Research Article

Assessment for Agronomic and Grain Qualitative Attributes of Wheat Cultivars under Agro-ecological Conditions of Faisalabad

Muhammad Dawood1,2, Naeem Sarwar2, Muhammad Umer Chattha1, Imran Khan1, Muhammad Bilal Chattha3*, Faiz Hussain4, Muhammad Mahmood Iqbal5, Muhammad Akram4, Hammad Husnain5, Muhammad Shahid5, Mussarrat Hussain6 and Muhammad Umair Hassan1

1Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan; 2Department of Agronomy, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Multan, Pakistan; 3Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; 4Directorate of Agronomy, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan; 5Cotton Research Institute Multan, Pakistan; 6Entomological Research Station, Multan, Pakistan.

Received | May 23, 2021; Accepted | June 07, 2021; Published | November 06, 2021

*Correspondence | Muhammad Bilal Chattha, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Dawood, M., N. Sarwar, M.U. Chattha, I. Khan, M.B. Chattha, F. Hussain, M.M. Iqbal, M. Akram, H. Husnain, M. Shahid, M. Hussain and M.U. Hassan. 2021. Assessment for agronomic and grain qualitative attributes of wheat cultivars under agro-ecological conditions of Faisalabad. Journal of Innovative Sciences, 7(2): 229-235.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.jis/2021/7.2.229.235

Keywords | Cultivars, Grain protein, Quality, Wheat, Yield

1. Introduction

Wheat is an imperative cereal crop globally and the staple food of many nations. It has major role in providing the daily calories, proteins, carbohydrates and micronutrients globally (Chattha et al., 2017a; Hassan et al., 2019a, 2021). In Pakistan, wheat also occupies a major position in the context of area under cultivation and provision of calories and carbohydrates (Iqbal et al., 2002). Wheat has a contribution of 1.7% in gross domestic production and 8.7% in value addition in agriculture sector of Pakistan (GoP, 2020). The demand of wheat in Pakistan is increasing rapidly due to blooming population however wheat production is continuously decreasing owing to weeds infestation, late cotton harvesting, poor nutrient management and un-availability of high yield cultivars (Chattha et al., 2017b; Zain et al., 2017b; Muhsin et al., 2021). Likewise, global food production is also continuously decreasing owing to different biotic and abiotic stress (Hassan et al., 2019b, 2020a, b). Moreover, urbanization also reduced the area under wheat cultivation therefore, there is dire need to increases the per unit yield of wheat crop in order to fulfill human needs.

Management practices play a crucial role in the final outcome of crops. Among the management practices, selection of suitable cultivar plays a crucial role in grain and biomass productivity (Iqbal et al., 2015; Hassan et al., 2018, 2019c, 2020c). The selection and development of high yield potential cultivars is the prime objective of breeding programs globally. Thus, it is imperative to identify the genotypes with desired traits in order to develop the new genotypes (Mary and Gopalan, 2006). In addition, the development of new genotypes required the knowledge of differences present among the cultivars for yield and yield attributes (Jamal et al., 2009). The population of world including Pakistan is increasing rapidly, therefore, in order to fulfill the requirements of ever blooming population there is dire need to develop the high yielding genotypes or to increase the production per unit basis. Therefore, the screening of wheat cultivars for agronomic as well as yield and yield attributes would be helpful for the development of high yielding cultivars with good resistance against the insect pest and diseases (Shafi et al., 2013).

Grain yield is the interplay of environmental conditions, management practices and genetic characters of a variety. Therefore, grain yield of wheat crop mostly assessed on performance of yield attributes (Razzaq et al., 2013). The variations present among the cultivars in the context of yield components can be helpful for the development of high yielding new genotypes with good quality (Kahrizi et al., 2010). The economic yield of wheat can be improved by choosing the cultivars having more spikelet’s, grain weight, grains count per spike (Inamullah et al., 2006), leaf area, tillers and spike length (Saleem et al., 2006). Significant variations can be found among the cultivars in the context of growth, yield and yield components and grain quality (Iqbal et al., 2015). Wheat cultivars can vary in terms of tillers, spike lengths, grains/spike and 1000 grain weight. Therefore, identification of genotypes with better yield traits is helpful in development of new cultivars with high yield and quality (Nasim et al., 2012). Management consideration and prevailed environmental conditions substantially influenced the yield potential of genotypes (Delibaltova and Kirchev, 2010). Each variety has specific genotypic ability to perform in different environmental conditions. This ability is usually plays a substantial role in the performance of a variety at farmers field over wide range of agro-ecological conditions (Bonjean and Angus, 2001). Therefore, there is dire need to develop the varieties that should perform better over the wide range of environmental conditions (Ofversten et al., 2002). Therefore, this study was conducted to screen out best cultivars for their yield potential and quality under Faisalabad conditions.

2. Materials and methods

2.1 Experimental site

The proposed investigation was carried out at the Post Graduate Agriculture, Research Station (PARS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad during 2015-2016. Prior to sowing soil samples from different locations of experimental field were collected and subjected to determine different soil properties. The soil was sandy loam with pH 7.8, available nitrogen 0.014%, phosphorus and potassium 16 and 172 mg kg-1. The study site has semi-arid climate with hot summer and dry and humid winter further climatic conditions during growing period are given in Table 1.

 

Table 1: Prevailing weather conditions during wheat growing period.

Months	Monthly average temperature (oC)	Relative Humidity (%)	Rain fall (mm)
Nov-2015	19.6	61.5	8.8
Dec-2015	14.5	62.6	0
Jan-2016	12.5	74.4	13.1
Feb-2016	16.3	58.1	7.8
Mar-2016	21.1	59.7	66.7
Apr-2016	27.2	34.2	5.6

 

2.2 Experimental details

The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The experiment was consisting of different wheat cultivars; Ujala-2015, Galaxy-2013, Millet-2011, Punjab-2011, Lasani-2008, Faisalabad-2008, SH-2002 and Auqab-2000.

2.3 Crop husbandry

The seed bed for sowing of wheat cultivars was prepared by cultivation twice followed by planking. The crop was sown on November 24, 2015 using a seed rate of 125 kg/ha-1 in 23 cm spaced rows. Seed was sown by using hand drill. The NPK fertilizers were used at the rate of 105:80:55 kg ha-1. Complete dose of P, and K and half dose of N were applied at sowing. Moreover, the rest of N was applied with first irrigation. The sources of N, P, K were urea (46% N), single super phosphate (21%) and sulphate of potash (50% K2O). During the growing period four irrigations were applied. In addition, all the agronomic practices were kept normal for maintenance proper growth and development of crop.

2.4 Observations

Twenty plants from each plot were randomly selected and plant height was measured with measuring tape and later on averaged. A unit area from each plot was selected and number of tillers was calculated. Twenty spikes were selected randomly from each plot and their length was measured and spikelet’s and grains/spike were counted. A sub sample of seeds were taken from the seed lot and weighed to measure the 1000 grain weight. The whole plots were harvested and weighed to determine biological and later on threshed to determine grain yield. The grain samples were dried in oven and later on grinded with the help of grinder. The grain protein and fiber contents content were determined by the standard procedures of AOAC (1990), and (Iqbal et al., 2015) whereas grain N and P measured by standard procedure of (Olsen et al., 1954) and (Chapman and Parker, 1961). Similarly, grain K content was measured by using flame photometer from the standard curve.

2.5 Statistical analysis

The collected data on the various traits was analyzed by Fisher’s analysis of variance technique and difference amongst mean values was compared using HSD test at 5% probability level (Steel et al., 1997).

3. Results and Discussion

The results indicated different cultivars had significant impact on the yield and yield traits. The maximum plant height (111 cm) was noticed in Punjab-2011 that was comparable with millet-2011 and Fsd-2008 and minimum plant height (92.33 cm) was recorded in SH-2002. Similarly, maximum productive tillers (298) was recorded in Galaxy-2013 that was same with Fsd-2008 and Ujala-2015 and minimum productive tillers (250) were noted in SH-2002 (Table 2). The cultivars had substantiated difference for the plant height and tillers and this different could be due to difference in their genetic characteristics (Hussain et al., 2006; Chattha et al., 2017c; Ilyas et al., 2020). Similarly, maximum spike length (13.20 cm) was noticed in Galaxy-2013, after that Ujala (12.63 cm) and minimum spike length (9.26 cm) was recorded in SH-2002 (Table 2). The difference among the cultivars for spike length can be to prevailing weather conditions, soil nutrient status and in combination with genetic inheritance of cultivars (Naveed et al., 2014). Cultivars showed significant differences for spikelet, and grains/spike (Table 2). The maximum spikelets (13.66) were recorded in Ujala-2015 after that Millet-2011 and Punjab-2011, whereas lowest spikelets were noticed in SH-2002 (Table 2). Similarly, maximum grains/spike (44.23) was recorded in Millet-2011 after that Galaxy-2013 and minimum grains/spike (31.16) was recorded Auqab-2000 (Table 2). The difference amid the cultivars for the spikelet and grains/spike can be difference in biomass production and leaf area, as varieties having more leaf area produced more assimilates and thus have the higher spikes and grains/spike (Mushtaq et al., 2011; Naveed et al., 2014; Ayaz, 2016). A significant difference among the cultivars for the 1000 grain weight (GW) was noticed (Table 3). The maximum 1000 GW (47.30 g) was recorded in Galaxy-2011 after that Ujala-2015 (45.30 g) and minimum 1000 GW (34.20 g) was recorded in SH-2002 (Table 3). The difference among cultivars for 1000 GW can be due difference in their genetic traits as few varieties produced bold seeds owing to higher leaf area and assimilates production compared to other varieties. These results are in confirmation with Kiliç and Gürsoy (2010) they also noticed significant differences among cultivars for 100 GW.

Similarly, the maximum biological yield (14.83 t ha-1) and grain yield (5.40 t ha-1) was recorded in Galaxy-2013 followed by Fsd-2008 and minimum biological (11.23 t ha-1) and grain yield (3.43 t ha-1) was recorded in SH-2002 (Table 3). Grain yield in wheat crops is interplay of individual yield traits, genetic potential, environmental conditions and inputs to be used for growing. The maximum grain yield was recorded in Galaxy-2013 owing to higher assimilates production, higher leaf area, and individual yield

 

Table 2: Effect of different cultivars on yield traits of wheat crop.

Varieties	Plant height (cm)	Productive tillers (m2)	Spike length (cm)	Spikelet’s/ spike	Grains/spike
Ujala-2015	108.00A	288.00AB	12.63AB	13.66A	39.20AB
Galaxy-2013	101.00AB	298.33A	13.20A	12.20BC	40.06AB
Millet-2011	106.67A	277.67ABC	11.91ABC	12.63AB	44.23A
Punjab-2011	111.00A	287.67AB	12.56AB	12.76AB	38.00ABC
Lasani-2008	92.67B	263.33BC	10.04CD	10.43DE	34.86BC
Fsd-2008	102.67AB	274.33ABC	11.63A-D	12.50B	36.96BC
SH-2002	92.33B	250.00C	9.26 D	9.56 E	34.40BC
Auqab-2000	94.33B	272.00ABC	10.73 BCD	11.13CD	31.16C
HSD≤0.05P	11.70	31.80	2.44	1.14	7.26

 

Means with different letters differed at 0.05 P level.

 

components including the tillers, 1000 GW, spikes and grains/spike. Similarly, maximum biological yield was also noticed in Galaxy which can be due to higher biomass and tillers production which is same with findings of and Malik et al. (2009) and Bhutta et al. (2019) they also noticed significant difference among cultivars for grain and biological yield. Moreover, maximum harvest index (HI) was also recorded in Galaxy-2013 owing to higher grain and biological yield compared to other cultivars (Table 3).

 

Table 3: Effect of different cultivars on yield and yield traits of wheat crop.

Varieties	1000 grain weight	Biological yield (t ha-1)	Grain yield (t ha-1)	Harvest index (%)
Ujala-2015	45.30B	14.16B	4.73B	33.41BC
Galaxy-2013	47.30A	14.83A	5.40A	36.40A
Millet-2011	41.33C	12.80C	4.40CD	34.37AB
Punjab-2011	42.43C	13.93B	4.56BC	32.78BCD
Lasani-2008	35.56E	11.50DE	3.50E	30.43 E
Fsd-2008	41.10C	13.73B	4.16D	30.33E
SH-2002	34.20F	11.23E	3.43E	30.56DE
Auqab-2000	39.03D	11.83D	3.71E	31.40CDE
HSD≤0.05P	1.36	0.48	0.29	2.24

 

Means with different letters differed at 0.05 P level.

 

The cultivars also had substantiated difference for tested qualities traits except grain P contents (Table 4). The maximum fiber content (4.86%) was recorded in Fsd-2008 after that Lasani-2008 and minimum grain fiber contents (4.15%) was recorded in Galaxy-2013 (Table 4). Likewise, maximum grain protein contents (12.54%) were recorded in Galaxy-2013, that was same with Ujala-2015, Punjab-2011 and Lasanin-2008 and minimum protein contents (9.43%) were recorded in Sh-2002 (Table 4). Moreover, maximum grain N content (1.85%) were recorded in SH-2002, after that Punjab-2011 and minimum grain N content (1.55%) were recorded in Ujala-2015 (Table 4). The maximum grain K contents (0.75%) were recorded in Lasani-2008 that was same with Ujala-2015 and minimum grain K (0.62%) were recorded in Auqab-2000 (Table 4). The cultivars had substantiated differences for the grain qualitative traits. The difference amid the cultivars for the qualitative traits can be due to difference in the genetic traits. The Galaxy-2013 had maximum N and K which indicate that this cultivar had better nutrient uptake particularly N and K which improved the final grain quality in terms of better protein contents compared to other cultivars (Table 4). The currents outcomes are same with results of Migliorini et al. (2016) and Ali et al. (2021) they also noticed significant differences among cultivars for the qualitative traits.

 

Table 4: Effect of different cultivars on qualitative traits of wheat crop.

Varieties	Grain fiber (%)	Grain nitrogen (%)	Grain phosphorus (%)	Grain potassium (%)	Grain protein (%)
Ujala-2015	4.27CDE	1.55B	1.67	0.71AB	12.27A
Galaxy-2013	4.15E	1.66AB	1.65	0.66BC	12.54A
Millet-2011	4.65B	1.56B	1.67	0.67BC	11.42ABC
Punjab-2011	4.44CD	1.74AB	1.74	0.68ABC	12.09AB
Lasani-2008	4.46BC	1.71AB	1.66	0.75A	11.26ABC
Fsd-2008	4.86A	1.57B	1.77	0.64C	10.42BCD
SH-2002	4.25DE	1.85A	1.64	0.63C	9.43D
Auqab-2000	4.36CD	1.66AB	1.81	0.62C	9.83CD
HSD≤0.05P	0.21	0.25	NS	0.069	1.74

 

Means with different letters differed at 0.05 P level.

 

Conclusions and Recommendations

The present study revealed that Galaxy-2013, Ujala-2015, Punjab-2011and Fsd-2008 performed appreciable well with maximum yield and quality compared to other tested cultivars. Therefore, this group of cultivars is of practical use for wheat breeders and they can be used in future breeder programs to develop the cultivars with higher yield potential and better quality.

Novelty Statement

This study tested the potential of different wheat cultivars for yield and quality traits under Faisalabad conditions. This study screened out the best cultivars for Faisalabad region.

Author’s Contribution

Muhammad Umer Chattha and Imran Khan: Conceived and designed the experiment.

Muhammad Dawood: Performed the experiment and collected data.

Muhammad Umer Chattha, Muhammad Dawood and Muhammad Umair Hassan: Wrote original draft.

Naeem Sarwar, Imran Khan, Muhammad Bilal Chattha, Fiaz Hussain, Muhammad Mahmood Iqbal, Muhammad Akram, Hammad Hussnain, Muhammad Shahid and Mussarrat Hussain: Reviewed and edited.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

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