Research Article

COVID-19 Lockdown and its Impact on Animal, Human Health and Veterinary Medical Education, Iraq

Karima Akool Al-Salihi1*, Luay Jumaah Jihad2, Abbas Najm Aldin Saleh3

1College of Dentistry, Al Iraqia University, Baghdad, Iraq; 2Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq; 3Department of Pathology and Poultry Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq.

Received | January 06, 2024; Accepted | January 27, 2024; Published | March 01, 2024

*Correspondence | Karima Akool Al-Salihi, College of dentistry, Al Iraqia University, Baghdad, Iraq; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Al-Salihi KA, Jihad LJ, Aldin Saleh ANA (2024). COVID-19 lockdown and its impact on animal, human health and veterinary medical education, Iraq. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci., 12(5):815-823.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2024/12.5.815.823

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316

Copyright: 2024 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

INTRODUCTION

COVID-19 is also recognized as Coronavirus disease. It is an acute, highly contagious respiratory syndrome caused by a novel coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and triggered an extensive global health pandemic in December 2019. Coronavirus is an important pathogen for both humans and animals. A new coronavirus was first reported in Wuhan, China, which has not been identified in human previously (Sohrabi et al., 2020). The infected patients suffered from severe pneumonia-like illnesses characterized by fever, cough, sore throat, asthma, and sometimes gastrointestinal problems (Alaa et al., 2022; Marwah et al., 2023). COVID-19 circulated rapidly, resulting in an epidemic throughout China following a global pandemic (Al-Salihi and Khalaf, 2021). A lockdown was applied on all sectors including veterinary service, which lead to corrupted the veterinary service and consequently distribution of animal diseases and reemerging of zoonotic diseases (Alsalihi et al., 2023, 2024). Subsequently, universities and colleges were suspended and stopped all campus academic and teaching activities to decrease gathering and thus the transmission of the virus (Zhou et al., 2020; Rothan and Byrareddy, 2020). Therefore, the conventional campus classroom was substituted with online teaching (Bergdahl and Nouri, 2020; Iglesias-Pradas et al., 2021). Previous studies approved that the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns have significantly impacted veterinary medical education (Adebowale et al., 2021; AVMA, 2020). Researchers found that COVID-19 lockdowns affected veterinary medical education differently, including the transition to online learning due to the closure of educational institutions. Veterinary schools have had to transition to online learning. Lectures and other educational materials have been made available online, and virtual classrooms have been established to facilitate interactions between students and faculty (Malee and Arnhold, 2020; Mohmmed et al., 2020). Clinical rotations and hands-on training were disrupted and considered the significant challenges veterinary schools face. Many veterinary schools have had to suspend or cancel these activities, leaving students with limited opportunities to gain practical experience (Hunt and Anderson, 2022). The COVID-19 pandemic has also affected animal welfare concerns. With the closure of many animal shelters and veterinary clinics, animals have been left without access to essential medical care. These conditions have increased the burden on veterinary medical services and raised concerns about the long-term impact on animal health (Owczarczak-Garstecka et al., 2022). The pandemic has also impacted the mental health of veterinary students and faculty. Moreover, anxiety and stress were reported to have been associated with the pandemic, correlated with the isolation caused by lockdowns, and significantly impacted many individuals’ mental well-being (Nurunnabi et al., 2021). Despite these challenges, veterinary schools have also demonstrated strength and adaptation in response to the pandemic. Many schools have introduced innovative approaches to teaching, such as virtual case-based learning, and have established new collaborations with animal shelters and other veterinary clinics to provide students with practical experience (AVMA, 2020; Mahdy and Sayed, 2022; Islam and Alam, 2021; Ward et al., 2022). Iraq has a well-established veterinary medical education that started at Baghdad University in the 1950s and lately has 15 colleges of veterinary medicine distributed in different Iraqi governorates (Al-Salihi, 2012). A literature review regarding the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on university education in Iraq, specifically for veterinary education, revealed the absence of publications. Moreover, after COVID-19 lockdown, Iraqi livestock suffered from serious diseases which were observed by veterinarian in the field and veterinary hospital. Additionally, veterinary students claimed that online education is not a suitable method for veterinary training sessions and they faced a problems in clinical subjects. Consequently, the current study intended to investigate the influence of the COVID-19 lockdown on the distribution of animal and zoonotic diseases and veterinary medical education through the evaluation online education for theoretical and practical veterinary subjects.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To determine the influence of COVID-19 lockdown on animal and human health, data were collected from teaching veterinary hospital in Al Muthanna province, Iraq for reported diseases of animals after covid-19 lockdown. While, data regarding human diseases was collected from authorities of ministry of health in Al-Muthanna province.

A cross-sectional analysis was designed to assess the perceptions and satisfactions of the veterinary students (1st to 5th year) and the veterinarians (who graduated during the COVID-19 epidemic lockdown between 2019 to 2020) to the learning outcomes during the online transition.

Google form creation

A survey was done by creation of an anonymous online Google form, and its links were sent to the targeted participants through a popular telegram group. The questionnaire form was available for one week, from 1st to 8th May 2022. The survey form was comprised of four parts, including the first with 4 personal questions about the student’s name (optional), sex, age, and year of study. In the second part, the participants were asked to show their opinions on electronic learning (E-learning) during the COVID-19 contagion by five Likert scale. It is the appropriate scale for evaluating these categories and comprised six questions: Curiosity of students in online education, simplicity of the applied technology, the university platform appropriateness for online classes, switching the face-to-face (in class) training to online education, the veterinary medicine learning degree via online mode, and levels of actual thinking of veterinary medical knowledge in the examination. The third part contained 3 issues with multi-select multiple-choice questions (MCQ), including the device used for online learning of veterinary subjects and the online resources used to study the veterinary theoretical and practical subjects. The fourth part involved a single-selection question. The participants were asked about the suitability of veterinary theoretical or practical E-learning for each unit. Two free text note boxes were introduced for students in the latest part to enable them to share their positive or negative points about online veterinary education.

Data analysis

Statistical package (SPSS, version 21/ IBM Crop., Armonk, NY) was applied to analyze the data. All participant’s demographic information was arranged. Moreover, data were presented numerically as mean±standard deviation for Likert scale questions (5: Significantly affected, 4: Noticeably affected, 3 Reasonably affected, 2: Slightly affected, and 1: Poorly affected). Data was presented as a descriptive analysis based on the total response percentage. Thematic analysis was applied to evaluate the qualitative text data. Participant’s responses were categorized by theme, and each answer was classified and listed based on those themes.

Ethical research approval was released for the current study by the research and animal ethical committee, College of Veterinary Medicine, Al Muthanna University No. (2021- Sci-P 09).

RESULTS and DISCUSSION

Data collected from teaching veterinary hospital in Al Muthanna province/ Iraq after covid-19 lockdown showed various diseases in animals including aggressive distribution of external parasites specially the ticks, as well as other diseases such as Theileria, Anaplasma, Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), three day sickness, contagious ecthyma, sheep pox, clostridium diseases, brucellosis, mastitis, respiratory diseases and other diseases (Table 1) The data from ministry health approved reemerging of zoonotic diseases such as the reemerging of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (multiple outbreaks during 2021, 2022 and 2023), and rabies in human.

One hundred eighty-seven participants (149 students and 38 veterinarians who graduated during 2019-2020) replied to the survey, with a response rate of 98.1 %. The percentages of undergraduate students and graduated veterinarians were 79.67 % and 20.32 %, respectively. According to gender (Figure 1), among these participants, there were (113) 60.43 % and (74) 39.57% females and males, respectively.

 

According to age groups, the participants ranged from 19 to 25 years (Mean±SD = 21.871 ± 2.35 years). The percentages of ages were 8.02 %, 9.09%, 22.45%, 29.41%, 16.04%, 9.09%, and 5.88% for 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25 years, respectively (Figure 2).

 

Table 1: Shows the percentages of diseases spreading in animals after COVID-19 pandemic.

No	Diseases	(%) of infection/ total treated animals
1	External parasites (Ticks and Mites)
2	Mange	50 %
3	Theileria	60%
4	Anaplasmosis	30%
5	Foot and Mouth Disease FMD	2 outbreaks ( 50%)
6	Three day sickness	70 %
7	Contagious ecthyma	Sheep and goats ( 20 herds 10% )
8	Sheep pox	Sheep ( 10 herds 10%)
9	Papilloma virus	20 %
10	Clostridium diseases (enterotoxaemia)	70 % with high not estimated mortality percentage
11	Brucellosis	20%
12	Mastitis (clinical and subclinical mastitis)	70%
13	Respiratory diseases( Pneumonia, bronchopneumonia)	40%
14	Other diseases ( TRP, dog bites, copper deficiency, nutritional deficiencies )	20%

 

 

The results of the current analysis also deal with the electronic devices used for study online by the participants. The most commonly used device was the smartphone (58.82%), followed by an iPad, tablet (29.41%) and a laptop (6.42 %). Additionally, the percentage of the latest used device was (5.35%) for a PC (Personal computer) (Figure 3).

 

 

The participants showed that the online study materials were accessible through online Google classes, University platforms, YouTube, and SlideShare with percentages of 100%, 100%, 74.33%, and 40.1%, respectively (Figure 4). They also showed that the online tools for lectures and communication with academic staff were Google Classroom, Telegram, WhatsApp, Viber, Zoom, and FCC (Free Call Conference) with a percentage of 100%, 72.19%, 69.51%, 100%, 81.81%, 40.1%, and 100 % respectively (Figure 5).

 

 

The results of the current study also showed that the evaluation percentages of the impact on the online theoretical and practical learning of various veterinary subjects were 6.40%, 13.40%, 19.77%, 25.67%, 34.76%, and 3.30%, 5.30%, 18.70%, 25.60%, and 47.10% respectively for scores 1 (Poorly affected), 2 (Slightly affected), 3 (Reasonably affected), 4 Noticeably affected), and 5 (Significantly affected) (Figure 6).

The worldwide circulation of the novel COVID-19- SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Wuhan/China led to increased death rates between populations (https://www.who.int/dg/speeches2020; Al-Salihi and Habib, 2020). The disease was quickly disseminated worldwide, posing a universal threat to public health (Zhu et al., 2020). Consequently, the authorities and governments have lockdowns or applied local cessations of educational institutions that affect over 60% of the students worldwide (UNESCO, 2020a, b).

The current study designed to explore the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on the distribution of animal and zoonotic diseases and its effects on VME in Iraq. And, according to reported data in teaching veterinary hospital in Al Muthanna province, Iraq, there were increasing in the percentages of various animal diseases after covid-19 lockdown due to absence, shortage of veterinary services during the pandemic. Corruption of veterinary services led to encourage the multiplication of various pathogens resulted in emerging or reemerging of diseases especially ticks borne diseases, and these results are compatible with previously reported studies (Al-Salihi et al., 2018, 2023, 2024; Ali, 2020; Abdul Al-Hussein et al., 2020). Recent published article and data from Iraqi ministry of health confirmed reemerging of Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in population with multiple outbreaks during 2021, 2022 and 2023) (Al-Salihi et al., 2024). These were related to aggressive ticks multiplication the host of CCHF virus due to absence of livestock spraying campaigns during COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021. According to previous reports of CCHF outbreaks in Iraq, it is a well-recognized that heavy tick population is the risk factors of spreading and reemerging of the disease (Ali, 2020) and worldwide (Sánchez-Seco et al., 2021; Yagci-Caglayik et al., 2014; Mertens et al., 2013; Ozkurt et al., 2006; Karti et al., 2004; Chapman et al., 1991). Additionally, the lockdown and cancellation of veterinary student clinical training sessions revealed significant effects on veterinary services because they were contributed in all activities of veterinary hospital such as treatment, and animal vaccination campaigns under supervision of university academic lectures.

During COVID-19 pandemic all university in the world substituted the conventional campus classroom with online teaching (Bergdahl and Nouri, 2020; Iglesias-Pradas et al., 2021). Additionally, previous studies approved that the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns have significantly impacted veterinary medical education (Adebowale et al., 2021; AVMA, 2020). Consequently, different tools and educational platforms have been hosted in most countries in the world to solve the institution lockdown and secure the continuity of the educational process throughout the contagion (Pragholapati, 2020). The COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting lockdowns have impacted various sectors, including veterinary medicine. The impact on veterinary medical education has been significant, as veterinary schools and colleges worldwide were to adopt new teaching methods and practices during the effects of the pandemic (AVMA, 2020; Gledhill et al., 2017; Adebowale et al., 2021; Parkes and Barrs, 2021).

The universities banned or canceled all campus teaching activities, including theory lectures, classrooms, and practical laboratory and clinical training, to reduce the virus’s rapid spread. Hence, online teaching was implemented by most veterinary colleges for undergraduate and postgraduate students to minimize the spreading of infection between students and lecturers (Pragholapati, 2020).

In the current study, 187 participants from Al-Muthanna University, College of Veterinary Medicine responded to the questionnaire. The overall response rate was 98.1 %, including 60.43 % and 39.57% females and males, respectively. The majority, 79.67 %, were undergraduate students, in comparison, the graduated veterinarians comprised 20.32 %. The age of the participants was ranged from 19 to 25 years (Mean±SD = 21.871 ± 2.35 years), and these results agree with the previously published study (Malee and Arnhold, 2020), which showed COVID-19’s enormous impact on equity in tertiary education.

The present study revealed that the smartphone (58.82%) was the most popular device used by students to approach the online teaching class and materials, followed by iPad/ tablet (29.41%) and laptop (6.42 %). However, PC (Personal computer (5.35%) was the latest used device. These observations agree with previous studies that recorded higher percentages of use of smartphones and laptops, followed by iPads/tablets, and subsequently PCs to access online social media (Wickramanayake and Jika, 2018), lessons of mathematical sciences (Mulenga and Marbán, 2020), and veterinary sciences (Mahdy, 2020). However, some differences were seen in this study, where students used iPads/tablets more than laptops. Moreover, a positive impact was reported in South Africa’s previous study on students learning experience using smartphones in studying anatomy among medical students (Mulenga and Marbán, 2020; Lazarus et al., 2017). Albeit, the poor economic status of some students prevented them from accessing online learning due to either the inability to buy the device or an internet subscription. However, help was promoted for these students to continue their education, and these results are compatible with previously published research (Xu and Xu, 2019). In the current study, students accessed the online study materials via freely available tools such as Google online classes, University platforms, and YouTube with percentages of 100%, 100%, and 74.33%, respectively.

Additionally, student also joined the live lectures and communicated with their lecturers through Google Classroom, Telegram, WhatsApp, Viber, Zoom, and FCC (Free Call Conference). These results are compatible with the results reporting that students widely used the free-of-charge accessible software such as the Zoom, Google Meet, Microsoft Teams, and WebEx in the online teaching of medicine than others (Chong et al., 2020). However, other studies displayed WhatsApp’s extensive practice for veterinary academic purposes by undergraduate and postgraduate students to share lectures, images, videos, and websites. As well as, the student created chat groups to discuss their research projects, experimental designs, and academic experiences (Malhotra and Bansal, 2017; Gledhill et al., 2017). The results of the current study also indicated the various effects of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on theoretical and practical veterinary education. This observation agrees with previously published studies, which recorded that COVID-19 extremely impacts medical, veterinary, dental, and radiology education (Mahdy and Sayed, 2022; Mahdy, 2020; Wilhelm et al., 2021; Zalat et al., 2021; Iyer et al., 2020; Alvin et al., 2020; Rose, 2020; Kanneganti et al., 2020; Sandhu and de Wolf, 2020; Al-Tammemi, 2020). Moreover, the transition to online learning was the more significant effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on veterinary medical education. All educational institutions were closed in Iraq during COVID-19 pandemic and the veterinary colleges had to pivot quickly to online education to ensure students could continue their studies. However, this transition to remote learning has been challenging. Many veterinary students have struggled to adapt to the new learning environment, with some reporting difficulties with technology and poor internet connections. The student’s evaluation for online theoretical and practical sessions showed high variations and revealed a significant percentage, 34.76% and 47.10%, respectively. These results are compatible with previously reported studies (Islam and Alam, 2021; Adebowale et al., 2021).

Furthermore, veterinary medical education relies heavily on hands-on training and clinical experience. COVID-19 pandemic caused to the substantial disruption of clinical rotations and other practical experiences, as many veterinary clinics and hospitals have had to limit the number of students on-site to ensure social distancing. As a result, veterinary students need more access to clinical experience and may need help meeting their clinical training requirements (Ward et al., 2022; Parkes and Barrs, 2021). These results also agree with the other published American Veterinary Medical Association investigation that revealed the negative impression of COVID-19 on the veterinary practice (AVMA, 2020).

The increased burden on veterinary medical services significantly influences the COVID-19 contagion on veterinary medical education. With many veterinary clinics and hospitals closing or operating at reduced capacity, the demand for veterinary medical services has increased significantly. These circumstances led to fears about the long-term influence of the pandemic on animal health and welfare, as animals may be unable to access the essential medical care they require (Kuehnert et al., 2021). According to WHO’s representative in Iraq, a considerable tick multiplication was reported in Iraq because of the absence or shortage of livestock spraying campaigns during the Coronavirus 2020 and 2021 pandemics (https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/05/deadly-nose-bleed-fever-shocks-iraq-cases-surge), which led to emerging subsequent Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) outbreak (Ahmad et al., 2022). The current observations showed the experience of the transition to online education in colleges of veterinary medicine with variations and challenges in the success of online veterinary education. Despite these challenges, veterinary colleges have demonstrated resilience and adaptation in response to the pandemic. Many veterinary colleges have introduced innovative teaching and practical training approaches, such as virtual case-based learning and telemedicine consultations. These approaches have allowed veterinary students to continue their education and gain practical experience despite the limitations caused by the pandemic.

CONCLUSIONs and Recommendations

Adverse effects of COVID-19 lockdown on animal and public health was confirmed in this study. Moreover, it also showed the advantages of the transition to online learning, disruption of clinical rotations, and increased burden on veterinary medical services. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdowns have significantly impacted veterinary medical education. However, veterinary colleges have demonstrated flexibility and innovation in response to the pandemic and have introduced various teaching and practical training approaches. Several limitations faced this study such as collection of data from veterinary hospital because of the sudden COVID-19 lockdown and missing reports during this period. The authors recommend to improve the methods of practical online session by incorporation a new simulation technique.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author thanks the student and graduated veterinarian Al Muthanna University, College of Veterinary Medicine for participating in this study.

NOVELTY STATEMENT

An evaluation of the COVID-19 lockdown on online veterinary medical education and animal and human health/ Iraq is a first study in Iraq that evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on animal and human health and its effects on veterinary medical education, as the traditional education was replaced by online education.

AUTHOR’s CONTRIBUTION

All authors contributed equally in doing and writing this manuscript.

Funding

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Ethical consideration

The authors have no any ethical issues such as plagiarism, information fabrication, misconduct and/or falsification, permission to publish, duplicate publication and/or sub- mission, and redundancy.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

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