RS	5.33	45.33cd	7.66bc	69.33ef	2.00
I3 × RS	6.30	48.33abc	11.66a	85.33a	2.67
I3 × RS	6.17	45.00d	7.66bc	82b	2.33
LSD≤0.05P	NS	1.76	1.33	2.16	NS

 

I1: irrigation after 60 DAS; I2: after 30 and 60 DAS; I3: after 30, 60 and 90 DAS; I4: after 30, 40, 60 and 80 DAS. NAR: net assimilation rate; PH: plant height; BPP: branches per plant; NPP: nodes per plant; GPP: grains per plant. Means with different letters differed at 0.05 P level.

 

The maximum plant height, branches/plant, nodes/plant and grains/pod were recorded with I3 (30, 60 and 90 DAS) and lowest values for these parameters were recorded in I1 irrigation after 60 DAS (Table 1). The application of proper amount of irrigation water favors the better assimilates production which improve the plant growth in terms of better plant height (Adeoye et al., 2014). The maximum plant height was recorded in ridge sowing that remained same with bed sowing whereas; flat sowing gave the minimum plant height. Ridges and beds ensured the better root growth which facilitate the better nutrient and water uptake and ensured the better assimilates production, in resulting plants got maximum height as compared to flat sowing (Hassan et al., 2019). The number of branches per plant has association with irrigation because irrigation improves the vegetative growth of plant and ultimately increases branches per plant (Ali et al. 2003). The maximum branches, nodes per plant and grains/pod was obtained in ridged sowing and ridges provide the better environment for roots development and roots can uptake more water which improve the plant growth and increase branches per plant (Al-Issawi, 2016).

 

Table 2: Effect of different sowing methods and irrigation levels yield components and yield of lentil crop.

Irrigations levels	1000 GW (g)	BY (kg ha-1)	GY (kg ha-1)	HI (%)
I1	9.72D	4822.1C	870.4D	18.052C
I2	14.00C	4967.7B	910.9C	18.326C
I3	17.33A	5046.7A	1007.1A	19.920A
I4	15.44B	4995.6B	940.9B	18.826B
LSD≤0.05P	1.38	29.86	18.86	0.42
Sowing methods
Flat sowing (FS)	13.66B	4895.3C	846.1C	17.28C
Bed sowing (BS)	13.37B	4964.4B	933.8B	18.80B
Ridge sowing (RS)	15.33A	5014.2A	1017A	20.25A
LSD≤0.05P	1.12	9.40	11.95	0.20
Interaction
I1 × FS	10e	4820e	809.3h	16.793e
I1 × FS	14.33cd	4891d	835.0gh	17.070f
I1 × FS	15.67bc	4925c	889.3f	18.060e
I1 × FS	14.66bcd	4945c	850.7g	17.070f
I2 × BS	9.50e	4830e	892.3ef	18.477de
I2 × BS	13.00d	4998.3b	918de	18.367de
I2 × BS	16bc	5011b	986.7c	19.690c
I2 × BS	15.00bcd	5018.3b	938.3d	18.697d
I3 × RS	9.66e	4816e	909.7ef	18.887d
I3 × RS	14.66bcd	5013.3b	979.7c	19.540c
I3 × RS	20.33a	5204a	1145.3a	22.01a
I3 × RS	16.66b	5023.3b	1033.7b	20.58b
LSD≤0.05P	2.30	18.81	27.08	0.59

 

I1: irrigation after 60 DAS; I2: after 30 and 60 DAS; I3: after 30, 60 and 90 DAS; I4: after 30, 40, 60 and 80 DAS. GW: grain weight; BY: biological yield; GY: grain yield; HI: harvest index. Means with different letters differed at 0.05 P level.

 

The maximum grain weight, grain and biomass productivity and harvest index was recorded from plots where irrigations were applied 30, 60 and 90 DAS and minimum values were recorded with irrigation application after 60 DAS (Table 2). In case of sowing methods bed sowing performed appreciable well with maximum GW, grain and biomass productivity where flat sowing remained the poor performed with minimum GW, grain and biomass productivity. In I3 the maximum 1000 grain weight was recorded because proper amount of water plays an important role in transportation of assimilates from leaf to grain and resulted in production of bolder seeds with more weight. Maximum 1000 grain weight was recorded ridge sowing because the ridges provides the better environments to plant for better growth and increase the photosynthetic activity of leafs which ultimately more assimilates move into the seed and increase the grain weight (Alam et al., 2020; Chattha et al., 2020). The total biomass increases when the I3 were applied because proper amount of water helps in the plants metabolism and photosynthetic activity as compared to the minimum irrigations and resulted in production of more biomass (Mondal et al., 2012). Ridge sowing method provided better environment for plant root growth and absorbed more nutrient and increase biomass production These results are same with findings of Hussain (2002) who noted maximum biological yield in ridge sowing method as compared to flat sowing method. The application of proper amount of irrigation water favors the better assimilates production which favors the better growth in terms of better grain yields (Assaduzaman et al., 2008). The maximum grain yield was recorded in ridge sowing method because in ridges the roots moves downward easily and uptake more nutrients and water which ultimately increased the final yield (El-Tawwab et al., 2007).

Conclusions and Recommendations

The different irrigation levels and sowing methods significantly affected the growth and productivity of lentil crop. The application of three irrigations 30, 60 and 90 DAS along with sowing on ridges significantly improved the lentil growth and productivity. Therefore, irrigation application 30, 60 and 90 DAS along with ridge sowing can be used to get maximum productivity of lentil crop growth in semi-arid conditions of Faisalabad. However, more studies are direly needed to optimize the time of irrigation for lentil crop under different climatic conditions before marking its recommendation for farmers.

Novelty Statement

Limited information is available about the effect of different irrigation intervals and sowing methods on growth and productivity of lentil crop. Therefore, this study was performed to determine impact of different irrigation intervals and sowing methods on the growth and yield of lentil crop.

Author’s Contribution

Junaid Ali: Performed experiment.

Muhammad Umer Chattha and Imran Khan: Conceived and designed the experiment and wrote original draft.

Muhammad Nawaz, Muhammad Ilyas, Muhammad Bilal Chattha, Muhammad Arshad, Muhammad Akram, Mina Kharal, Ehsan Ullah, Muhammad Talha Aslam, Fareeha Athar, Ayesha Mustafa and Muhammad Umair Hassan: Reviewed and edited.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

References

Adeoye, P.A., Adesiji, R.A. Oloruntade, A.J. and Njemanze, C.F., 2014. Effect of irrigation intervals on growth and yield of bell pepper in a tropical semi-arid region. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, (4): 515-524. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJEA/2014/7788

Ahmad, M., Chattha, M.U., Khan, I., Chattha, M.B., Anjum, F.H., Afzal, S., Faran, M., Hussain, F., Aslam, M.T., Jabbar, A. and Bazmi, M.S.A., 2021. Effect of different sowing dates and cultivars on growth and productivity of mungbean crop. Journal of Innovative Sciences, 7: 190-198. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.jis/2021/7.1.190.198

Alam, M.S., Haydar, F.M.A. and Hoque, A., 2020. Effects of planting method on yield and yield attributing characters in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Journal of Bio-Science, 28: 105-110. https://doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v28i0.44716

Ali, A., Munir, M.K., Malik, M.A. and Saleem, M.F., 2003. Effect of different irrigation and nitrogen levels on the seed and oil yield of canola (Brassica napus L.). Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 40: 137-139.

Al-Issawi, M.H., 2016. Foliar application of iron and potassium enhances growth and yield of mung bean (Vigna radita L.). Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 8: 43-55.

Ansari, A.H., Kakar, A.A. Tareen, A.B. Barecht, A.R. and Kakar, G.M., 2000. Planting pattern and irrigation level effects on growth, yield components and seed yield of soybean. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 37: 61-4.

Assaduzaman, M., Karim, M.F., Ullah, M.J., and Hasanuzzaman, M., 2008. Response of mungbean to nitrogen and irrigation management. American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 3: 40-43.

Batool, M., El-Badri, A.M., Hassan, M.U., Haiyun, Y., Chunyun, W., Zhenkun, Y., Jie, K., Wang B. and Zhou, G. 2022. Drought stress in Brassica napus: Effects, tolerance mechanisms, and management strategies. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-021-10542-9

Chattha, M.U, Arif, W., Khan, I., Soufan, W., Bilal Chattha, M., Hassan, M.U., Ullah, N., Sabagh, A.E. and Qari, S.H., 2021. Mitigation of cadmium induced oxidative stress by using organic amendments to improve the growth and yield of mash beans (Vigna mungo L). Agronomy, 11: 2152. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112152

Chattha, M.U., Hassan, M.U., Khan, I., Chattha, M.B., Aamer, M., Nawaz, M., Anjum, S.A., Ashraf, U. and Kharal, M., 2020. Impact of planting methods on biomass production, chemical composition and methane yield of sorghum cultivars. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 57: 43-51.

Chaudhary, A.N., Vihol, K.J. and Mor, V.B., 2014. Water use efficiency, yield, available nutrient and economics of greengram (Vigna radiate L.) as influenced by plant density and irrigation management. Trends in Bioscies, 7: 3761-3764.

Chauhan, V.B., Singh, V.B. and Singh, O.N., 2005. Integrated management of phytophthora blight of pigeonpea. Indian Journal of Pulses Research, 18: 46.

Cheng, A., Raai, M.N., Zain, N.A.M., Massawe, F., Singh, A. and Wan-Mohtar, W., 2019. In search of alternative proteins: unlocking the potential of underutilized tropical legumes. Food Security, 11: 1205-1215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-019-00977-0

Dustgeer, Z., Seleiman, M.F., Imran, K., Chattha, M.U., Alhammad, B.A., Jalal, R.S., Refay, Y. and Hassan, M.U., 2021. Glycine-betaine induced salinity tolerance in maize by regulating the physiological attributes, antioxidant defense system and ionic homeostasis. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 49: 12248-12248. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha49112248

El-Ashry, A., El-Shal, A.M. and Radwan, G.G., 2009. Effect of mechanical planting with ridger-seeder on lentil production. Misr Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 26: 1054-1067. https://doi.org/10.21608/mjae.2009.107582

El-Tawwab, I.M., Badawy, M.E. and El-Khawaga, S., 2007. Developing and performance evaluation of a locally fabricated sugar beet planter. Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 24: 648-665.

Erman, M., Demir, S., Ocak, E., Tufenkçi, S., Oguz, F. and Akkopru, A., 2011. Effects of Rhizobium, arbuscular mycorrhiza and whey applications on some properties in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under irrigated and rainfed conditions 1-Yield, yield components, nodulation and AMF colonization. Field Crops Research, 122: 14-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.02.002

Hari, R., Guriqbal, S., Navneet, A. and Jagmeet, K., 2011. Soybean (Glycine max) growth, productivity and water use under different sowing methods and seeding rates in Punjab. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 56: 377-380.

Hassan, M.U., Aamer, M., Chattha, M.U., Ullah, M.A., Sulaman, S., Nawaz, M., Zhiqiang, W., Yanqin, M. and Guoqin, H., 2017. The role of potassium in plants under drought stress: Mini review. Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 13: 268-271. https://doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2017.13.44

Hassan, M.U., Aamer, M., Umer Chattha, M., Haiying, T., Shahzad, B., Barbanti, L., Nawaz, M., Rasheed, A., Afzal, A., Liu, Y. and Guoqin, H., 2020. The critical role of zinc in plants facing the drought stress. Agriculture, 10: 396. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10090396

Hassan, M.U., Chattha, M.U., Barbanti, L., Chattha, M.B., Mahmood, A., Khan, I. and Nawaz, M., 2019. Combined cultivar and harvest time to enhance biomass and methane yield in sorghum under warm dry conditions in Pakistan. Industrial Crops and Products, 132: 84-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.02.019

Hassan, M.U., Chattha, M.U., Barbanti, L., Mahmood, A., Chattha, M.B., Khan, I., Mirza, S., Aziz, S.A., Nawaz, M. and Aamer, M., 2020. Cultivar and seeding time role in sorghum to optimize biomass and methane yield under warm dry climate. Industrial Crops and Products, 145: 111983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111983

Humayun, K.M., Pronabananda, D., Monirul, I.M., Belal, H.M., Mamun, A.N.K. and Roland, V.R., 2019. Effect of different doses of nitrogen on nitrogen fixation and yield of lentil using tracer technique. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(3): 69-75. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2019.6.3.0027

Hunt, R., 1979. Plant growth analysis: The rationale behind the use of the fitted mathematical function. Annals of Botany, 43: 245-249. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a085632

Hussain, M., 2002. Effect of soil phosphorus and foliar application of calcium-cu-magnesium on agroqualitative traits of three cultivars of lentil. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad.

Imran, K., Seleiman, M.F., Chattha, M.U., Jalal, R.S., Mahmood, F., Hassan, F.A., Izzet, W., Alhammad, B.A., Rana, R.O.Y. and Hassan, M.U., 2021. Enhancing antioxidant defense system of mung bean with a salicylic acid exogenous application to mitigate cadmium toxicity. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 49: 12303-12303. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha49212303

Kazmi, R.M., Jeelani, G. and Bhatti, M.H., 2002. Studies on yield of some promising lentil cultivars against powdery mildew. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, 17: 59-64.

Kumar, N., Singh, M.K., Ghosh, P.K., Venkatesh, M.S., Hazra, K.K. and Nadarajan, N., 2012. Resource conservation technology in pulse based cropping systems. Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, pp. 249-251.

Kumar, N., Singh, M.K., Praharaj, C.S., Singh, U. and Singh, S.S., 2015. Performance of chickpea under different planting method, seed rate and irrigation level in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Journal of Food Legumes, 28: 40-44.

Lardy, G., and Anderson, V., 2009. General concepts and recommendations for using alternative feeds. Alternative Feeds for Ruminants. 24: 201-204.

Mahajan, S., and Tuteja, N., 2005. Cold, salinity and drought stresses. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 444: 139-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2005.10.018

McKenzie, B.A., Sherrell, C., Gallagher, J.N. and Hill, G.D., 1985. Response of lentils to irrigation and sowing date. Proceedings of the Agronomy Society of New Zealand, 15: 47-50.

McKenzie, B.A., Sherrell, C., Gallagher, J.N., and Hill, G.D., 1985. Response of lentils to irrigation and sowing date. Agronomy Society New Zealand, 15: 47-50.

Mehmood, M., Khan, I., Chattha, M.U., Hussain, S., Ahmad, N., Aslam, M.T., Hafeez, M.B., Hussan, M.U., Hassan, M.U., Nawaz, M. and Iqbal, M.M., 2021. Thiourea application protects maize from drought stress by regulating growth and physiological traits. Pakistan Journal of Science, 73: 355-363.

Mondal, C., Bandopadhyay, P., Alipatra, A. and Banerjee, H., 2012. Performance of summer mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) under different irrigation regimes and boron levels. Journal of Food Legumes, 25: 37-40.

Rathore, V.S., Singh, P. and Gautam, R.C., 2006. Productivity and water-use efficiency of rainfed pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum) as influenced by planting patterns and integrated nutrient management. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 51: 46-48.

Rehman, J., 2002. Effect of planting patterns on growth and yield of different legumes. M.Sc. thesis, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Seleiman, M.F., Aslam, M.T., Alhammad, B.A., Hassan, M.U., Maqbool, R., Chattha, M.U., Khan, I., Gitari, H.I., Uslu, O.S., Rana, R. and Battaglia, M.L., 2022. Salinity stress in wheat: Effects, mechanisms and management strategies. Phyton, 91: 667.

Soltani, A., Khooie, F.R., Ghassemi-Golezani, K. and Moghaddam, M., 2001. A simulation study of chickpea crop response to limited irrigation in a semiarid environment. Agricultural Water Management, 49: 225-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(00)00143-8

Steel, R., Torrie, J., and Dickey, D., 1997. Principles and procedures of statistics: A biometric approach: WCB Mc/Graw Hill Book Companies, New York, USA

Sultan, I., Khan, I., Chattha, M.U., Hassan, M.U., Barbanti, L., Calone, R., Ali, M., Majid, S., Ghani, M.A., Batool, M. and Izzat, W., 2021. Improved salinity tolerance in early growth stage of maize through salicylic acid foliar application. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 16: 1810. https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2021.1810

Watson, D.J., 1947. Comparative physiological studies on the growth of field crops: I. Variation in net assimilation rate and leaf area between species and varieties, and within and between years. Annals of Botany, 11: 41-76. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a083148

Yadav, S. and Singh, B.N., 2014. Effect of irrigation schedules and planting methods on yield, attributes and economics of green gram (Phaseolus radiata L.) under rice wheat green gram cropping system. Plant Archives, 14: 521-523.

Yadav, S.S., Stevenson, P.C., Rizvi, A.H., Manohar, M., Gailing, S. and Mateljan, G., 2007. Uses and consumption. In Lentil. Springer, pp. 33-46. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6313-8_4

Zahra, M., Nawaz, M., Chattha, M.U., Khan, I., Chattha, M.B., Bhatti, M.A., Rehman, A., Ahmed, F., Muhammad, F., Kharal, M. and Hassan, M.U., 2021. Response of wheat genotypes having different stature to early period drought stress. Journal of Innovative Sciences, 7: 296-303. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.jis/2021/7.2.296.303