Research Article

Behavioral and Hematological Alterations in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) Exposed to Bifenthrin

Moazama Batool1*, Syeda Ansa Fatima1, Saima Naz2*, Qurat Ul Ain1, Sheeza Bano1, Ghulam Abbas3 and Ahmad Manan Mustafa Chatha4

1Department of Zoology, Government College Women University, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan; 2Department of Zoology, Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur - 36100, Pakistan; 3Centre of Excellence in Marine Biology, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan; 4Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur- 36100, Pakistan.

Received | December 25, 2023; Accepted | January 26, 2024; Published | April 26, 2024

*Correspondence | Saima Naz and Moazama Batool, Department of Zoology, Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur; Department of Zoology, Government College Women University, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan; Email: saima.naz@gscwu.edu.pk, moazama.batool@gcwus.edu.pk

Citation | Batool, M., S.A. Fatima, S. Naz, Q. Ul Ain, S. Bano, G. Abbas and A.M.M. Chatha. 2024. Behavioral and hematological alterations in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) exposed to bifenthrin. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 40(2): 440-447.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2024/40.2.440.477

Keywords | Ctenopharyngodon idella, Toxicity, Bifenthrin, Behavioral disturbance, Blood parameter alteration

Copyright: 2024 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Introduction

All toxicants are not pollutants, but all pollutants are toxicants. Toxicants cause death at lethal concentrations, but they render animals unfit to live in sub lethal concentrations. The rapid modifications in the characters of fish are indicators for pesticide contamination (Ullah et al., 2015).

It was discovered that these pyrethroids are used to preserve agricultural product and food from harmful insects and to manage animal ectoparasites (Laskowski, 2002). In the last two decades, their popularity has exploded (Wardhaugh, 2005). Though they have made a major contribution to human wellbeing, they have considerable negative impacts on non-target species (John, 2007). These pesticides, even when used in confined regions, are carried away and transported by rain and flooding and end up in rivers, lakes and ponds showed to be very disastrous to aquatic life that is vital for human consumption due to its high nutritional value (Mahboob et al., 2014; Arjmandi et al., 2010).

Pesticide is used estimated to be over 5.6 billion pounds per year globally, with consumption rising unexpectedly (Alavanja, 2009), with 45.0 %, 25.0 %, and 25.0 % in Europe, the United States, and the rest of the globe, respectively (Bourguet and Guillemaud, 2016). China and the United States are two of the world’s leading pesticide manufacturers. Pakistan is the second-highest consumer of pesticides among South Asian countries (Waheed et al., 2017). In Pakistan, over 108 different insecticides are currently in use (Mehmood et al., 2017).

FMC Corporation, whose corporate headquarters are presently situated in Philadelphia, PA, was the first to produce bifenthrin. In Dec. 9, 1980 BF distinct from other synthetic pesticides, has a greater lethalness having negative impacts on aquatic organisms (Manzoor and Pervez, 2017). Bifenthrin is an insecticide used to restrict varied kinds of pests that harm to plants. The use of bifenthrin for insect pest management has been studied by the Forest Service (Fettig et al., 2013).

Previous studies evaluated different toxicological endpoints to assess bifenthrin induced toxicities including behavioral, biochemical and hematological abnormalities in C. idella (Ullah et al., 2022). The toxicity of bifenthrin also studies in fathead minnow (Beggel et al., 2010), trout (Velisek et al., 2009b) and zebra fish (Jin et al., 2013; Bertotto et al., 2017). Hematological parameters are significant tools have been used by many fish biologists to analyze fish health, pathological and physiological adaptability (Seriani et al., 2012; Gabriel et al., 2011).

Ctenopharyngodon idella was chosen for these tests from a variety of fish species because it plays an essential role in Pakistan’s carp polyculture system (Khan et al., 2004; Chilton and Magnelia, 2008) and has attracted the attention of fish culturists due to the high quality of its flesh and its flavor (FAO, 2007). Due to limited studies of bifenthrin toxicity on Chinese carps the present study was conducted to assess the behavioral and hematological abnormalities in C. idella. This study will help to understand the toxicity of different pyrethroids to non-target animals especially fish.

Materials and Methods

Collection and acclimatization of fish

Fingerlings of Ctenopharyngodon idella were brought from Wazirabad fish farming seeds hatchery. After collection they were securely shifted to Zoology lab of GC Women University Sialkot and placed in glass aquariums with proper aeration. For about ten days, they were acclimatized under laboratory conditions and fed with palletized supplemental meal twice a day. Physico-chemical parameters were determined throughout the study.

Preparation of bifenthrin solution

The analytical grade bifenthrin was bought from market. Every week standard solution was prepared by adding the necessary amount of methanol which was used to make concentrations for acute toxicity studies.

Phase -I

Acute toxicity test: To find out the LC50 and lethal dosage of bifenthrin for C. idella acute toxicity test was performed for 96 h. Fish had been exposed to different concentrations of bifenthrin individually and result on fish mortality was obtained. LC50 of bifenthrin to fish were determined by using Probit Analysis method (Finney, 1971). Control group was managed in aquarium without any insecticide exposure.

Physio-chemical parameter’s determination: Physico-chemical parameters i.e. water temperature, pH, hardness, carbon dioxide, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, calcium and magnesium were measured on daily basis (APHA, 2005).

Phase- II

Effects of sublethal (1/3rd of LC50) exposure of bifenthrin to C. Idella: Fish C. idella were given sub-lethal bifenthrin dosages for 30 days after acute toxicological tests. Eight fish were kept in both experimental and control group. In the second phase, 1/3rd sub lethal dose of bifenthrin was given to the C. idella . The exposing media was generally changed every week. The required bifenthrin dose had been maintained throughout the study.

Monitoring the behavior of C. idella under sublethal (1/3rd of LC50) exposure of bifenthrin: During exposure to bifenthrin at sub-lethal concentration, behavioral patterns of C. idella including equilibrium status, convulsions, somersaulting activity, swimming rate, fin movements, body color, gills color of control as well as experimental group were monitored on daily basis during the whole research period. Behavioral responses were monitored throughout the experiment for 30 days by using the method of Ullah et al. (2021).

Hematological analysis

Hematological variations in C. idella were determined when exposed to 1/3rd sub-lethal concentration of bifenthrin. Effect of this chemical on blood parameters including Erythrocyte count (RBC), White blood cell count (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), were measured according to the method of Velisek et al. (2009a).

Statistical analysis

Throughout the experiment, the data of different variables were obtained and statistically analyzed by applying the method of Steel et al. (1996). ANOVA was used to find out the relationship between various parameters which were under study. To find out the statistical relationship between variables with 3 replicates for each test, correlation analysis was also conducted. LC50 of bifenthrin to C. idella was determined by using Probit Analysis (Finney, 1971).

Results and Discussion

Acute toxicity test to determine LC50 of bifenthrin in C. idella under 96 h exposure period

The acute toxicity test was performed to find out LC50 of bifenthrin to C. idella during 96 h. C. idella was exposed to various concentrations of bifenthrin during 96 h trial. Experiment was performed in three trials. Control group showed no mortality during the whole period. Aquariums were checked out on regular basis to remove dead fish. Final value of LC50 of bifenthrin against grass carp was 6.5 µg/L measured by using probit analysis method. 100 % mortality after 96 hours was seen at 10.50 µg/L concentration of bifenthrin. Mortality rate of C. idella at different concentrations of using probit analysis bifenthrin were shown in Figure 1.

 

Physico-chemistry of water during 96 h exposure period under different concentrations of bifenthrin to C. idella

Fish were divided into two groups, control and experimental. C. idella were exposed to 1/3rd sub lethal of bifenthrin LC50 concentration which was 2.16 µg/L for 30 days. Physical parameters of water including pH (7.5), temperature (29 °C), total hardness (300 mg/L), carbon dioxide (1.04-2.02 mg/L), calcium (21-23 mg/L), total ammonia (1.24-1.60 mg/L), dissolved oxygen (6.50-5.85 mg/L), and magnesium (60.81-59.87 mg/L) were noted.

Alteration in behavioral patterns of C. idella under sublethal (1/3rd of LC50) exposure of bifenthrin for 30 days

Calculated value of sublethal (1/3rd 0f LC50) of bifenthrin was 2.16µg/L. Experimental fish were exposed to this dose for 30 days. Variations in behavior of C. idella were noticed on daily and weekly basis.

Variation in body color, gills color, equilibrium status and convulsion rate in C. idella under sublethal (1/3rd of LC50) exposure of bifenthrin

C. idella was exposed to sublethal (1/3rd of LC50) of bifenthrin. Body color of C. idella changed from grey color to light yellow color. Highly significant variations in body color, gills color, equilibrium status and convulsion rate in C. idella were seen. Body color changed from grey to pale yellow color and gills color changed from bright red to light red color. Fish adapt vertical position in last week hence equilibrium status was disturbed. In last two weeks convulsion rate in C. idella was seen. Graphical representation of results is shown in Figure 2.

 

Effect of sublethal (1/3rd of LC50) exposure of bifenthrin on descaling, swimming rate and fin movements of C. idella

Highly significant alterations in descaling, swimming rate and fin movements were observed under bifenthrin exposure. Descaling and fin movements were increased in last two weeks. However, swimming rate was decreased in last week. Fish became motionless might be due to muscles weakness. Rate of alterations in these parameters were shown in Figure 3.

Effect on opercular movements, somersaulting activity and air gulfing in C. idella under sublethal (1/3rd of LC50) exposure of bifenthrin:

After exposure to bifenthrin, maximum significant variations in opercular movements, somersaulting activity and air gulfing in C. idella were observed. Opercular movements were enhanced gradually might be due to suffocation. Air gulfing and somersaulting activity was also extreme in last two weeks and this might be due to oxygen deficiency. Graphical plot for these variations are seen in Figure 4.

 

 

Determination of blood parameters of Ctenopharyngodon idella under sublethal (1/3rd of LC50) exposure of bifenthrin after 15 and 30 days

Blood parameters were measured and showed significant results (p<0.05). Hematological profile in grass carp was disturbed due to bifenthrin exposure. There are significant (p<0.05) decreased in the values of RBCs, Hct, Hb and MCHC as compared to control group. Whereas WBCs, MCH and MCV values were increased after exposure of bifenthrin for 15 and 30 days. These results were compared with control group. Alteration rate of these parameters are shown in Table 1.

 

Table 1: Hematological studies of C. idella in control and sub lethal toxicity (1/3rd of LC50) of bifenthrin after 15 and 30 days.

Hematological parameters	Control	1/3rd bifenthrin exposure
		After 15 days	After 30 days
RBC's (x106/μL)	1.19±0.02a	0.83±0.01b	0.47±0.01c
Hb (g/dL)	6.1±0.02a	4.9±0.01b	4.51±0.01c
Hct %	17.3±0.02a	11.9±0.01b	8.06±0.01c
WBCsC (103/μL)	119.61±0.02c	141.5±0.01b	150.75±0.01a
MCV (fL)	66.9±0.02a	43.4±0.01b	58.32±0.01c
MCH (pg)	47.0±0.02c	59.0±0.01b	67.81±0.01a
MCHC (g/dL)	45.06±0.02a	41.2±0.01b	20.07±0.01c

 

Present research was conducted to determine the toxicity of bifenthrin on behavioral and blood parameters of C. idella. For this purpose, fingerlings of C. idella were brought to laboratory and experiment was performed for 96h. Calculated LC50 and sublethal (1/3rd of LC50) value of bifenthrin to C. idella was 6.5 μg/L and 2.16 μg/L, respectively.

Previous investigations on various fish revealed different LC50 concentrations of bifenthrin. Liu et al. (2005) determined the LC50 of bifenthrin against Tilapia specie (0.80mg/L) and Cyprinus carpio (2.08mg/L). LC50 concentration of bifenthrin against Cyprinus carpio was 57.5 mg/L (Velisek et al., 2009a). Farag et al. (2021) has determined the 96h LC50 of bifenthrin against Oreochromis niloticus and it was 6.8µg/L which is much closer to present research result. Whereas in sheep’s head minnow it was 17.5 µg/L and in rainbow trout it was 0.1 5μg/L (Yang et al., 2018).

Acute and sub lethal effect of bifenthrin to adult and larva of grass shrimp were observed. LC50 of bifenthrin for adult shrimp was 0.2 0µg/L and for larva it was 0.013 μg/L. LC50 for adult and larval shrimp was 0.339 µg/L (Harper et al., 2008). it revealed that bifenthrin is more toxic to above mentioned fish species as compared to grass carp.

The LC50 value of bifenthrin in present research work was double than the 3.464 μg/L LC50 value to Clarias batrachus (Saha et al., 2021). The results show that bifenthrin is more toxic to C. idella as compared to Clarias batrachus. Similarly, Ullah et al. (2021) has determined the 6 μg/L LC50 value against C. idella which was almost similar to current research work.

The variations in behavioral parameters of C. idella were observed at acute toxicity test and at sublethal (1/3rd of LC50) exposure of bifentrhrin. In present research work it was observed that during acute toxicity test by increasing the concentration of bifenthrin variations in hyperactivity, somersaulting activity, opercular movements, air gulfing and convulsions rate were noticed. Fin movements and swimming rate was also enhanced due to increase in bifenthrin doses. Loss in equilibrium was also observed fish adapt the vertical body position. Descaling was also noticed. At the end fish become motionless and sluggish might be due to muscles weakness. No such changes were seen in control group. These results were much similar to many studies, Mundy et al. (2020) has used the behavioral examine to find out the bifenthrin exposure effects and they observed the high hyperactivity in larva during 96h exposure of bifenthrin. Saha et al. (2018) studied the behavior of C. idella against exposure to mixture of pesticide. Abnormal behavior such as variation in opercular movements, jumping, jerky movements, erratic swimming was noticed. Equilibrium status and opercular movement increases with increasing exposure and decline by increasing duration exposure. Somersaulting in fish was observed at high dose. Acute exposure of bifenthrin to fish results in behavioral abnormality. Hyperactivity, disruption in schooling response, balance loss, disturb swimming rate and loss of equilibrium were noticed. At late phase of bifenthrin exposure, the fish adapts vertical poster and also turned into motionless state and sluggishness (David et al., 2013).

Grass carp treated with bifenthrin turned into light yellow color was observed. Repeated visits at surface to gain fresh oxygen were increased. Other scientists also observed the same behavioral responses to exposure of various insecticides in different fish i.e., bifenthrin exposure to Cyprinus carpio (Velisek et al., 2009a), deltamethrin exposure to Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Ullah et al., 2018) and Putitora exposed to cypermethrin (Ullah et al., 2014).

Somersaulting in fish was observed at high dose. Actually, this was the avoidance response due to change in surrounding environment due to chemical exposure (Saha et al., 2018). In addition, Ullah et al. (2022) had observed the loss of equilibrium, Jumping, rapid swimming and increase in hyperactivity in C. idella exposed to acute concentrations of bifenthrin.

In present research work, blood parameters of C. idella including RBCs, WBCs, Hb, Hct, MCV, MCH and MCHC were studied under sublethal (1/3rd of LC50) exposure of bifenthrin. Results showed increased in WBCs, MCV, MCH and MCHC values gradually after 15 and 30 days whereas decreased in values of RBCs, Hb, and PCV

Ullah et al. (2021) described the bifenthrin exposure impacts on hematological parameters of C. idella. Their results showed decrease in hemoglobin and RBCs values. Hence bifenthrin exposure resulted in anemia in fish. Likewise, WBCs count increased by test chemical exposure. Increased in platelets count was also measured. Decrease in hemoglobin and RBCs count due to bifenthrin exposure to fish was studied by Bloom et al. (2008).

Velisek et al. (2009a) revealed that the fish with LC50 concentration of bifenthrin for 96h and examined their hematological, histopathological and biochemical profiles. The result showed that glucose plasma, aspartate aminotransferase, ammonia, and absolute monocyte counts, as well as creatine kinase were considerably higher in the experimental group as compared to the control.

Valisek et al. (2009b) studied the influence of bifenthrin at acute exposure on some biochemical, hematological and parameters of Oncorhynchus mykiss, and it was observed that fish displayed hematological significant decreases in erythrocyte hemoglobin and mean erythrocyte volume, and band neurophil granulocytes as compared to control. Hepatocytes degeneration was detected histologically, hence bifenthrin was therefore categorized as a substance highly toxic to fish. Impact of pesticides bifenthrin and chlorpyrifos in erythrocytes count of Labeo rohita was studied by Bano et al. (2021). They concluded that up to 56 days gradual increase in damage was observed and in the next fourteen days minor decrease was observed. Present research results were almost similar with the work of other scientist work. Limited studies were available on blood parameter change due to bifenthrin exposure. However, it was concluded that bifenthrin is highly vulnerable to C. idella.

Conclusions and Recommendations

C. idella is highly sensitive to bifenthrin. Acute exposure of bifenthrin induced many changes in behavior of fish. These findings suggest that bifenthrin is strongly vulnerable pyrethroid and can cause serious adverse effect on aquatic life. So, there is need to monitor the extensive and unnecessary use of bifenthrin on regular basis. Use of bifenthrin should be according to environmental law to avoid any danger to public health as well as to aquatic life.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the Government College Women University, Sialkot and Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur for providing laboratory facilities for the research work.

Novelty Statement

The current study highlighting the insecticide contamination as major aquatic environmental issue which poses a significant threat to aquatic organisms.

Author’s Contribution

Moazama Batool: Planning research, supervision of study and provide experimental setup, data analysis, interpretation, manuscript write up.

Syeda Ansa Fatima: Performed the experiment and prepared initial draft.

Saima Naz and Qurat-Ul-Ain: Helped in analyze the experimental data and writing research paper.

Sheeza Bano: Reanalyze the data, edited and finalize the manuscript writing.

Ghulam Abbas: Reviewed the final version of manuscript.

Ahmad Manan Mustafa Chatha: helped in data compilation and manuscript writing.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

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