Arginine Regulatory Mechanisms on Casein Synthesis in Dairy Cows
Arginine Regulatory Mechanisms on Casein Synthesis in Dairy Cows
Yifan Wang1,2, Liangyu Hu2, Numan Ullah2 and Mengzhi Wang2,3*
ABSTRACT
As one functional amino acid in various tissues, arginine (Arg) has received increased interest due to its key roles in metabolism and physiology. Arg not only regulates lactation performance (milk yield and milk composition) by serving as a building block to synthesize milk protein, but also acts as a signaling molecule coordinating casein protein gene transcription and translation. A number of studies have characterized various possible pathways by which mammary total milk protein synthesis can be affected. Changes in the abundance of milk protein genes, efficiency of mRNA translation altered by phosphorylation of translation factors in individual cells, the abundance of the translational apparatus in secretory cells, or the number of secretory cells are responsible for nutritional modification of total milk protein synthesis. This paper reviews advances in the molecular regulatory mechanism whereby Arg regulates casein synthesis and mammary development, focusing on novel mechanisms, including transcription factors, microRNA and metabolic enzymes. Our aim is to highlight fundamental information that can aid in the improvement of approaches to enhance milk protein quality.
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