Mite comprises the largest group within the arthropodan of Class Arachnida, with over 45,000 described species in subclass Acari. The Arachnida is also represented by the spiders (Order: Araneae), harvestmen (Order: Opiliones) and pseudoscorpions (Order: Pseudoscorpionida). They exhibit greater diversity in their morphological, physiological, behavioral and ecological adaptations. These adaptations ensure their association with other arthropods and vertebrates. Acari-Insect association ranges from opportunistic, possible accidental to parasitic and predatory, in which one or more life stages of the mite occur and feed on the host. Special structures present in legs as well as gnathosoma leads to make the attachments easily.
Review · Volume 58, Issue 1, 2 January 2026 · Open Access
An Overview of Insect Mite Association
· · · · · · · ·
Affiliations & Notes ⌄
- 1Agricultural College and Research Station, Killikulam-628252, India 2Institute of Agriculture, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Kumulur-621712, Trichy, India 3Department of Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-641003, India 4Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Sandhiyur-636203, India 5ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Thiruvarur-614404, India 6Nammazhvar Organic Farming Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
Article Info ⌄
- Journal:
- Pakistan Journal of Zoology
- Published:
- 2 January 2026
From the article
- Since, the attachment of mite in different insect host was predatory, phoresy and parasitic in nature, it can be utilized in all the ways and means.
- Insect associated potential predatory mite will be exploited for the pest management studies and if possible, the mites will be multiplied on the same insect host.
- On the other hand, to minimize the insect pest incidence, the ecto and endoparasitic mite studies have to be strengthened and it will pave way to enlighten the pest management aspects.
Selected from the article's own text.
Abstract
Introduction
Insect-mite association is quite a long relationship, of which, it leads to phoretic, parasitic and predatory in nature. The placement of attachment may vary from insects to insects along with the associations. The overloading of mites in the insect body reduces the day today activity of host insects. These mites belong to orders Mesostigmata, Astigmata and Prostigmata. The detailed review on Acari- Insect association is summarized hereunder.
Order: Mesostigmata
More than 8,280 species have been described under Mesostigmata order in the world under 887 genera; 2 genera and 2 species in the fossil as reported by Lindquist (2005a). These groups are characterized by a single pair of breathing pores or stigmata, located laterally in the middle of the idiosoma between the second and third or third and fourth pair of legs. It also possesses two to three tined palpal claws and a tritosternum, for most mesostigmatid mites. It ranges from less than 0.2 mm to more than 4 mm in length and distributed globally. Mesostigmatid mites associated with economically important pests as well as biocontrol agents. It also found in quarantine inspections.
The principal host insect orders for the mesostigmatid mites are Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera and Lepidoptera. Almost 93 percent of the insect mites are associated with this particular mite order. Treat (1975) has narrated, comprehensive summary of mite-Lepidoptera association with 41 lepidopteran families. Even the association was also recorded from termite nests. Some of the mites are also having the characteristic features of predacious or parasitic in nature. The Phytoseiidae family are beneficial to humans as predators of the destructive spider mites.
Order: Astigmata
Lindquist (2005b) reported around 3,419 species of Astigmata in the world under 1096 genea; 2 genera and 3 species in the fossil. The mite super family Canestrinioidea attached as external commensals or parasites of most of the beetle families viz., Scarabaeidae, Chrysomelidae, Carabidae, Passalidae, Tenebrionidae and Lucanidae. Olynyk and Freitag (1979) stated that the mites are not site-specific on numerous insects especially carabids. The soil-dwelling bees and wasps are also attached with astigmatid mites which also establishing symbiotic relationships with both vertebrates and invertebrates.
Order: Prostigmata
More than 47 per cent are parasites or parasitoids of other arthropods and 7 percent of the species are free- living predators. The mite families viz., Pygmephoridae and Scutacaridaeare associated with social insects, whereas mite family Podapolipidae invade as parasites on beetles, grasshoppers and honey bees. A single mite genus i.e., Leptus spp. associated with extensive range of insect orders and it act as a parasitoid.
PHORESY
Phoresy means one animal (phorent) attaches another animal (carrier or host) for a limited time and period. At that time of migration, the phorent enters in to the quiescent stage and becomes active after its detachment. Soroker et al. (2003) narrated the steps of phoresy i.e., Initiation of phoretic behaviour, active host seeking, recognition of attractant behaviour and attachment to the host surface. The winged insects possess higher dispersal ability than the mites . Scutacarids are encountered as phoretic in behaviour . Parasitellus species prefers as better host on Bombus sp. for its phoretic purpose and Uroobovella species attached on the thoracic region of grasshopper as phoretic relationship (Radhakrishnan et al., 2024a).
The mesostigmatid mites and ectoparasitic larvae of the prostigmatid were attached with adult Culicoides impunctatus Goetghebuer . Whiteflies have strong phoretic potential with Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) and the mites reduces the mobility and its biology to some extend . The phoretic relationships will be highly complex, but often are manipulative of the carrier’s resources or progeny . Dung beetles are possessing mesostigmatid mites on the ventral region of the head and it is purely phoretic in nature (Radhakrishnan et al., 2024b). Phoretic association with bumble bees were recorded no risk for their host . Some of the phoretic mites associated with Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera and Orthoptera have been summarized in Table I.
ACARI-SOCIAL INSECTS ASSOCIATION
Eickwort (1994) stated that mites are significant associate with the beneficial insects i.e., honeybees. Out of these association, a tracheal mite, Acarapis woodi is an obligate parasite of the honey bees Apis mellifera (L.) occurs many countries in the world . The host insect termite had associated with Histiostoma, parasitic on the subfamilies viz., Otopheidominae, Treatiinae and Katydiseiinae (Zhang, 1995). Noel et al. (2020) stated that, the integrated pest management decreases the acaricide usages to control the Varroa mite in bees. The lists of very few mites associated with social insects are summarized in Table II.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS
PARASITIC MITES
Podapolipidae (Acari: Tarsonemina) family were parasitized on various insect orders and the mite species was parasitic on the metanotum, metathoracic wing region, abdominal dorsal surface in carabid beetles and four species from Australian carabid beetles .
The parasitic mites are divided into two groups based on their feeding sites.
Parasitic mites of insects (Ectoparasites)
The mite species Pyemotes tritici (Newp.) (Prostigmata: Pyemotidae), Blattisicius tarsalis (Berlese) (Mesostigmata: Ascidae), Acarophenax mahundai Steinkraus and Cross (Prostigmata: Acarophenacidae) are devoured as natural enemies of stored product insect pests . Certain mite species are also act as egg parasites of various insects and their biology was not known . Tenebrioniid beetles act as a parasitic host of canestriniid mite, Bircericola bertrami Haitlinger (Acari: Astigmata: Canestriniidae) (Haitlinger, 2000a). European butterfly adults are parasitized by bright red mite larvae of the family Trombidiidae .
Endoparasitic mites of insects
Alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica Gyllenhall was parasitized by the larvae of Trombidium newelli Welbourn and Flessel (Acari: Trombidiidae) . The insect order Orthoptera and Coleoptera were occupied the tracheae of Podapolipus and Locus tacarus. Sharma et al. (1983) stated that the mites pierce the cavity walls of the ear and destroy the ultrasonic sound.
Table I. Phoretic mites associated with different orders of insects.
| Insect order and mite family | Mite name | Host insect name | Habit and habitat | References |
| Order: Diptera | ||||
| Arctoseiidae | Iphidozercon sp. | Psychodid flies | Mites are phoretic on the abdomen of the flies | Whitsel and Schoepphenr, 1973 |
| Rhizoglyphidae | Rhizoglyphus echinopus (F.andR.) | Narcissus fly | Phoretic | Hussey et al., 1969 |
| Uropodidae | Fuscuropoda vegetans De Geer | Musca domestica | Phoretic | Greenberg, 1961 |
| Order: Coleoptera | ||||
| Canestriniidae | Grandiella batocerae (Vis.and Moh.) | Hylastes sp. | Mites found beneath the elytra | Vishnupriya and Mohanasundaram, 1988 |
| Diplogyniidae | Diplogynium oryctae (Vis.and Moh.) | Batocera rufomaculata De Geer | Phoretic | Vishnupriya and Mohanasundaram, 1988 |
| Eviphididae | Alliphis serrochaetae (Ram. and Moh.) | Helicopris sp. | Phoretic | Ramaraju and Mohanasundaram, 1996a |
| Macrochelidae | Macrocheles scarabae (Vis. and Moh.) | Catharsius molossus (L.) | Phoretic | Vishnupriya and Mohanasundaram, 1988 |
| Macrochelidae | Macrocheles sukabumiensis Hartini and Takaku | Cantharsius pithpcius (F.) | Phoretic | Hartini and Takaku, 2003 |
| Parasitidae | Poecilochirus coimbatorensis (Vis. and Moh.) | Onthophagus sp. | Phoretic | Vishnupriya and Mohanasundaram, 1988 |
| Pachylaelapidae | Pachylaelaps catharsiae (Vis.and Moh.) | Onitis philemon (F.) | Phoretic | Vishnupriya and Mohanasundaram, 1988 |
| Uropodidae | Urobovella texana (Wis and Hirsch.) | Pholeomyia sp. | Phoretic | Moser, 1976 |
| Winterschmidtiidae | Calvolia longireticulatae (Ram. and Moh.) | Meloid beetle | Phoretic | Ramaraju and Mohanasundaram, 1999a |
| Uroactiniidae | Centrouropoda almerodai | Rhynchophorus phoenicis | Phoretic | Monzenga et al., 2021 |
| Neopygmephoridae | Allopygmephorus coelostomus | Australian hydrophilid beetles | Phoretic | Hamid et al., 2022 |
| Order: Hymenoptera | ||||
| Cheyletidae | Cheletophyes xylocopae (Ram. and Moh.) | Xylocopa sp. | Phoretic | Ramaraju and Mohanasundaram, 1999b |
| Chaetodactylidae | Samsinakia carabae (Ram. and Moh.) | Carabid beetle | Phoretic | Ramaraju and Mohanasundaram, 1999b |
| Chaetodactylidae | Sennertia carpenteri (Ram. and Moh.) | Carpenter bees | Phoretic | Ramaraju and Mohanasundaram, 2001 |
| Laelapidae | Blattisocius trigonae | Trigona iridipennis | Phoretic | Radhakrishnan and Ramaraju, 2017a |
| Order: Hemiptera | ||||
| Tarsonemidae | Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) | Whiteflies | Phoretic | Palevsky et al., 2001 |
| Erythraeidae | Erythraeus ankaraicus (Saboori et al.,) | Hyalopterus pruni Geoffroy | Ectoparasite | Saboori et al., 2004 |
| Order: Orthoptera | ||||
| Erythraeidae | Leptus laviniacus Haitlinger | Catantops innotabilis (Walk.) | Phoretic | Haitlinger, 2002 |
| Erythraeidae | Leptus astrubali Haitlinger | C. innotabilis | Phoretic | Haitlinger, 2002 |
| Scutacaridae | Imparipes bengalensis | Labidura bengalensis | Phoretic | Radhakrishnan and Ramaraju, 2017b |
Table II. Mites associated with social insects.
| Mite name | Host insect name | Habit and habitat | References | |
| I. Ants | ||||
| Acaridae | Tyrophagus formicetorum (F and C) | Ant’s nest | Phoretic | Fain and Chmielewski, 1987 |
| Uropodidae | Trichocylliba gibbata (E.) | Army ants | Phoretic | Elzinga, 1995 |
| Scutacaridae | Scutacarus unicosimilis Metwali | Cataglyphus bicolor (Lighton et al.,) | Large ant nest | Metwali, 1984 |
| Macrodinychidae | Macrodinychus multispinosus | Ants | Ectoparasite | Lachaud et al., 2016 |
| II. Honeybees | ||||
| Acaridae | Acarus immobilis (G.) | Apis mellifera (L.) | Facultative scavenger | DeJong et al., 1982 |
| Acaridae | Horstiella snellingi (Och. and OCon.) | Neotropical Epicharis bees | Phoretic | Ochoa and OConnor, 2000 |
| Laelapidae | Androlaelaps bayoumi (Bas. and Yous.) | Trigona albipennis Almedia | Found inside the nest | Basha and Yousef, 2001 |
| Laelapidae | Suracarus inusitatus (Flech.) | T. albipennis | Found inside the nest | Flechtmann, 2005 |
| Laelapidae | Blattisocius trigonae | Trigona iridipennis | Phoretic | Radhakrishnan and Ramaraju, 2017a |
| Tarsonemidae | Acarapis woodi (Re.) | Euglossa sp. | Parasite | Pettis and Wilson, 1996 |
| Tydeidae | Tydeus sp. Pronematus sp. | A. mellifera | Found in bee hive | Malabanan and Corpuz Raros, 1998 |
| Varroidae | Varroa jacobsoni (Oud.) | A. cerana A. mellifera | Found in bee hive | Malabanan and Corpuz Raros, 1998 |
| III. Other bees | ||||
| Parasitidae | Parasitus fimetorum Berlese | Nest of Ciconia ciconia (L.) | Phoretic | Bloszyk et al., 2005 |
| IV. Wasp | ||||
| Glycyphagidae | Acaroglyphus robustus (Del.) | Eumenine wasp | Mites isolated from the body | Baker and Baker,1976 |
| V. Termite | ||||
| Otopheidomenidae | Eickwortius termes Zhang | Macrotermesmichaelseni Sjostedt | Phoretic | Zhang, 1995 |
| Ascidae | Proctolaelaps hypadari (Oud.) | Termite | Parasitic on termite | Myles, 2002 |
Table III. Parasitic mites associated with different orders of insects.
| Orders of insects and families of mites | Name of the mite | Host insect name | Habitat and nature of attack | References |
| Ectoparasitic mites | ||||
| Order: Orthoptera | ||||
| Erythraeidae | Leptus oxyae (Vis. and Moh.) | Oxya nitidula (Wal.) | Ectoparasite | Vishnupriya and Mohanasundaram, 1998 |
| Erythraeidae | Ramsayellar angitata Zhang | Grasshopper | Ectoparasite | Zhang, 2000 |
| Erythraeidae | Charletonia keralicus (Ram. and Moh.) | Oxya sp. | Parasite | Ramaraju and Mohanasundaram, 1998b |
| Table continued on next page............... | ||||
| Orders of insects and families of mites | Name of the mite | Host insect name | Habitat and nature of attack | References |
| Podapolipidae | Podapolipoides mohanasundarami (R. and S.) | Oxya sp. | Ectoparasite | Ramaraju and Suresh, 1999 |
| Podapolipidae | Podapolipoides cohni (Hus. and Ma.) | Grasshopper | Ectoparasite | Husband and Martin, 2005 |
| Podapolipidae | Podapolipus sundarababui (Ram. and Moh.) | Attractomorphasp | Ectoparasite | Ramaraju and Mohanasundaram, 1996c |
| Eutrombidiidae | Eutrombidium laosanum Haitlinger | Undetermined Gryllidae | Ectoparasite | Haitlinger, 2006b |
| Order: Dictyoptera | ||||
| Podapolipidae | Blaberpolipus cavernicola (Hus. and OCon.) | Blaberusparabolicus (Wal.) | Ectoparasite | Husband and OConnor, 2003 |
| Order: Hemiptera | ||||
| Trombidiidae | Podothrombium gossypium Zhang | Aphids | Ectoparasite | Zhang, 2001 |
| Order: Diptera | ||||
| Trombidiidae | Trombidium poriceps (Oud.) | Ochlerotatus notoscriptus Skuse | Ectoparasite | Pugh et al., 1991 |
| Order: Lepidoptera | ||||
| Pyemotidae | Pyemotes sp. | Tribolium sp. Cryptolestes sp. | Parasitize the immature stages | Pajni and Virk, 1982 |
| Podapolipidae | Regenpolipus madrasensis (Hus. and Ram.) | Anthia sexguttata (Fab.) | Parasite | Husband and Ramaraju, 2006 |
| Podapolipidae | Tarsopolipus ramakrishnai (Ram. and Moh.) | Scarab beetles | Parasite | Ramaraju and Mohanasundaram, 1996b |
| Podapolipidae | Eutarsopolipus dastychi (Hus. and Kha. ) | Calathus fuscipesGoeze | Parasite | Husband and Khaustov, 2004 |
| Canestriniidae | Haitlingeria longilobata Baker and Schwarz | Serrognathus platymelus Motschulsky | Parasite | Kim et al., 2006 |
| Order: Odonata | ||||
| Arrenuridae | Arrenurus sp. | Trithemis pallidinervis | Parasite | Radhakrishnan, Zawal and Ramaraju, 2010 |
| Endoparasitic mites | ||||
| Order: Lepidoptera | ||||
| Otopheidonemidae | Dicrocheles phalaenodectes Treat | Noctuidae | Tympanum | Treat, 1975 |
| Order: Coleoptera | ||||
| Podapolipidae | Dorsipes auncinus Husband and Weatherby | Tefflus sp. | Endoparasites of orthoptera, hymenoptera especially coleoptera | Husband and Weatherby, 2005 |
Five mite species were recorded from Laelapidae family as first time in Pakistan in the soil ecosystem . Bountiful species are reported under parasitic mite association. Few examples are mentioned in Table III.
Predatory mites of insects
Ferguson (2001) stated that predaceous mites are generally feeds on springtails whereas, the pyemotid mites devastated scales and flies . The eggs of Lepidoptera were fed by the deutonymph and adults of Callidosoma metzi Sharma, Drooz and Treat . Some of the predatory mites associated with the various orders of insects are given in Tables IV.
Table IV. Predatory mites associated with different orders of insects.
| Orders of insects and families of mites | Name of the mite | Host insect name | Habitat and nature of attack | References |
| Order: Orthoptera | ||||
| Trombidiidae | Eutrombium trigonum (Pes.) | Heiroglyphus nigrorepletus (Ph.) | Predator on immature stages | Peswani, 1960 |
| Order: Thysanoptera | ||||
| Pyemotidae | Adactylidium sp. | Thrips sp. | Predaceous on eggs and thrips | EL Badry and Tawfik, 1966 |
| Order: Hemiptera | ||||
| Hemisarcoptidae | Hemisarcoptes malus (Sh.) | Aspidiotus nerii (B.) | Predator | Beardsley and Gonzalez, 1975 |
| Trombidiidae | Allothrombium mitchelli Davis | Cryptococcus fagisuga Lindinger | Predator | Wiggins et al., 2001 |
| Order: Diptera | ||||
| Trombidiidae | Allothrombium dipterae (Ram. and Moh.) | Musca domestica (L.) | Predator | Ramaraju and Mohanasundaram, 1998a |
| Trombidiidae | Allothrombium dipterae (Ram. and Moh.) | Cicindellid beetle | Predator | Ramaraju and Mohanasundaram, 1998a |
| Order: Lepidoptera | ||||
| Ascidae | Blattisocius tarsalis Berlese | Ephestia cautella (Wal.) | Larvae and nymphs of mites feed eggs and host larvae | Graham, 1980 |
| Pyemotidae | Pyemotes ventricosus (Newp.) | Sitotroga cerealella Olivier | Predatory on eggs | Navarro et al., 1987 |
| Order: Coleoptera | ||||
| Pyemotidae | Pyemotes tritici (Newp.) | Anthonomus grandis Boheman | Attacks immature stages | Cross and Moser, 1975 |
| Order: Hymenoptera | ||||
| Cheyletidae | Cheyletus eruditus Schrank | Cephalonom iatarsalis Ashmead | Biocontrol agent | Zdarkovaet al., 2003 |
Conclusion
The studies on Insect-Mite relationship were very scanty. Since, the attachment of mite in different insect host was predatory, phoresy and parasitic in nature, it can be utilized in all the ways and means. Insect associated potential predatory mite will be exploited for the pest management studies and if possible, the mites will be multiplied on the same insect host. On the other hand, to minimize the insect pest incidence, the ecto and endoparasitic mite studies have to be strengthened and it will pave way to enlighten the pest management aspects.
Declarations
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the Department of Agricultural Entomology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore for providing the lab facility to conduct the experiment.
Funding
No funding was provided /received for this experimental work.
IRB approval
The experimental work was carried out with the approval of Director of Research, TNAU, Coimbatore.
Ethical statement
All the applicable international, national or institutional guidelines for the care were followed.
Statement of conflict of interest
The authors have declared no conflict of interest.
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