Research Article

 

Fish Diversity of Coastal Andhra Pradesh, Southeast Coast of India

 

Darwin Chatla, P. Padmavathi*

Department of Zoology and Aquaculture, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar – 522 510, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Received | March 10, 2021; Accepted | April 26, 2021; Published | July 28, 2021

*Correspondence | P. Padmavathi, Department of Zoology and Aquaculture, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar – 522 510, Andhra Pradesh, India; Email: padmapin@yahoo.com

Citation | Chatla D, Padmavathi P (2021). Fish diversity of coastal Andhra Pradesh, southeast coast of India. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 9(9): 1424-1436.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2021/9.9.1424.1436

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316; ISSN (Print) | 2309-3331

Copyright © 2021 Chatla and Padmavathi. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

 

INTRODUCTION

 

India is one of the largest mega-diversity countries and known for its biodiversity richness abundance reflected in the diversity of fresh and marine water fishes. It is well-known that the marine faunal diversity depends mostly on fish diversity (Kar et al., 2017). It was estimated that India housed 3231 valid species, of which 2443 are marine (75.6%) (Gopi and Mishra, 2015). Globally, India occupies the second-largest fish producer with 3.56 million tonnes for the year 2019 (FRAD, 2019) and exports worth US $7.08 billion (DADF, 2019). The fisheries play a remarkable role in the agro-economy of India with regard to protein supply and employment (Chatla et al., 2020).

 

The state of Andhra Pradesh endowed with a vast coastline of 974 km spread across nine coastal districts is situated between 150 54’ 46.44” N latitude and 790 44’ 23.95” E longitude. It is scattered with 353 fish landing stations including 4 major harbors viz., Visakhapatnam, Kakinada, Machilipatanam, and Nizampatnam (CMFRI, 2012). Andhra Pradesh has known for its healthy fishing grounds and diverse resources comprising different gears and crafts with a total number of 27211 fishing vessels, including 1675 mechanized, 11807 motorized and 13729 traditional fishing crafts, and gears such as seines, cast nets, drag nets, gill nets, trawl nets, and hook and lines (Rao et al., 2008; WAPCOS, 2017). The marine fish landings accounted for about 0.259 million tonnes (mt) in 2019 (FRAD, 2020). However, fish landings have fluctuated over the years from 2013 to 2019 (Figure 1).

 

Every region of the sea is a home for wide variety of life and repository of biodiversity. Among marine biodiversity, fish diversity is comparatively higher than other faunal diversity with ample existing data and higher probability for the discovery of new species (Pyle et al., 2019). The dispersion patterns of several species and extinction of indigenous fishes have been directly linked to human interference (Nelson et al., 2016). Of late, over exploitation of fish species has become a matter of great concern (Ranjan, 2018). The distribution of fishery resources in the coastal waters varies with distance from the shore (Vardharajan and Soundarapandian, 2015). The catchment rates vary with the landing stations and the species (Kar et al., 2017), and hence the catchment information is essential for the development of effective management and to develop the measures to be taken to conserve the fishes towards sustainable utilization (Darwin and Padmavathi, 2020). In view of the given significance of diversity, the fishery composition of landings and seasonal abundance of different resources along the Visakhapatnam coast were studied by Sudarsan (1981), Krishnan and Mishra (1993), Sujatha (1995), Barman et al. (2004) and Sreedhar et al. (2009). However, there is no documented evidence on the diversity of fishes in other fish landing stations of coastal Andhra Pradesh. Therefore, the current study has been undertaken to know the marine fish diversity of unexplored four fish landing stations of coastal Andhra Pradesh.

 

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 

Study Area

The present study is based on the samples collected in four designated landing stations of coastal Andhra Pradesh viz., Machilipatnam (A), Nizampatnam (B), Vodarevu (C), and Pakala (D) (Figure 2) located in Krishna, Guntur, and Prakasam districts along 224 km coastline (Table 1 and 2).

 

Sample Collection

To study the marine fish diversity, fish samples were collected from the catches of fish landing centres where fishes were caught by using different gears such as cast nets, trammel net, hook and line, shore seine, boat seine and purse seine. Sampling was done at regular fortnight or monthly intervals in all four landing stations from December 2016 to November 2018 except fish ban period of the months of April and May. The fish samples from various catches were collected as soon as the catches were offloaded. Some of the samples were preserved in 5% formalin and transported to the laboratory for taxonomic identification. All the collections after identification were documented at Museum, Department of Zoology and Aquaculture, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

 

Table 1: Geographical location of the four sampling sites of coastal Andhra Pradesh.

 

Fish landing stations	Geographical location of fish landing stations
	Latitude (North)	Longitude (East)
Machilipatnam (A)	160 14’ 49”	810 18’ 63”
Nizampatnam (B)	150 52’ 58”	800 38’ 18”
Vodarevu (C)	150 79’ 34”	800 41’ 10”
Pakala (D)	150 27’ 31”	800 08’ 53”

 

Fish Diversity and Abundance

Fishes were identified up to the species level by following the standard books (Talwar and Kacker, 1984; Barman et al., 2004) and web-based keys, FishBase (www.fishbase.in) (Froese and Pauly, 2020), and Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes (www.calacademy.org) (Fricke et al., 2020). The classification adopted was mainly followed by Nelson (2006). The current valid names, common names and concise data on the conservation status of fish species and importance to fisheries was gathered based on the FishBase (Froese and Pauly, 2020), International Union for Conservation of Nature (www.iucn.org) (IUCN, 2019) and World Register of Marine Species (www.marinespecies.org) (WoRMS, 2020). The percentage composition of orders, families, genera and species of collected fishes was recorded.

 

Table 2: fish species, Common names, Threat to humans, IUCN status and occurrence stations in coastal Andhra Pradesh.

 

Class: Chondrichthyes/Elasmobranchii
S. No.	Order	Family	Species Name		Common Name	Station	IUCN Status	Threat to Humans	Human Use
1	Carcharhiniformes	Carcharhinidae	Carcharhinus dussumieri (Müller & Henle, 1839)		White cheek shark	A, B	EN	H	C
2			C. limbatus (Müller & Henle, 1839)		Blacktip shark	A, B, C	VU	Tr	C, Gf
3			C. sorrah (Müller & Henle, 1839)		Spot-tail shark	A, B, C	NT	H	C
4			Lamiopsis temminckii (Müller & Henle, 1839)		Broadfin Shark	A, B	EN	H	C
5			Rhizoprionodon acutus (Rüppell, 1837)		Milk shark	A, B, C	LC	H	C
6			Scoliodon laticaudus Müller & Henle, 1838		Spadenose shark	A, B	NT	H	C
7		Sphyrnidae	Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758)		Hammer head shark	A, B, C, D	VU	Tr	C, Gf
8	Myliobatiformes	Aetobatidae	Aetobatus flagellum (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)		Longheaded eagle ray	A, B	EN	H	C
9		Dasyatidae	Himantura fava (Annandale, 1909)		Honeycomb whipray	A, B	NE	H	Ss
10			H. uarnak (Gmelin, 1789)		Honeycomb stingray	A, B	VU	Tr	C, Gf
11			Maculabatis gerrardi (Gray, 1851)		Sharp nose stingray	A, B, C, D	VU	H	C, Gf
12			Telatrygon zugei (Müller & Henle, 1841)		Pale-edged stingray	A, B	NT	H	C
13	Orectolobiformes	Hemiscylliidae	Chiloscyllium griseum Müller & Henle, 1838		Grey bambooshark	A, B, C, D	NT	H	C
14	Rhinopristiformes	Rhinidae	Rhynchobatus djiddensis (Forsskål, 1775)		Giant guitarfish	A, B	VU	H	C, Gf
15		Rhinobatidae	Rhinobatos annandalei Norman, 1926		Annandale's guitarfish	B	DD	H	F
16	Torpediniformes	Narcinidae	Narcine brunnea Annandale, 1909		Brown electric ray	A, B	NE	H	Ss
17		Narkidae	Narke dipterygia (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)		Numbray	A, B	DD	H	C
Class: Osteichthyes/Actinopterygii
18	Anguilliformes	Muraenidae	Strophidon sathete (Hamilton, 1822)	Slender giant moray		B	NE	Tr	C, Gf
19		Muraenesocidae	Muraenesox bagio (Hamilton, 1822)	Common pike conger		A, B	NE	H	C, Gf
20			Congresox talabonoides (Bleeker, 1853)	Indian pike conger		A, B, C, D	NE	H	C
21		Ophichthidae	Lamnostoma orientalis (McClelland, 1844)	Oriental worm-eel		B, C	LC	H	C
22	Aulopiformes	Synodontidae	Harpadon nehereus (Hamilton, 1822)	Bombay duck		A, B, C, D	NE	H	C
23			Saurida tumbil (Bloch, 1795)	Greater lizardfish		A, B, C, D	LC	H	C
24	Beloniformes	Belonidae	Xenentodon cancila (Hamilton, 1822)	Needle fish		C, D	LC	Tr	C, Aq
25			Strongylura strongylura (vanHasselt, 1823)	Spottail needlefish		A, B, C, D	NE	H	C, Gf
26		Hemirhamphidae	Hemiramphus marginatus (Forsskål, 1775)	Yellowtip halfbeak		B, C, D	NE	H	Ss
27		Zenarchopteridae	Rhynchorhamphus georgii (Valenciennes, 1847)	Long billed half beak		C, D	NE	H	C
28	Clupeiformes	Chirocentridae	Chirocentrus dorab (Forsskål, 1775)	Dorab wolf-herring		A, B, C, D	LC	H	C, Gf
29			C. nudus Swainson, 1839	Whitefin wolf-herring		A, B	LC	H	C
30		Clupeidae	Hilsa kelee (Cuvier, 1829)	Kelee shad		A, B, C, D	LC	H	C
31			Sardinella brachysoma Bleeker, 1852	Deep body sardinella		B, C, D	NE	H	C
32			S. fimbriata (Valenciennes, 1847)	Fringescale sardinella		A, B, C, D	LC	H	C
33			S. gibbosa (Bleeker, 1849)	Goldstripe sardinella		B, C	LC	H	C
34			S. longiceps Valenciennes, 1847	Indian oil sardine		A, B, C, D	LC	H	C
35			Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton, 1822)	Hilsa shad		A, B, C, D	NE	H	C, Ac
36		Engraulidae	Coilia dussumieri Valenciennes, 1848	Goldspotted grenadier anchovy		A, B, C, D	LC	H	C
37			Encrasicholina devisi (Whitley, 1940)	Devis' anchovy		A, B, C, D	NE	H	C
38			Stolephorus commersonnii Lacepède, 1803	Commerson's anchovy		A, B, C, D	LC	H	C
39			S. indicus (vanHasselt, 1823)	Indian anchovy		A, B, C, D	LC	H	C
40			Thryssa dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1848)	Dussumier's thryssa		A, B, C, D	LC	H	C
41			T. hamiltonii Gray, 1835	Hamilton's thryssa		C, D	LC	H	C
42			T. malabarica (Bloch, 1795)	Malabar thryssa		A, B, C, D	DD	H	C
43			T. mystax (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)	Moustached thryssa		A, B, C, D	LC	H	C
44			T. setirostris (Broussonet, 1782)	Longjaw thryssa		A, B, C, D	LC	H	C
45		Pristigasteridae	Amblygaster leiogaster (Valenciennes, 1847)	Smoothbelly sardinella		B, C, D	LC	H	F
46			Anodontostoma chacunda (Hamilton, 1822)	Chacunda gizzard shad		A, B, C, D	LC	H	C
47			Ilisha melastoma (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)	Indian ilisha		A, B	LC	H	C
48			Nematalosa nasus (Bloch, 1795)	Bloch's gizzard shad		A, B, C, D	LC	H	C
49			Opisthopterus tardoore (Cuvier, 1829)	Tardoore		B, D	LC	H	C
50	Elopiformes	Elopidae	Elops machnata (Forsskål, 1775)	Tenpounder		A, B, D	LC	H	C, Gf
51	Mugiliformes	Mugilidae	Chelon parsia (Hamilton, 1822)	Goldspot mullet		A, B, C, D	NE	H	C
52			C. planiceps (Valenciennes, 1836)	Tade gray mullet		B, C	NE	H	C
53			Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758	Flathead grey mullet		A, B, C, D	LC	H	C, Ac
54			Planiliza macrolepis (Smith, 1846)	Largescale mullet		A, B, C, D	LC	H	C, Ac
55	Perciformes	Acanthuridae	Acanthurus mata (Cuvier, 1829)	Elongate surgeonfish		A, B	LC	Vn	C, Aq
56		Ambassidae	Ambassis nalua (Hamilton, 1822)	Scalloped perchlet		A, B	LC	H	Ukn
57			Chanda nama Hamilton, 1822	Elongate glass-perchlet		C, D	LC	H	C, Aq
58		Apogonidae	Fibramia lateralis (Valenciennes, 1832)	Humpback cardinal		C, D	LC	H	Ss
59		Carangidae	Atropus atropos (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)	Cleft belly trevally		A, B, C, D	LC	H	C
60			Alectis indica (Rüppell, 1830)	Indian threadfish		A, B	LC	H	C, Gf
61			Carangoides malabaricus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)	Malabar trevally		A, B	LC	H	C, Gf
62			Caranx ignobilis (Forsskål, 1775)	Giant trevally		A, B	LC	Pn	C, Gf
63			C. sexfasciatus Quoy & Gaimard, 1825	Bigeye trevally		A	LC	H	C
64			Decapterus russelli (Rüppell, 1830)	Indian scad		A, B, C, D	LC	H	C
65			Parastromateus niger (Bloch, 1795)	Black pomfret		A, B, C, D	LC	H	C
66			Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793)	Bigeye scad		A, B	LC	Pn	C, Gf
67			Trachinotus blochii (Lacepède, 1801)	Indian pompano		A	LC	Pn	C, Gf
68		Cynoglossidae	Cynoglossus bilineatus (Lacepède, 1802)	Fourlined tonguesole		A, B	NE	H	C
69			C. cynoglossus (Hamilton, 1822)	Bengal tongue sole		A, B, C, D	NE	H	C
70			C. macrolepidotus (Bleeker, 1851)	Large scale tongue sole		A, B	NE	H	Ss
71			C. semifasciatus Day, 1877	Bengal tonguesole		A, B	NE	H	Ss
72			Paraplagusia bilineata (Bloch, 1787)	Doublelined tonguesole		A, B, C, D	NE	H	C
73		Derepanidae	Drepane punctata (Linnaeus, 1758)	Spotted sicklefish		A, B, C, D	NE	H	C, Aq
74		Ephippidae	Ephippus orbis (Bloch, 1787)	Orbfish		B	NE	H	C
75		Gerridae	Gerres filamentosus Cuvier, 1829	Whipfin silver-biddy		B, C, D	LC	H	C
76			G. setifer (Hamilton, 1822)	Small Bengal silverbiddy		A, B	NE	H	C
77		Gobiidae	Boleophthalmus dussumieri Valenciennes, 1837	Mudskipper		C, D	LC	H	Ukn
78			P. novemradiatus (Hamilton, 1822)	Pearse's mudskipper		B, C, D	DD	H	Ukn
79		Haemulidae	Pentaprion longimanus (Cantor, 1849)	Longfin mojarra		A, B	LC	H	C
80			Pomadasys maculatus (Bloch, 1793)	Saddle grunt		A	LC	H	C
81		Istiophoridae	Istiophorus platypterus (Shaw, 1792)	Indo-Pacific sailfish		A, B, C, D	LC	H	C, Gf
82			Istiompax indica (Cuvier, 1832)	Black marlin		A, B	DD	H	C, Gf
83		Lactariidae	Lactarius lactarius (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)	False trevally		A, B	NE	H	C
84		Latidae	Lates calcalifer (Bloch, 1790)	Barramundi		A, B, C, D	NE	H	C, Ac
85		Leiognathidae	Eubleekeria splendens (Cuvier, 1829)	Splendid ponyfish		A, B	LC	H	C
86			Leiognathus equulus (Forsskål, 1775)	Common ponyfish		A, B, C, D	LC	H	C
87			Karalla dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1835)	Dussumier’s ponyfish		A, B	NE	H	C
88			Nuchequula gerreoides (Bleeker, 1851)	Decorated ponyfish		B	NE	H	Ss
89			Photopectoralis bindus (Valenciennes, 1835)	Orangefin ponyfish		A, B	NE	H	C
90			Secutor insidiator (Bloch, 1787)	Pugnose ponyfish		A, B	NE	H	C
91			S. ruconius (Hamilton, 1822)	Deep pugnose ponyfish		A, B	NE	H	C
92		Lobotidae	Lobotes surinamensis (Bloch, 1790)	Tripletail		A, B	LC	H	C, Gf
93		Lutjanidae	Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskål, 1775)	Mangrove red snapper		A	LC	Pn	C, Gf
94			L. indicus Allen, White & Erdmann, 2013	Snapper fish		A, B	LC	H	Ss
95			L. johnii (Bloch, 1792)	John’s snapper		A, B, C, D	NE	H	C, Gf
96			L. russellii (Bleeker, 1849)	Russell’s snapper		A, B	NE	H	C
97		Menidae	Mene maculate (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)	Moonfish		A, B	NE	H	C
98		Mullidae	Parupeneus indicus (Shaw, 1803)	Indian goatfish		A, B	LC	H	C, Gf
99			Upeneus vittatus (Forsskål, 1775)	Yellow striped goatfish		A, B, C, D	LC	H	C, Aq
100		Nemipteridae	Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch, 1791)	Japanese threadfin bream		A, B, C, D	LC	H	C
101			N. bipunctatus (Valenciennes, 1830)	Delagoa threadfin bream		A, B	LC	H	C
102		Platycephalidae	Platycephalus indicus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Bartail flathead		A, B	DD	H	C, Gf
103		Polynemidae	Polynemus paradiseus Linnaeus, 1758	Paradise threadfin		A, B	LC	H	C
104			Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet, 1782)	Striped threadfin		A, B	NE	H	C, Gf
105			Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804)	Fourfinger threadfin		A, B, C, D	NE	H	C, Gf
106			Leptomelanosoma indicum (Shaw, 1804)	Indian threadfin		A, B	NE	H	C, Gf
107		Priacanthidae	Priacanthus hamrur (Forsskål, 1775)	Moontail bullseye		A, B, C, D	LC	H	C, Aq
108		Psettodidae	Pseudorhombus arsius (Hamilton, 1822)	Largetooth flounder		A, B	NE	H	C, Gf
109			Psettodes erumei (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)	Indian halibut		A, B, C, D	NE	H	C
110		Rachycentridae	Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766)	Cobia		A, B, C, D	LC	H	C, Ac
111		Scatophagidae	Scatophagus argus (Linnaeus, 1766)	Spotted scat		A, B, C, D	LC	Pn	C, Aq
112		Sciaenidae	Atrobucca nibe (Jordan & Thompson, 1911)	Blackmouth croaker		A, B	NE	H	C
113			Bahaba chaptis (Hamilton, 1822)	Chaptis bahaba		A, B	DD	H	C
114			Chrysochir aureus (Richardson, 1846)	Reeve's croaker		A, B, C, D	NE	H	C
115			Daysciaena albida (Cuvier, 1830)	Bengal corvine		A, B, C, D	NE	H	C
116			Dendrophysa russelii (Cuvier, 1829)	Goatee croaker		A, B, C, D	NE	H	C
117			Johnius belangerii (Cuvier, 1830)	Belanger's croaker		A, B, C, D	NE	H	C
118			Johnius carutta Bloch, 1793	Karut croaker		A, B	NE	H	C
119			J. dussumieri (Cuvier, 1830)	Sin croaker		A, B	NE	H	C
120			Macrospinosa cuja (Hamilton, 1822)	Cuja bola		B, C	NE	H	C
121			Nibea coibor (Hamilton, 1822)	Ganges jaw fish		A, B, C, D	NE	H	Ss
122			N. maculate (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)	Blotched croaker		A, B, C, D	NE	H	C
123			Otolithes ruber (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)	Tigertooth croaker		A, B	NE	H	C, Gf
124			Protonibea diacanthus (Lacepède, 1802)	Blackspotted croaker		A, B	NE	H	C
125		Scombridae	Auxis thazard (Lacepède, 1800)	Frigate tuna		A, B	LC	H	C, Gf
126			Euthynnus affinis (Cantor, 1849)	Kawakawa		A, B, C, D	LC	Pn	C, Gf
127			Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758)	Skipjack tuna		A, B, C, D	LC	Pn	C, Gf
128			Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1816)	Indian mackerel		A, B, C, D	DD	H	C, Gf
129			Scomberomorus commerson (Lacepède, 1800)	Barred Spanish mackerel		A, B, C, D	NT	Pn	C, Gf
130			S. guttatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)	IndoPacific king mackerel		A, B, C, D	DD	H	C, Gf
131			S. lineolatus (Cuvier, 1829)	Streaked seerfish		A, B, C, D	LC	H	C, Gf
132			Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788)	Yellowfin tuna		A, B, C, D	NT	H	C, Gf
133			T. obesus (Lowe, 1839)	Bigeye tuna		A, B	VU	H	C, Gf
134			T. tonggol (Bleeker, 1851)	Longtail tuna		A, B	DD	H	C, Gf
135		Serranidae	Cephalopholis aurantia (Valenciennes, 1828)	Golden hind		A	LC	H	C
136			Cephalopholis formosa (Shaw, 1812)	Blue lined hind		A, B, C, D	LC	H	Sf
137			Cromileptes altivelis (Valenciennes, 1828)	Humpback grouper		A	DD	H	C, Ac
138			Epinephelus areolatus (Forsskål, 1775)	Areolate grouper		B	LC	H	C
139			E. bleekeri (Vaillant, 1878)	Dusky tail grouper		B	DD	H	C, Ac
140			E. coioides (Hamilton, 1822)	Orange-spotted grouper		A, B, C, D	LC	H	C, Ac
141			E. latifasciatus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1842)	Striped grouper		B	LC	H	C
142			E. radiatus (Day, 1868)	Oblique-banded grouper		B	LC	H	C
143		Siganidae	Siganus stellatus (Forsskål, 1775)	Brown-spotted spinefoot		A, B	LC	Vn	C
144		Sillaginidae	Sillago sihama (Forsskål, 1775)	Silver sillago		A, B, C, D	LC	H	C
145		Soleidae	Synaptura albomaculata Kaup, 1858	Kaup's sole		A, B	NE	H	C
146			S. commersonnii (Lacepède, 1802)	Commerson's sole		A, B, C, D	NE	H	C
147		Sphyraenidae	Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier, 1829	Barracuda		A, B, C, D	NE	H	C, Gf
148		Stromateidae	Pampus argenteus (Euphrasen, 1788)	Silver pomfret		A, B, C, D	NE	H	C
149			P. chinensis (Euphrasen, 1788)	Chinese silver pomfret		A, B, C, D	NE	H	C
150		Terapontidae	Terapon jarbua (Forsskål, 1775)	Jarbua terapon		A, B, C, D	LC	H	C
151			T. puta Cuvier, 1829	Small-scaled terapon		A, B	NE	H	C
152			T. theraps Cuvier, 1829	Large-scaled terapon		A, B	LC	H	C
153		Trichiuridae	Eupleurogrammus glossodon (Bleeker, 1860)	Long tooth hairtail		A, B, C, D	NE	H	C
154			E. muticus (Gray, 1831)	Small head hairtail		A, B, C, D	NE	H	C
155			Lepturacanthus savala (Cuvier, 1829)	Savalai hairtail		A, B, C, D	NE	H	C
156			L. pantului (Gupta, 1966)	Coromandel hairtail		A, B	DD	H	C
157			Trichiurus gangeticus Gupta, 1966	Ganges hairtail		A, B, C, D	NE	H	C
158	Siluriformes	Ariidae	Arius arius (Hamilton, 1822)	Threadfin sea catfish		A, B, C, D	NE	Tr	C
159			A. jella Day, 1877	Blackfin sea catfish		A, B, C, D	NE	Tr	C
160			A. maculatus (Thunberg, 1792)	Spotted catfish		A, B, C, D	NE	Tr	C
161			Nemapteryx caelata (Valenciennes, 1840)	Engraved catfish		A, B	NE	Tr	C
162			Plicofollis dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1840)	Blacktip sea catfish		B	LC	Tr	Ss
163			Sciades sona (Hamilton, 1822)	Sona sea catfish		B	LC	Tr	C
164		Plotosidae	Plotosus canius Hamilton, 1822	Gray eel-catfish		B	NE	Vn	C
165	Tetraodontiformes	Diodontidae	Diodon holocanthus Linnaeus, 1758	Long spined porcupinefish		A, B	LC	Pn	C, Aq
166		Tetraodontidae	Arothron hispidus (Linnaeus, 1758)	White-spotted puffer		A, B	LC	Pn	C, Aq
167			Chelonodon patoca (Hamilton, 1822)	Milkspotted puffer		A, B, C, D	LC	Pn	C
168			Lagocephalus guentheri MirandaRibeiro, 1915	Diamondback puffer		A, B, C, D	LC	H	Ss
169			Takifugu oblongus (Bloch, 1786)	Lattice blaasop		A, B, C, D	LC	H	Ss
170		Triacanthidae	Triacanthus biaculeatus (Bloch, 1786)	Short-nosed tripodfish		A, B	NE	H	C
171		Ostraciidae	Tetrosomus gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758)	Humpback turretfish		B	LC	Vn	C, Aq

Station: A = Machilipatnam; B = Nizampatnam; C = Vodarevu; D = Pakala. IUCN Status: VU = Vulnerable; LC = Least Concern; NE = Not Evaluated; DD = Data Deficient; NT = Near Threatened; EN=Endangered. Threat to Humans: Harmless = H; Traumatogenic = Tr; Venomous = Vn; Poisonous = Pn. Human Use: C = Commercial; F = Fisheries; Aq = Aquarium, Ss = Scientific study; Sf = Subsistence fisheries; Ac = Aquaculture; Gf = Gamefish; Ukn = Unknown.

 

Diversity Indices

The species diversity indices viz., i) Shannon-Wiener species diversity index (H’) (Shannon and Wiener, 1949), ii) Margalef richness index (SR) (Margalef, 1968) and iii) Simpson’s dominance index (D) (Simpson, 1949) were analyzed using the PAST (Palaeontological Statistics) software (Version 2.02).

 

Shannon-Weiner’s diversity index;

 

 

where, H’ = species diversity in bits of information per individual; Pi = ni/N (proportion of the samples belonging to the species; ni = number of individuals in all the samples; N = total number of individuals in the collection).

 

Margalef Species richness index;

 

 

 

where, S = total number of species, and N = total number of individuals in the collection.

 

Simpson’s Dominance index;

 

 

 

where, ni = number of individuals in the ‘each’ species, N = total number of individuals, S = total number of species.

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 

A comprehensive checklist of the species of fish recorded, the common names, site of occurrence at landing sites, IUCN status, risk to humans and usage are presented in Table 2. In the present study, a total of 171 species belonging to 14 orders, 63 families and 128 genera were recorded from four fish landing stations of Andhra Pradesh viz. Nizampatnam, Machilipatnam, Vodarevu, and Pakala. Of the total species, 17 species belonged to Chondrichthyes/Elasmobranchii, and 154 species belonged to Osteichthyes/Actinopterygii. The total number of species in various genera, families and orders recorded are presented in Table 3.

 

In India, mention may be made to the earlier works of Sudarsan (1988) which provided key to 273 species of fish in trawl catches off Visakhapatnam. Krishnan and Mishra (1993) reported 114 species from Kakinada, east coast of India. Sujatha (1995) reported 228 fish species belonging to 68 families from Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, southeast coast of India. Barman et al. (2004) documented 580 fish species under 292 genera, 121 families, and 27 orders from Andhra Pradesh. Gibinkumar et al. (2012) reported 191 fish species belonged to 12orders, 59 families and 109 genera from Cochin, southwest coast of India. Sambandamoorthy et al. (2015) reported123 fish species belonging to 13 orders, 49 families and 2 genera from the southeast coast of India.

 

The variation in the species number reported by different workers over a period of time could be due to the change in climate or the prevailing environmental conditions. In India, Andhra Pradesh is the second most cyclone-affected state (Babu et al., 2014; Bharti et al., 2017). During the study period, the impact of many cyclonic storms such as Titli, Gaja, and Phethai experienced on this coast might have prevented the fish from venturing into the sea resulting in less number of species recorded. The considerable decline might also be due to the reduction in the days of fishing due to cyclonic storms in Andhra Pradesh (FRAD, 2019).

 

Table 3: Number of Orders, Families, Genera and Species recorded in the present study.

 

S. No	Order	Family	Genus	Species
1	Carcharhiniformes	2	5	7
2	Myliobatiformes	2	4	5
3	Orectolobiformes	1	1	1
4	Rhinopristiformes	2	2	2
5	Torpediniformes	2	2	2
6	Anguilliformes	3	4	4
7	Aulopiformes	1	2	2
8	Beloniformes	3	4	4
9	Clupeiformes	4	13	22
10	Elopiformes	1	1	1
11	Mugiliformes	1	3	4
12	Perciformes	35	75	103
13	Siluriformes	2	5	7
14	Tetraodontiformes	4	7	7
	Total	63	128	171

 

 

The relative percentage abundance of various orders of fish and the respective families, genera and species recorded from landing stations are depicted in Figures 3 and 4. The number of species recorded from various orders of fish is: Perciformes (60.23%) with 103 species, followed by Clupeiformes (12.86%) with 22 species, Siluriformes, Carcharhiniformes and Tetraodontiformes (4.09%) with 7 species each, Myliobatiformes (2.92%) with 5 species, Anguilliformes, Beloniformes, and Mugiliformes (2.33%) each with 4 species, Aulopiformes, Rhinopristiformes and Torpediniformes (1.16%) with 2 species each, and Elopiformes and Orectolobiformes (0.58%) with 1 species each. Among the orders, Perciformes is dominant (60.23%) representing 35 families with 103 species, a trend that is similar across various independent studies. Kar et al. (2017) reported 157 perciform species from coastal waters of West Bengal, and Jayaprabha et al. (2018) recorded 113 perciform species from Tamil Nadu, southeast coast of India.

 

 

Table 4: Fish taxa in the four landing stations along coastal Andhra Pradesh.

 

Taxa	Landing Stations
	A	B	C	D
Class	2	2	2	2
Order	12	13	9	7
Family	51	59	31	30
Genus	106	118	69	67
Species	143	159	91	86

A = Machilipatnam; B = Nizampatnam; C = Vodarevu; D = Pakala

 

Considering the station-wise landing data, the number of species recorded at station B (159) and A (143) are relatively higher than those at stations C (91) and D (86) (Table 4). The majority of species numbering 73 (42%) were recorded in all four stations and in particular, 60 species (35%) were common in both A and B stations. This variation in species number may be due to the availability of mechanized trawl catches and fishing harbour facilities at stations A and B rather than at C and D. It is evident that among 171 species, commercial fishes are 153, and the remaining fishes are used for aquarium, aquaculture, fisheries, and sports and for research studies (Table 2).

 

The Indian coastline contributes rich diverse fishery resources having substantial economic value (Darwin and Padmavathi, 2020). Despite commercial significance, no attempt has been made so far to know the conservation status for these fishes. According to IUCN red list of conservation status, among 171 fish species, 78 species (45.61%) are marked as Least Concern (LC), 65 species (38%) as Not Evaluated, 13 species (7.60%) as Data Deficient (DD) due to lack of adequate information, 6 species (3.5%) each as Near Threatened (NT) and Vulnerable (VU) and 3 species (1.75%) as Endangered (EN) (Figure 5). Out of 171 species, 65 species are not yet evaluated indicating an urgent need of conservation studies in these areas for establishing sustainable marine fisheries along the coast of Bay of Bengal. The conservation of fish also requires further studies on their complex life cycles.

 

 

Overfishing is one of the severe concerns affecting the community structure of fish with threatening and extinction of species (Jackson et al., 2001). Since the White cheek shark, Carcharhinus dussumieri, Broadfin Shark, Lamiopsis temminckii and Longheaded eagle ray, Aetobatus flagellum are recognized as Endangered (EN) species, immediate steps should be taken to stop catching these fish species for at least few years to rise their number to a reasonable level. Similarly, Blacktip shark Carcharhinus limbatus, Hammer head shark Sphyrna zygaena, Honeycomb stingray Himantura uarnak, Sharp nose stingray Maculabatis gerrardi, Giant guitarfish Rhynchobatus djiddensis, and Bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus are identified as Vulnerable (VU) fish species. Therefore, effective steps are essential to conserve the species and maintain harmony in the marine community and ensure sustainable management practice in the near future.

 

Different diversity indices were calculated with respect to four different sampling stations of coastal Andhra Pradesh. The values of Shannon-Wiener species diversity index (H’), and Margalef species richness index (SR) and Simpson dominance index value (D) were presented in Table 5. The maximum Shannon Diversity Index (5.069) was found at Nizampatnam station and the minimum (4.454) at Pakala. The highest Margalef species richness index (SR) of 31.17 was observed at Nizampatnam station whereas the lowest value of 19.08 at Pakala station. The maximum Simpson dominance value (D) of 0.994 was noticed at Nizampatnam and the minimum 0.988 in Pakala landing site.

 

Table 5: Fish Diversity Indices in Four Sampling Stations along Coastal Andhra Pradesh.

 

Sampling Stations	Diversity indices
	H’	SR	D
Machilipatnam	4.963	28.61	0.993
Nizampatnam	5.069	31.17	0.994
Vodarevu	4.511	19.95	0.989
Pakala	4.454	19.08	0.988

H’ = diversity index; SR = species richness; D = dominance

 

Two main components involved in diversity of species are the species richness and distribution of individuals among species where the evaluation of species richness is complex (Williamson, 1973). In Shannon-Weiner index, the water and soil in aquatic environment has been considered as very poor quality when it is <1, poor quality 1-2, moderate quality 2-3, good quality 3-4. In the present study, the Shannon index was within the range of 5.069 - 4.454 which indicated that these study stations are in favorable conditions. A community becomes more divergent as the stress increases and consequently the species diversity decreases with unfavourable environmental conditions.A community with relatively few species represents that the environment is under stress (Plafkin et al., 1989). Species richness (SR) and Dominance (D) indices were found to be highest in Nizampatnam followed by Machilipatnam, Vodarevu and Pakala. The indices values were highest in Nizampatnam and Machilipatnam stations which indicate favourable conditions for fish abundance. When the temporal variation was compared, the species dominance among all the stations did not vary for a greater magnitude. The reason for more number of species at Nizampatnam and Machilipatnam stations might be due to the influx of estuarine species through Krishna river water to the marine fish stocks in between these landing stations. In addition to this, the ecological conditions have an effect on the distribution of fish species.

 

CONCLUSION

 

The present study provides information on marine fish diversity along the four landing stations of coastal Andhra Pradesh. It is evident that the recorded 171 species of fish upholds a vital fishery along the southeast coast of India. However, the species reported in the present study are lesser than those reported by Sudarsan (1981), Sujatha (1995), Barman et al. (2004), Gibinkumar et al. (2012), Kar et al. (2017). Most of the threats to the fish diversity in India are due to several natural and anthropogenic stress factors (Das et al., 2004; Gopi and Mishra, 2015; Joshi et al., 2015). The non-availability and less availability of some species indicate an alarming decline of marine fish diversity in the surveyed area and perhaps in the country as a whole. It is imperative to undertake a state-wide analysis of qualitative and quantitative availability of natural fish resources and the conservation status of marine fish. Therefore, a detailed long-term investigation of marine fish is needed to protect and conserve the species through effective policy decisions. This will pave the way for better conservation of natural fish diversity and benefit the mankind for more sustainable livelihood approach in the near future.

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

 

The authors are thankful to the University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi, Government of India, for granting BSR (Basic Scientific Research) fellowship to Mr. Darwin Chatla and the authorities of Acharya Nagarjuna University for providing the necessary amenities to complete this work in the Department of Zoology & Aquaculture.

 

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

 

Both the authors contributed equally.

 

Conflict Of Interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to the content of this article.

 

REFERENCES

 

• Babu KR, Ranjan TJ, Reddy KS, Raju MR (2014). Impact of the tropical cyclonic storm ‘Hudhud’ on northeast coastal waters of Visakhapatnam. Am. J. Mar. Sci. 2(3):63-6.

• Barman RP, Kar S, Mukherjee P (2004). Marine and estuarine fishes. In: Director (ed). State Fauna Series 5. Fauna of Andhra Pradesh, Part-2, (Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata). 101-54

• Bharti V, Mini KG, Sathianandan TV, Pugazhendi D, Manjeesh R, Augustine SK (2017). Marine fish landings in Andhra Pradesh during 2016 - An overview. Mar. Fish. Infor. Sew. T & E Ser., No. 233:19-20

• Chatla D, Padmavathi P, Srinu G (2020). Wastewater Treatment Techniques for Sustainable Aquaculture. In: S. Ghosh (eds) Waste Management as Economic Industry Towards Circular Economy. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1620-7_17

• CMFRI (2012). Marine Fisheries Census 2010 Part II. 3 Andhra Pradesh. (Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi) http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/id/eprint/8999.

• DADF (2019). Department of Animal Husbandry Dairying and Fisheries, Annual Report, 2018-19. https://dahd.nic.in/documents/reports.

• Darwin C, Padmavathi P (2020). Diversity and current status of grouper fish, Epinephelus Bloch, 1793 in Indian coastal waters. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 8(11):1161-9. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2020/8.11.1161.1169

• Das P, De SP, Bhowmick RM, Nandy AC, Pandit PK, Sengupta RC, Thakurta SC (2004). Diminishing trend of fish species diversity in West Bengal: field study. Fish. Chimes 24 (1):73-8.

• FRAD (2019). Marine Fish Landings in India 2018. Technical Report. ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/id/eprint/14753.

• FRAD, CMFRI (2020). Marine Fish Landings in India 2019. Technical Report. ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi.

• Fricke R, Eschmeyer WN, Van der Laan R (2020). Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes: Genera, Species, References. World Wide Web electronic publication www.calacademy.org.

• Froese R, Pauly D (2020). FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org.

• Gibinkumar TR, Sabu S, Pravin P, Boopendranath MR (2012). Bycatch characterization of shrimp trawl landings off southwest coast of India. Fish. Technol. 49: 132-140.

• Gopi KC, Mishra SS (2015). Diversity of marine fish of India. In: K. Venkataraman, C. Sivaperuman (edS) Marine Faunal Diversity in India. Taxonomy, Ecology and Conservation, (Academic Press, Elsevier Inc., USA), 171-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801948-1.00012-4

• IUCN (2020). International Union for Conservation of Nature. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.iucn.org.

• Jackson JB, Kirby MX, Berger WH, Bjorndal K, Botsford LW, Bourque BJ (2001). Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Sci. 293 (5530): 629-37. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1059199

• Jayaprabha N, Purusothaman S, Srinivasan M (2018). Biodiversity of coral reef associated fishes along southeast coast of India. Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci. 18: 97-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2017.12.010

• Joshi KK, Varsha MS, Sruthy VL (2015). Marine biodiversity of India–status and challenges. In: K.K. Joshi, M.S. Varsha, V.L. Sruthy et al (eds) Summer School on Recent Advances in Marine Biodiversity Conservation and Management, Manual, (Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi), 9-12. http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/id/eprint/12067

• Kar A, Raut SK, Bhattacharya M, Patra S, Das BK, Patra BC (2017). Marine fishes of West Bengal coast, India: Diversity and conservation preclusion. Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci.16:56-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2017.08.009

• Krishnan S, Mishra SS (1993). On a collection of fish from Kakinada-Gopalpur sector of the east coast of India. Rec. Zool. Surv. India. 93(1-2): 201-240

• Margalef R (1968). Perspectives in Ecological Theory. Chicago II. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 111.

• Nelson JS, Grande TC, Wilson MV (2016). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119174844

• Plafkin JL (1989). Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and rivers: benthic macroinvertebrates and fish. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water.

• Pyle RL, Kosaki RK, Pinheiro HT, Rocha LA, Whitton RK, Copus JM (2019). Fishes: biodiversity. In: Loya Y, Puglise K, Bridge T (ed) Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems. Coral Reefs of the World. 12: 749-777. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92735-0_40

• Rajan PT (2018). Marine fishery resources and species diversity of tropical waters. In: Sivaperuman, C, Velmurugan A, Singh AK Jaisankar I (ed) Biodiversity and Climate Change Adaptation in Tropical Islands. (Academic Press), 323-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813064-3.00011-9

• Rao GS, Rohit P, Maheswarudu G, Rajkumar U (2008). Marine fisheries of Andhra Pradesh-an appraisal. Mar Fish Infor Sew T & E Ser 196:1-5.

• Sambandamoorthy P, Nagamuthu J, Arumugam S, Perumal M (2015). Diversity and trophic level of ichthyofauna associated with the trawl bycatches of Cuddalore and Parangipettai, south-east coast of India. Mar. Biodivers. Rec.8: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755267215000159

• Shannon CE, Weaver’s W (1949). The mathematical theory of communications. Urbana, University of Illinois. 117

• Simpson EH (1949). Measurement of diversity. Nature. 163:68. https://doi.org/10.1038/163068a0

• Sreedhar U, Prakash RR, Rajeswari G (2010) Present scenario of the coastal and deep water. In: Meenakumari B, Boopendranath MR, Edwin L, Sankar TV, Gopal N, Ninan G (ed) Coastal Fishery Resources of India: Conservation and Sustainable Utilisation. (Society of Fisheries Technologists (India), Cochin). 77-89.

• Sudarsan D, Somvanshi VS (1988). Fishery resources of Indian EEZ with special reference to upper east coast. Bulletin of fishery survey of India. 16: 1-27.

• Sujatha K (1995). Finfish constituents of trawl by-catch off Visakhapatnam. Fish. Technol. 32: 56-56.

• Talwar PK, Kacker RK (1984). Commercial sea fishes of India. Zool. Surv. India. 1-997

• Varadharajan D, Soundarapandian P (2015). Fishery Potential of Mallipattinam Coast, South East Coast of India. J. Earth. Sci. Clim. Change. 6 (6):1-4. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7617.1000285

• WAPCOS (2017). Rapid Need Assessment & Pre-Feasibility Study Report for Development of Fishery Harbours at Nizampatnam in Andhra Pradesh. Government of Andhra Pradesh, Department of Fisheries. Wapcos ltd. Gurgaon, pp 1-42.

• Williamson M (1973). Species diversity in ecological communities. The mathematical theory of the dynamics of biological populations. Academic, London, 325-336.

• WoRMS (2020). World Register of Marine Species. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.marinespecies.org.