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Short Communication · Volume 51, Issue 4, 5 June 2019 · Open Access

Albendazole in the Treatment of Ancylostomiasis, Ascariasis, Taeniasis and Amoebiasis in School Children

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Affiliations & Notes ⌄
  1. 1Department of Zoology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 2Department of Zoology, Hazara University, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , * Corresponding author: iqbalmudassar827@gmail.com
  2. 2walikhan.pk@gmail.com
Article Info ⌄
Journal:
Pakistan Journal of Zoology
Published:
5 June 2019
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From the article

  • Percent high egg negative rate (ENR) was noted for albendazole (bendazol) against ancylostomiasis and amoebiasis and albendazole (zentel) against ascariasis and taeniasis.
  • Comparing the treatment outcomes using the chi square test revealed that albendazole (bendazol) was more effective on infections with ancylostomiasis and amoebiais than albendazole (zentel) and albendazole (zentel) was found more effective for ascariais and taeniais than albendazole (bendazol).
  • Present study reveals 83% and 96% efficacy of Albendazole (400mg/kg) and albendazole (200mg/kg) against ascariasis.
  • Albendazole (bendazol) appear to be well-tolerated and effective drug in the treatment of ancylostomiasis and amoebiasis while Albendazole (zentel) represents more effectiveness against ascariasis and taeniasis in school children.

Selected from the article's own text.

Abstract

Present study was aimed to evaluate the efficacies of two brands of albendazole: bendazol and zentel against ancylostomiasis, ascariasis, taeniasis and amoebiasis in school children to make appropriate treatment protocol. All the infected children were randomly divided into 2 groups (A and B). Children in group A were treated with albendazole (bendazol) 400mg/kg while children in group B were treated with albendazole (zentel) 200mg/kg orally once a time. Eggs per gram of faeces were counted in each group before and after treatment. The % efficacy of albendazole (bendazol) and albendazole (zentel) against ancylostomiasis, ascariasis, taeniasis and amoebiasis were reported 92 and 83, 83 and 96, 74 and 81 and 84 and 74%, respectively. EPG counts amongst children in both the groups before and after treatment was not significant (P>0.05). Present study was concluded that albendazole (bendazol) was showing high rate of efficacy for ancylostomiasis and amoebiasis while albendazole (zentel) was most effective for ascariasis and taeniasis. Therefore both of the drugs used are equally contributed in the controlling of intestinal parasitic diseases in children.

Materials and methods

All the infected school children (6-15 year of age) from Public School, University of Malakand, KPK, Pakistan were included in this study. These children had no history of prior use of antihelminthic drugs. All the children were instructed to maintain the clinical supervision throughout the period of the experiment. This study is approved from Ethical Review Committee, University of Malakand in collaboration with District Headquarter Hospital Timergara, Dir Lower, Pakistan.

All the school children, infected with intestinal parasites, selected on the basis of microscopic detection of egg per gram (EPG) of faeces. All the children were randomly divided into 2 groups - A and B. The students in Group A were treated with albendazole (bendazol) systematic (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) (GlaxoSmithKline, Pakistan), 400 mg and students in group B were treated with albendazole (zentel) 200mg (Reg. No. Q/12/75, Gloxosmithkline South Africa (Pvt.) Ltd.) orally as a single dose/kg once a time. EPG were calculated by the McMaster techniques given by prior and after the treatment. The % efficacies at 95% C.I. of the drugs were measured by the formula given by Thrusfield (2005) as:

Efficacy of drug tr. (%) = Mean pre-tr. EPG –

Mean post-tr. EPG x 100 / Mean pre-tr. EPG

Where, tr. is treatment.

The data was analyzed by Graph Pad version-5. P value < 0.05 was considered significant statistically.

Results and discussion

Efficacy of the drugs prescribed was noted via the counting of eggs in per gram of the stool before and after treatment (Table I). Percent high egg negative rate (ENR) was noted for albendazole (bendazol) against ancylostomiasis and amoebiasis and albendazole (zentel) against ascariasis and taeniasis. Using the per-protocol analysis, albendazole (bendazol) attained 92, 83, 74 and 84% ENR, although single doses of albendazole (zentel) resulted 83, 96, 81 and 74% of ENR (Table II). Comparing the treatment outcomes using the chi square test revealed that albendazole (bendazol) was more effective on infections with ancylostomiasis and amoebiais than albendazole (zentel) and albendazole (zentel) was found more effective for ascariais and taeniais than albendazole (bendazol). No adverse effect was observed except for albendazole (bendazol) a case resulted gastrointestinal trouble, vomiting and diarrhea, cured with analgesic prescription by the physician.

Number of eggs before treatment was 16000 and after treatment was counted as 1856 for A. duodenale (Table II). Findings of the present study agreed with the study conducted by Khan et al. (2018) who reported 83% and 75% efficacies, respectively after administration of albendazole (bendazol) 400mg/kg and albendazole (zentel) 200mg/kg against hymenolepiasis. Findings of present study were also comparable to that of Steinmann et al. (2011) showing 92-95% efficacy against Ancylostoma duodenale infestation. Studies conducted in Brazil, Cambodia, Cameroon, Ethiopia, India, Tanzania and Vietnam claimed 88.5%, 87.4%, 87.1%, 98.9%, 74.7%, 86.8% and 100% efficacy of albendazole, respectively .

Present study reveals 83% and 96% efficacy of Albendazole (400mg/kg) and albendazole (200mg/kg) against ascariasis. Findings of the present study do not agreed with the study conducted by Khan et al. (2018), who reported high efficacy of zentel against ascariasis than bendazol. In a study conducted by Speich et al. (2012), oral administration of albendazole showed 100% cure against A. lumbricoides infection, while in present trial this rate was 83% against ascariasis. Regarding ENR the results of the current trial agree with those reported by Rahman (1996) who showed above 90% in relation to mebendazole and albendazole for A. lumbricoides.

Table I.- Number of eggs counted per gram (NEPG) before and after treatment for intestinal parasites in school children, University of Malakand, Lower Dir, Pakistan.

Parasite

Albendazole (400mg/kg)

% efficacy

Albendazole (200mg/kg)

% efficacy

NEPG before treatment

NEPG after treatment

NEPG before treatment

NEPG after treatment

Ancylostoma duodenale

9600

768

92

6400

1088

83

Ascaris lumbricoides

3900

663

83

3120

125

96

Taenia saginata

3250

845

74

2500

475

81

Entamoeba histolytica

1080

173

84

720

188

74

Table II.- Total number of eggs in present in both groups before and after treatment among subjects positive for intestinal parasites in school children, University of Malakand, Lower Dir, Pakistan.

Parasite

No. of eggs of both groups before treatment

No. of eggs becoming negative

Egg remaining (%)

P-value

Ancylostoma duodenale

16000

8832+5312=14144

11.67

P<0.05

Ascaris lumbricoides

7020

3237+2995=6228

11.28

P<0.05

Taenia saginata

5750

845+475=1320

22.96

P<0.05

Entamoeba histolytica

1800

173+188=361

20.24

P<0.05

Present study demonstrated that 5750 eggs before treatment were reduced to 1320 eggs after treatment were noted for T. saginata, respectively (Table II). Findings of the present study were different from that of Khan et al. (2018), who reported that the administration of albendazole (400mg/kg) and albendazole (200mg/kg) against hymenolepiasis revealed 83% and 75% efficacies, respectively. Hamid et al. (2005) reported that the administration of 10-20mg of Parazequental show 90% efficacy against the beef tapeworm. In a study conducted by Ahmed et al. (1986) albendazole showed 100% efficacy against taeniasis. In other research (Misra et al., 1984) show 57-70% efficacy of albendazole against taeniasis. The albendazole was 100% effective in taeniasis in children when administered for 3 consecutive days (Ahmed et al., 1986). The study conducted by Misra et al. (1984) showed that a single dose of albendazole (400mg) was effective 57% to 70% against taeniasis while the same dose for 3 consecutive days increased the success rate to 100 %. Similarly, single dose (10-20mg) of parazequentel revealed 90% efficacy against the beef tapeworm infection .

Present study showed reduction of E. histolytica eggs from 1800 to 361 (Table II) after treatment with albendazole (bendazol) (400mg/kg) and albendazole (zentel) (200mg/kg) which show 84 and 74% efficacy against amoebiasis. These results are in agreement with that of Khan et al. (2018), who reported 83% and 75% efficacies, respectively after administration of albendazole (400mg/kg) and albendazole (200mg/kg) against Hymenolepiasis. Metronidazole is the drug of choice for treatment of invasive amoebiasis. Iodoquinol, paromomycin, and diloxanide furoate are the current recommended drugs for the treatment of noninvasive amoebiasis. Iodoquinol is given orally three times a day for 20 days. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain are the associated side effects. Paromomycin is given orally three times a day for 7 days. Diloxanide furoate is given three times a day for 10 days. Side effects include gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and flatulence (Li and Stanly, 1996; Huges and Petri, 2000).

Conclusions

Albendazole (bendazol) appear to be well-tolerated and effective drug in the treatment of ancylostomiasis and amoebiasis while Albendazole (zentel) represents more effectiveness against ascariasis and taeniasis in school children.

Acknowledgments

This research is facilitated under the research project (SRGP #21-61) granted by higher education commission, Islamabad, Pakistan.

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Albendazole in the Treatment of Ancylostomiasis, Ascariasis, Taeniasis and Amoebiasis in School Children · ResearchersLinks