Anatomical Variations of the Celiac Trunk in Ruminants
Review Article
Anatomical Variations of the Celiac Trunk in Ruminants
Reda Mohamed1, 2
1Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; 2Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt.
Abstract | The celiac trunk was the first branch originating at different levels from the abdominal aorta in ruminants. In most cases, the celiac artery originated independently, while in few cases it originated by a celiacomesenteric trunk with the cranial mesenteric artery. The branches of the celiac trunk in ruminants varied and originated either directly or indirectly according to the species. The right ruminal artery originated either from the splenic, left gastric or celiac arteries. The epiploic branch detached either from the splenic, celiac or right ruminal arteries. The left ruminal artery arose either from the celiac, splenic or left gastric arteries. The reticular artery originated either from the left ruminal, splenic, celiac or left gastric arteries. The left gastric artery originated either from the celiac or hepatic arteries. Knowledge of the variations of the celiac trunk branches is important for veterinary surgeons during surgical procedures in the abdominal region in ruminants.
Editor | Muhammad Abubakar, National Veterinary Laboratories, Park Road, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Received | November 29, 2019; Accepted | January 15, 2020; Published | February 17, 2020
*Correspondence | Reda Mohamed, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago; Email: kkidareda@gmail.com
Citation | Mohamed, R., 2020. Anatomical variations of the celiac trunk in ruminants. Veterinary Sciences: Research and Reviews, 6(1): 18-24.
DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.vsrr/2020/6.1.18.24
Keywords | Anatomical variations, Celiac trunk, Ruminants
Introduction
Ruminants can successfully accommodate to different environmental conditions, which can include hot climatic conditions as well as low nutritional level. Ruminants are of great economic value providing a good source of meat, milk and some industrial substances. The study of the pattern of the blood supply is important to gain information in the interest of pharmacology and toxicology and from a surgical perspective in ruminants (King, 1974) to avoid bleeding such as in rumenotomy (Mohamed et al., 2016). Variability of the celiac trunk in ruminants has been described by many authors. Therefore, the current work aimed to review variability of the celiac trunk and its branches in small and large ruminants which can be used for possible correlating surgical interferences and in possible future publications in ruminants.
Material and Methods
The data from 32 research papers (8 on goat, 5 on sheep, 3 on goat and sheep, 5 on ox, 2 on goat and ox, 2 on buffalo and 7 on camel) including full text original articles, theses, textbooks and abstracts were collected either via hard copies or electronic search. The origin of the celiac trunk and pattern of its branches in the goat, sheep, ox, buffalo and camel were reviewed, organized and discussed.
Results and Discussion
The results were presented by using Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 which included animals (goat, sheep,
Table 1: The level of the origin of the celiac trunk in the goat, sheep, ox, camel and buffalo.
| Species | Author and year of publication | Main findings (A, B, C and D) |
| Goat |
Horowitz and Venzke (1966), Youssef (1991), Mohamed et al. (2017) |
A. At the level of the first lumbar vertebra. |
| Sheep | ||
| Ox | ||
| Camel |
Hegazi (1945), Youssef (1973) and El-Gaafary and Youssef (1979) |
|
| Goat |
B. At the level between the first and second lumbar vertebra. |
|
| Buffalo |
C. At the level between last thoracic and first lumbar vertebra. |
|
| Camel |
D. At the level of the second lumbar vertebra. |
Table 2: The occurrence of the celiacomesenteric trunk in the goat, sheep, ox and buffalo.
| Species | Author and year of publication |
| Goat | |
| Sheep | |
| Ox | |
| Buffalo |
Table 3: The branches of the celiac trunk in the goat, sheep, ox, buffalo and camel.
| Species | Author and year of publication | Main findings (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I and J) |
| Goat |
A. A common stem for the splenic and right ruminal arteries, a stem for the left ruminal and reticular arteries, hepatogastric trunk for the hepatic and left gastric arteries, and as well as an epiploic artery |
|
|
Horowitz and Venzke (1966), Nayar et al. (1983), Youssef (1991), Constantinescu (2001), Alsafy (2009) and Mohamed et al. (2017) |
B. Splenic, hepatic and left gastric arteries |
|
| Sheep | ||
| Ox | ||
| Camel |
Youssef (1973), EL-Gaafary and Youssef (1979) and Smuts and Bezuidenhout (1987) |
|
| Sheep |
C. Common stem for the splenic and right ruminal arteries and another one for left ruminal and reticular arteries, in addition to a hepatic and left gastric arteries |
|
|
D. Splenoruminal trunk for splenic and right ruminal arteries as well as left ruminal, common hepatic and left gastric arteries |
||
| Ox |
Sisson and Grossman (1969), Habel (1975) and Koch and Berg (1985) |
E. Splenic, right ruminal, left ruminal, left gastric and hepatic arteries |
|
F. Omasoabomasal artery and collateral branches, namely splenic, right ruminal, left ruminal , and hepatic arteries |
||
| Buffalo |
G. Splenic, hepatic and ruminogastric arteries. The ruminogastric divides into right ruminal, left ruminal and left gastric arteries |
|
|
H. Splenic, right ruminal, left ruminal, reticular, epiploic, left gastric and hepatic arteries |
||
| Camel |
I. Hepatic and gastrosplenic arteries |
|
|
J. Celiac artery terminates by dividing into the superior and inferior branches of the omasum and abomasum and its collateral branches are the superior and inferior arteries of the rumen, in addition to reticular, hepatic and splenic arteries |
Table 4: Branches of the splenic artery in the goat, ox, sheep and buffalo.
| Species | Author and year of publication | Main findings (A and B) |
| Goat |
Horowitz and Venzke (1966), Youssef (1991) and Constantinescu (2001) |
A. Right and left ruminal arteries as well as an epiploic branch |
| Ox | ||
| Goat |
B. Right ruminal artery and an epiploic branch |
|
| Sheep | ||
| Buffalo |
Table 5: Origin of the right ruminal artery in the goat, sheep, ox, buffalo and camel.
| Species | Author and year of publication | Main findings (A, B, C and D) |
| Goat |
Horowitz and Venzke (1966), Nayar et al. (1983), Youssef (1991), Alsafy (2009) and Mohamed et al. (2017) |
A. Splenic artery |
| Sheep | ||
| Ox | ||
| Buffalo | ||
| Goat |
B. left gastric artery |
|
| Sheep | ||
| Ox |
C. Coeliac artery |
|
| Camel |
Youssef (1973), EL-Gaafary and Youssef (1979) and Smuts and Bezuidenhout (1987) |
D. The right and left ruminal arteries arise together by a common stem from the left gastric artery |
Table 6: The origin of the epiploic artery in the goat, sheep, ox, buffalo and camel.
| Species | Author and year of publication | Main findings (A, B, C and D) |
| Goat |
Horowitz and Venzke (1966), Youssef (1991), Constantinescu (2001), Alsafy (2009) and Mohamed et al. (2017) |
A. Splenic artery |
| Sheep | ||
| Ox | ||
| Buffalo | ||
| Sheep |
B. Celiac trunk |
|
| Camel |
C. Right ruminal artery |
|
| Sheep |
D. From the common trunk of the splenic and right ruminal arteries |
Table 7: Origin of the left ruminal artery in the goat, sheep, ox, buffalo and camel.
| Species | Author and year of publication | Main findings (A, B and C) |
| Goat |
Scupin (1960), Koch and Berg (1985), Alsafy (2009) and Mohamed et al. (2017) |
A. Celiac trunk |
| Sheep | ||
| Ox |
Raghavan and Kachroo (1964), Seilder (1966) and Sisson and Grossman (1969) |
|
| Buffalo | ||
| Goat |
Horowitz and Venzke (1966), Youssef (1991) and Alsafy (2009) |
B. Splenic artery |
| Sheep | ||
| Ox | ||
| Buffalo | ||
| Goat |
C. Left gastric artery. |
|
| Sheep | ||
| Ox | ||
| Buffalo | ||
| Camel |
Youssef (1973), EL-Gaafary and Youssef (1979) and Smuts and Bezuidenhout (1987) |
Table 8: Origin of the reticular artery in the goat, sheep, ox, buffalo and camel.
| Species | Author and year of publication | Main findings (A, B, C and D) |
| Goat |
Youssef (1991), Constantinescu (2001), Alsafy (2009) and Mohamed et al. (2017) |
A. Left ruminal artery |
| Sheep |
Happich (1961), Anderson and Weber (1969), May (1970) and Mohamed et al. (2016) |
|
| Ox |
Habel (1975), Sisson and Grossman (1969) and Koch and Berg (1985) |
|
| Goat |
B. Splenic artery |
|
| Sheep | ||
| Goat |
C. Celiac artery |
|
| Ox | ||
| Goat |
D. Left gastric artery |
|
| Sheep | ||
| Buffalo | ||
| Camel |
Table 9: Origin of the left gastric artery in the goat, buffalo, sheep and ox.
| Species | Author and year of publication | Main findings (A, B, C, E. and D) |
| Goat |
Scupin (1960), Horowitz and Venzke (1966), Nayar et al. (1983) and Koch and Berg (1985) |
A. Celiac artery |
| Buffalo | ||
| Goat |
B. Represents the direct continuation of the celiac artery |
|
| Sheep |
Anderson and Weber (1969), May (1970), Boccaletti and Borelli (1981) and Mohamed et al. (2016) |
|
| Ox | ||
| Goat |
C. Hepatic artery |
|
| Sheep | ||
| Ox |
D. Originates from the celiac artery by a way of common trunk with the splenic artery, namely gastrolineal trunk. |
|
| Buffalo |
E. A branch of the ruminogastric artery |
ox, buffalo and camel), author, year of publication (1903-2017) and main findings (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I) and Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11.
Comparison of the origin and branches of the celiac trunk in the goat, sheep, ox, buffalo and camel is given in Tables (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9), graphs (1-9)
and Figures 1 and 2. The celiac trunk originates independently from the abdominal aorta in the goat at either the first lumbar vertebra or between the first and second lumbar vertebrae, while it originates only at the first lumbar vertebra in the sheep and ox. However, it originates at the level between the last thoracic and first lumbar vertebrae in the buffalo and at either the level of the first or second lumbar vertebrae in the camel. Moreover, in some cases, the celiac and cranial mesenteric arteries originate together from the abdominal aorta by a common trunk (celiacomesenteric trunk) in the goat, sheep, ox and buffalo.
The obtained results showed that the main branches of the celiac artery in ruminants were the splenic, hepatic and left gastric arteries which originates either separate or by common trunks with other branches. Further, the results showed that right and left ruminal arteries as well as an epiploic branch are detached from the splenic artery. However, the right and left ruminal arteries could also originate from the celiac trunk in the goat, sheep, ox and buffalo and from the left gastric artery in the goat, sheep, ox, buffalo and camel. Moreover, the epiploic artery could also originate from the celiac artery in the sheep and from the right ruminal artery in the camel. For the reticular artery, the results show that it originates either from the celiac artery in the goat and ox or from the splenic artery in the goat and sheep or from the left ruminal artery in the goat, sheep and ox or from the left gastric artery in goat, sheep, buffalo and camel.
Observations of the present study showed that the origin of the left gastric artery is either the celiac trunk in the goat, ox and buffalo, or the hepatic artery in the goat and sheep or a branch from the ruminogastric artery in the buffalo or represents the direct continuation of the celiac artery in the goat, sheep and ox.
Conclusions and Recommendations
Variation in the branches of the celiac trunk is very common in small and large ruminants. It is important to emphasize the possible variations of the celiac trunk to veterinary surgeons which may have implications for imaging studies and surgical interferences in the abdominal region in ruminants such as in rumenotomy and abomasal displacement.
Acknowledgments
The author is thankful to the technical staff and lab-assistants in the Veterinary Anatomy Department for their support and help.
Author Contribution
The author collected the data, carried out the research, wrote, and revised the review paper.
Conflict of Interest
The author declared no conflicts of interest
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