Submit or Track your Manuscript LOG-IN

Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences

AAVS_8_1_41-45

 

 

Research Article

 

Ameliorative Potential of Coconut Water in Overfed Male Broiler Breeders

 

Idris I. Bello1*, Afusat T. Jagun Jubril2, Halimah A Balogun3, Aderemi A .Omowon1

1Department of Animal Health and Production Technology, Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology, Igboora, Oyo State, Nigeria; 2Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan; 3National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria.

 

Abstract | Male broiler breeders are prone to excessive feed consumption from overfeeding due to poor management practices. There are inconsistent reports on susceptibility of male broiler breeders to obesity which results from excessive feed consumption. Coconut water is reportedly useful in reducing weight gain and inflammation. Thirty male broiler breeders of 12 weeks old were separated into three groups A, B and C and reared to twenty weeks of age. Group A was reared on recommended feeding regimen while both groups B and C received double of the recommended feeding regimen. Birds in both groups A and B were given ordinary water while birds in group C received 100 ml of coconut water / L. Blood samples and testes were collected at the end of 20th week to evaluate serum interleukin-6, total protein, leptin and testicular interleukin-1beta levels. Mean ± SEM values were calculated and compared for significant differences with ANOVA at p < 0.05. Serum interleukin-6 and total protein levels were not significantly different among the groups. Group A had the lowest leptin concentration but was not significantly different from values observed in groups B and C. Interleukin-1beta decreased significantly in groups A and C when compared with group A. The above results revealed that overfed male broiler breeders are less predisposed to obesity but have tendency to develop local inflammation which can be attenuated by coconut water supplementation.

 

Keywords | Male broiler breeder, Coconut water, Interleukins, Leptin and Total Protein.

 

Received | June 25, 2019; Accepted | August 19, 2019; Published | December 22, 2019

*Correspondence | Idris I Bello, Department of Animal Health and Production Technology, Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology, Igboora, Oyo State, Nigeria; Email: idribell2014@gmail.com

Citation | Bello II, Jubril ATJ, Balogun HA, Omowon AA (2020). Ameliorative potential of coconut water in overfed male broiler breeders. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 8(1): 41-45.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2020/8.1.41.45

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316; ISSN (Print) | 2309-3331

Copyright © 2020 Bello et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

 

INTRODUCTION

 

Modern breeds of broilers are selected for increased growth rate, breast-meat yield and feed conversion rate (Arnould and Leterrier, 2007; Estevez, 2007). The consequences of this genetic selection for improved breed of broiler include but not limited to voracious appetite (Richard et al., 2010), cardiovascular disease (Mitchell, 1997), lameness (Knowles et al., 2008). Old report showed that broilers kept for breeding had health problems such as obesity (Dunnington and Siegel, 1985; Hocking and Bernard, 1997) but the less predisposition of modern breed of broiler breeder to obesity due to genetic improvement for increased meat yield has been demonstrated (Havenstein et al., 2003). However, there is a general consensus on the predisposition of male broiler breeders to overweight, a condition that can result from voracious appetite or overfeeding. Presently, there is no report indicating genetic improvement on the voracious appetite of modern breed of broilers. Feed restriction is the only available tool used by poultry farmers to control voracious appetite and attendant overweight in the birds (Mench, 2002). Excessive body weight gain in broiler breeders affected reproductive performance (Goerzen et al., 1996; Romero-Sanchez et al., 2007).

 

Obesity is associated with a state of chronic low-grade systemic inflammation (Xu et al., 2003; Lee et al., 2013). It is associated with increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1beta (IL1β) and interleukin-6 (Ken et al., 2001; Vozarova et al., 2001) and other acute phase proteins (Wellen and Hotamisligil, 2003; Fain, 2006).

 

Reports revealed that both visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues produce IL-6 but IL-6 level is higher in subcutaneous adipose tissue (Marta et al., 2015). The inhibitory effect and modulatory role of IL1β on the production of testosterone by Leydigs cells has been reported (Pinto-Fochi et al., 2016; Jie et al., 2017). Leptin, a polypeptide hormone produced by adipocytes, links alteration in body energy store to adaptive responses in the central regulator of energy balance (Ahima et al., 2000; Myers et al., 2009). The amount of leptin synthesized and secreted is known to increase in proportion to the accumulation of body fat mass (Liuzzi et al., 1999). Increased circulating level of leptin is seen in obese animals (Considine et al., 1996; Rosenbaum et al., 1996) and overfed broiler breeder hens (Chen et al., 2006). The total protein in serum is made of albumin, globulin and fibrinogen. Acute phase proteins such as C-reactive proteins are also found in the serum during inflammation.

 

Elevation in serum total protein level has been reported in obese individual with diabetes (Riaz et al., 2009). A study also observed insignificant changes in serum total protein level of obese and overweight individuals (Madhuvanthi and Lathadevi, 2016).

 

Coconut water is the liquid endosperm found at the centre of coconut fruit. It contains antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, amino acids, selenium, cytokines and minerals (Bhagya, 2012) and flavonoid. Flavonoids are phytochemicals with potent anti-inflammatory effect (Ilavasarasan et al., 2005). Plants that possess antioxidant property have also been reported to display anti-inflammatory potential (Nguemfo et al., 2009; Rathee et al., 2009). Report has shown anti-inflammatory property of the juice (Rao and Najam, 2016). A report indicated that coconut water attenuated leptin level in high calorie fed animals (Imaga et al., 2016). There are also anecdotal reports on the usefulness of the juice in reducing weight gain and building lean muscle.

 

The consistent data on the predisposition of broiler breeder to overweight, susceptibility of the birds to excessive feed consumption resulting from poor management and the inconsistent data on the susceptibility of male broiler breeder to obesity spurred the interest for this research. This research was done to evaluate the predisposition of overfed male broiler breeders to obesity via assessment of obesity markers and ameliorative ability of coconut water.

 

MATERIAL AND METHODS

 

This experiment was carried out at the Poultry Unit of Teaching and Research Farm in Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology, Igboora.

 

Male broiler breeders, coconut water, ELISA kits, sample bottles, blood and testes samples, graph papers, de-ionized water were used.

 

Equipment used for this research include scapel and blade, centrifuge (Techmel and Techmel, USA), micropipette, spectrophotometer, ELISA plate, ELISA reader, cold centrifuge (CR21D11), plate shaker, pipette tips, scissors, freezer.

 

Experimental Birds Groupings and Management

Thirty male broiler breeders of twelve weeks old were obtained from a commercial farm in Ibadan, Nigeria. The birds were randomly divided into three groups (A-C) of ten birds each. The birds in group A were raised with ordinary water and on standard feeding regimen of 87 g/bird, 92 g/bird, 97 g/bird, 102 g/bird, 107 g/bird, 112 g/bird, 117 g/bird and 122 g/bird at 13 weeks to 20 weeks respectively. The birds in group B were given double of standard ration and ordinary water while in Group C, the birds were reared on double of standard ration and inclusion of coconut water at 100ml/ L of water. All experimental protocols were in compliance with Institutional Ethics Committee on Research in Animals as well as internationally accepted principles for animal use and care.

 

Collection of Blood and Serum Samples

At the end of 20th week, all the birds in each group were bled via wing vein puncture into plain bottles and allowed to clot in other to get sera (Mellisa, 2009). Serum was separated by centrifuge at 2000-3000 RPM for 20 minutes to assess leptin, interleukin-6 and serum total protein concentration.

 

Collection and Homogenisation of Testes

All the birds in each group were euthanized by cervical dislocation. One of the testes removed from each birds were put in organ bottles containing phosphate buffer solution for homogenization (10 ml of PBS for every 1 g of testis). The homogenate was centrifuged for 5 minutes at 5000xg to get the supernatant for interleukin-1beta analysis.

 

Analysis of Interleukins and Leptin

Serum concentration of interleukin-1beta and testicular interleukin-6 level were determined using ELISA- E-EL-ROO12 (ElabScience, USA) and E0135Ra (Bioassay Technology Laboratory,USA) respectively. The ELISA assay tests operate on the basis of competition between Avidin-Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) conjugate and the interleukins in the sample for a limited number of binding sites on the antibody coated plate. The optical density (OD) is measured spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 450 nm ± 2 nm. The OD value is proportional to the concentration of IL-1β and IL-6. The concentrations of

 

Table 1: Comparison between Levels of IL-6, Leptin and Total Protein in the Serum and IL-1beta level in the Testes for Overfed Groups and Control

 

Parameter

Group A Group B Group C
Serum      

IL-6 (pg/ml)

7.39 ± 0.76

7.12 ± 0.41

7.90 ± 0.25

Leptin (ng/ml)

5.44 ± 0.31

7.04 ± 0.59

6.23 ± 0.47

Total Protein (g/dl)

5.23 ± 0.34

4.78 ± 0.14

4.89 ± 0.25

Testes

     

IL-1beta (pg/ml)

131.81 ± 66.23*

641.98 ± 172.98

122.07 ± 44.98*

* indicates significant difference when groups A and C were compared with group B

 

both IL-1β and IL-6 in the samples were calculated by comparing the OD of the samples to the standard curve. Serum concentration of leptin was analysed using ELISA- E0561Ra (Bioassay Technology Laboratory, USA). The ELISA tests operate on the basis of competition between Streptavidin- Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) conjugate and the leptin in the sample for a limited number of binding sites on the antibody coated plate. The optical density was measured using microplate reader set to 450 nm within 10 minutes after adding the stop solution. The concentration of leptin in the samples was calculated by comparing the OD of the samples to the standard curve.

 

Analysis of Serum Total Protein

Biuret method was used to determine total protein.The test principle is a based on copper ion react in alkaline, with protein peptide bonds to give purple coloured biuret complex. The amount complex formed is directly proportional to the amount of protein in the specimen or sample

 

Data Analysis

Quantitative data collected from this experiment was statistically analyzed with SPSS (Version16.0, 2007). Differences between the means were tested with independent ANOVA. The results from each group are expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (S.E.M) and means was compared for significant differences at P <0.05.

 

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

 

As shown in Table 1 the serum interleukin-6 concentration recorded in group A was not significantly different from values recorded in groups B and C were not significantly different when compared with group A. There was a decrease in the leptin level in Group A and C, which were not significantly different from leptin value observed in group B. The highest level of total protein level was recorded in group A but this was not significantly different when compared with the total protein levels observed in groups B and C. The testicular interleukin-1beta concentration, the highest value was observed in group B, decreased significantly in group A and C when compared with value observed in group B.

 

The insignificant difference in the serum IL-6 level of group A when compared with groups B and C showed that the three groups had similar adiposity especially subcutaneous form. This proposition is premised on a finding that revealed high level of IL-6 in subcutaneous adipose tissue relative to visceral adipose tissue (Marta et al., 2015).

 

The serum leptin concentrations that were not significantly different in the three groups might have resulted from the conversion of excessive feed to meat rather than fat in overfed groups. The amount of leptin synthesised and secreted is known to increase in proportion to the accumulation of body fat mass (Liuzzi et al., 1999). The finding in this present study is corroborated by the report on the less predisposition of modern breed of broiler breeder to fat pad due to genetic improvement for increased meat yield corroborates (Havenstein et al., 2003).

 

The absence of significant difference in serum total protein level among the three groups could be a pointer to absence obesity and associated inflammation in the birds even in face of overfeeding. Obesity is associated with increased serum level of proteins such as interleukin-6 and other acute phase proteins (Wellen and Hotamisligil, 2003; Fain, 2006). A study has also demonstrated insignificant changes in serum total protein of overweight and obese individuals (Madhuvanthi and Lathadevi, 2016). The result in this study further lends support to the report on the low predisposition of modern broiler breeders to obesity.

 

The significantly higher level of testicular interleukin-1beta in group B could have resulted from their accessibility to higher ration of feed and its attendant local inflammation in the testis. Interleukin-1beta has been shown to mediate leptin-induced local inflammation (Santana et al., 1996; Luheshi et al., 1999). Study revealed elevated IL-1β level in ovary of ad-libitum fed broiler (Zu-Chen et al., 2014) and testis of obese mice (Jie et al., 2017). The significant decrease in testicular IL1β level observed in group C relative to group B suggests less local inflammation seemingly due to coconut water supplementation in the group. This result aligns with the report on anti-inflammatory property of coconut water (Rao and Najam, 2016).

 

Going by the above results, it is plausible to conclude that overfed male broiler breeders are less predisposed to obesity but have tendency to develop local inflammation which can be attenuated by coconut water supplementation.

 

Conflicts of Interest

 

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

 

Ethical Approval

 

All experimental protocols were in compliance with internationally accepted principles for animal use and care.

authors contribution

 

Idris I. Bello conceptualized this work. Idris I. Bello and Afusat T. Jagun Jubril were actively involved in the execution of the project and writing of manuscript. Halimah A. Balogun carried out the laboratory analysis. Olubukola D. Adedipe helped with statistical analysis.

 

References

 

  • Ahima RS, Saper CB, Flier JS, Elmquist JK (2000). Leptin regulation of neuroendocrine systems. Front Neuroendocrinol. 21:263–307. https://doi.org/10.1006/frne.2000.0197
  • Arnould C, Leterrier C (2007). Welfare of chickens reared for meat production. Prod. Anim. 20: 41-45.
  • Bhagya D, Prema L, Rajamohan T (2010). Beneficial effect of tender coconut water on blood pressure and lipid levels in experimental hypertension. J. Cell Tissue Res. 10(1): 2139-2144.
  • Chen SE, McMurtry JP, Walzem RL (2006). Overfeeding-induced ovarian dysfunction in broiler breeder hens is associated with lipotoxicity. Poult. Sci. 85(1): 70-81. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/85.1.70
  • Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML, Kriauciunas A, Stephens TW, Nyce MR, Ohannesian JP, Marco CC, McKee LJ, Bauer TL, Caro JF (1996). Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. N. Engl. J. Med. 334:292–295. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199602013340503
  • Dunnington EA, Siegel PB (1985). Long-term selection for eight week body weight in chickens: Direct and correlated responses. Therapeut. Appl. Genet. 71:305-313. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00252072
  • Estevez I (2007). Density allowance for broilers: where to set the limits. Poult. Sci. 86:1265-1272. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/86.6.1265
  • Fain JN (2006). Release of interleukins and other inflammatory cytokines by human adipose tissue is enhanced in obesity and primarily due to the nonfat cells. Vitam. Horm. 74:443-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0083-6729(06)74018-3
  • Goerzen PR, Julsrud WL, Robinson FE (1996). Duration of fertility in ad libitum and feed restricted caged broiler breeders Poult. Sci. 75:962-965. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0750962
  • Havenstein GB, Ferket PR, Qureshi MA (2003a) Growth, livability and conversion of 1957 versus 2001 broilers when fed representative1957 and 2001 broiler diets. Poult. Sci. 82: 1500-1508. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/82.10.1500
  • Hocking PM, Bernard R (1997). Effects of dietary crude protein content and food intake on the production of semen in 2 lines of broiler breeder males. Brit. Poult. Sci. 28: 199- 202 . https://doi.org/10.1080/00071669708417969
  • Ilavarasan R, Mallika M, Venkataraman S (2005) Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities of Cassia fistula Linn bark extracts. Afr. J. Tradit. Complement Altern. Med. 2:70-85. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v2i1.31105
  • Imaga NA, Obafemi A, Onadeko O, Okafor U (2016). Leptin Levels Attenuated by Coconut Water in High-Fat and High-Fructose Diet Fed Animal Models. Federation of American Societies of Experimental Biology Lb126.
  • Jie Z, Kai L, Miao Y, Jie Z, Guizen H, Jie A (2017). A high-fat diet impairs reproduction by decreasing the IL1β level in mice treated at immature stage. Sci. Rep. 7: 567. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00505-0
  • Ken PA, Ranganathan S, Li C, Wood L, Ranganathan G (2001). Adipose tissue necrotic factor and interleukin 6 expression in human obesity and insulin resistance. American J. Physiology-Endocrinol. Metabol. 280: E745-751. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.5.E745
  • Knowles TG, Kestin SC, Haslam SM., Brown, SN et al (2008). Leg disorders in broiler chickens: Prevalence, Risk Factors and Prevention. PLoS One. 3(2): el545. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0001545
  • Lee H, Lee IS, Choue R (2013). Obesity, Inflammation and Diet. Pediat. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Nutr. 3: 143–152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-012-9523-9
  • Liuzzi A, Savia G, Tagliaferri M, Lucantoni R et al (1999). Serum leptin concentration in moderate and severe obesity: relationship with clinical, anthropometric and metabolic factors. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 23(10): 1066-73. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801036
  • Luheshi GN, Gardner JD, Rushforth DA, Loudon AS, Rothwell NJ (1999). Leptin action on food intake and body temperature are mediated by 1l-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96: 9047-9052. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.12.7047
  • Madhuvanthi M, Lathadevi GV (2016). Serum Proteins Alteration in Association with Body Mass Index in Human Volunteers. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 10(6): CC05-7. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2016/18278.8047
  • Marta IJ, Alina K, Zbigniew B, Wojciech L et al (2015). Interleukins 6 and 15 levels are higher in subcutaneous tissue, but obesity is associated with their increased content in visceral fat depots. It Int. J. Mol. Sci. 16(10):25817-25830. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161025817
  • Mellisa K.T, Daniel WC, David C, Andrew KG, et al (2009). Standard Operating Procedures for Serum and Plasma Collection: Early Detection Research Network Consesus Statement Standard Operating Procedure Integration Working Group. J. Proteome Res. 8(1): 113-117. https://doi.org/10.1021/pr800545q
  • Mench JA (2002). Broiler breeders: feed restriction and welfare. World’s Poult. Sci. J. 58:23-29. https://doi.org/10.1079/WPS20020004
  • Mitchell M (1997). Ascites syndrome: a physiological and biochemical perspective. World’s Poult. Sci. J. 53:61-64. https://doi.org/10.1079/WPS19970007
  • Myers MG, Jr, Munzberg H, Leinninger GM, Leshan RL (2009). The geometry of leptin action in the brain: more complicated than a simple ARC. Cell Metab. 9: 117–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2008.12.001
  • Nguemfo EL, Dimo T, Dongmo AB, Azebaze AG, Alaouti K., Asongalem AE (2009). Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of some isolated constituents from stem bark of Allanblackia monticola Staner L., C (Guttiferae). Inflammopharmacology. 17:37-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-008-8039-2
  • Pinto-Fochi ME, Pytlowanciv EZ, Reame V, Rafacho A, Ribeiro DL et al (2016). A high-fat diet fed during different periods of life impairs steroidogenesis of rat Leydig cells. Reproduction. 152:795–808. https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-16-0072
  • Rao SS, Najam R (2016). Coconut water of different maturity stage ameliorates inflammatory processes in model of inflammation. J. Intercult. Ethnopharmacol. 5(3): 244-9. https://doi.org/10.5455/jice.20160402120142
  • Rathee P, Chaudary H, Rathee S, Rathee D, Kumar V, Kohli K (2009). Mechanism of action of flavonoids as anti-inflammatory agents: A review. Inflamm. Allergy Drug Targets. 8: 229-35. https://doi.org/10.2174/187152809788681029
  • Riaz S, Alam SS, et al (2009). Obesity as risk factor and study of obesity related proteins in diabetes mellitus. African J. Biotechnol. 8(5):737–44.
  • Richards MP, Rosebrough RW, Coon CN, McMurty JP (2010). Feed intake regulation for the female broiler breeder: In theory and in practice. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 19:182–193. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr.2010-00167
  • Romero-Sanchez H, Plumstead PW, Brake J (2007). Feeding broiler breeder males. Effect of feeding program and dietary crude protein during rearing on body weight and fertility of broiler breeder males. Poult. Sci. 86:168-174. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/86.1.168
  • Rosenbaum M, Nicolson M, Hirsch J, Heymsfield SB, Gallagher D, Chu F, Leibel RL (1996). Effects of gender, body composition, and menopause on plasma concentrations of leptin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81:3424–3427. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.81.9.8784109
  • Santana P, Llanes L, Hernandez I, Gonzalez-Robayn I, Tabraue C (1996). Interleukin-1beta stimulates sphingomyelin hydrolysis in cultured granulose cells: evidence for a regulatory role of ceramide on progesterone and prostaglandin biosynthesis. Endocrinology. 137: 2480-2489. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.137.6.8641202
  • Vozarova B, Weyer C, Hanson K, Tataranni PA, Bogardus C, Pratley RE (2001). Circulating interleukin-6 in relation to adiposity, insulin action, and insulin secretion. Obesity Res. 9: 414-417. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2001.54
  • Wellen KE, Hotamisligil GS (2003). Obesity-induced inflammatory changes in adipose tissues. J. Clin. Invest. 112: 1785-8. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI20514
  • Xu H, Barnes GT, Yang Q, Tan G, Yang D (2003). Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J. Clin. Investig. 112:1821–1830. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI19451
  • Zu-Chen L, Yi-Lun X, Chai-Ju C, Chia-Ming S, Yu-Hui C et al (2014). Feed intake alters immune cell functions and ovarian infiltration in broiler hens: implication for reproductive performance. Biol. Reprod. 90(1): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.113.115824
  •  

     

     

    Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences

    November

    Vol. 12, Iss. 11, pp. 2062-2300

    Featuring

    Click here for more

    Subscribe Today

    Receive free updates on new articles, opportunities and benefits


    Subscribe Unsubscribe