Research Article

 

Comparative Effect of Different Detoxified Rubber Seed Meal on Haematological and Serum Biochemical Indices of Broilers

 

Aguihe Paschal Chukwudi1*, Kehinde Abiodun Solomon1, Ospina-Rojas Iván Camilo2, Murakami Alice Eiko2

1Department of Animal Production and Technology, Federal College of Wildlife Management, P.M.B 268, New bussa, Nigeria; 2Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.

 

Editor | Asghar Ali Kamboh, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan.

Received | February 17, 2017; Accepted | April 24, 2017; Published | April 26, 2017

*Correspondence | Aguihe Paschal Chukwudi, Department of Animal Production and Technology, Federal College of Wildlife Management, P.M.B 268, New bussa, Nigeria; Email: aguihepc@gmail.com

Citation | Aguihe PC, Kehinde AS, Ospina-Rojas IC, Murakami AE (2017). Comparative effect of different detoxified rubber seed meal on haematological and serum biochemical indices of broilers. J. Anim. Health Prod. 5(2): 50-57.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.jahp/2017/5.2.50.57

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316; ISSN (Print) | 2309-3331

Copyright © 2017 Aguihe et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

 

INTRODUCTION

 

In most developing countries, intensified competition for conventional concentrates such as maize, soybean and groundnut has resulted to unavailability and rising prices of these ingredients in poultry production (Mohammed and Agwunobi, 2009; Gadzirayi et al., 2012). The prevailing scarcity and high cost of these conventional feed resources have led to the recent high cost of poultry products (Aderemi et al., 2006). Increased cost of feeding livestock has necessitated the need to search for alternative feed resource for livestock, especially poultry. The replacement of expensive and imported conventional protein feed stuffs that are cheap, non-consumable and locally available present a suitable strategy for decreasing the total feed cost of poultry production (Iyayi and Fayoyin, 2005; Annongu et al., 2006; Tuleun and Igba, 2008). One of such potential non-conventional tropical feed resources is rubber seed meal, which are obtained from rubber seed tree (Hevea brasiliensis). They are very abundant in West Africa particularly in Nigeria produces rubber mainly for domestic and export purposes; however, the seeds are usually discarded. The rubber seed meal is utilized as feed material for animals and its nutritional value has been considered to be a good source of protein for poultry and pigs (Nwokolo, 1987). The Nigerian rubber seed is rich in essential amino acids such as lysine, methionine and tryptophan, and also high in oil and phosphorus (Oluyemi et al., 1975; Mmereole, 2008; Eka et al., 2010). Despite the potentials of this seed, the high levels of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) has been reported as the main hindrance in the utilization of rubber seeds as animal feed (Giok et al., 1967; Ukpebor et al., 2007; Ahaotu et al., 2010; Syahruddin et al., 2014). The high affinity of dietary cyanogenic glycoside towards the heme component of the erythrocyte (Isom and Way, 1974) lowers the animal performance by inhibiting cellular respiration (Sharma et al., 2014). Heat treatments, soaking, storage and fermentation aid to overcome the detrimental effect of HCN, hence improving the utilization of the rubber seed meal (Offiong and Olomu, 1990; Igene and Iboh, 2004; Ugwuene and Kong, 2004; Ukpebor et al., 2007). However, no systemic attempt has been made to evaluate the differently detoxified rubber seed meal in broiler diets to ascertain the effect on their haematological and serological status. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the comparative effect of different rubber seed meals that detoxified by various methods in broiler diets on haematological and serum biochemical indices in broilers.

 

MATERIALS AND METHOD

 

Experimental Site

 

The experiment was carried out at the Poultry Unit of the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Animal Production Technology, Federal College of Wildlife Management, New-bussa, Nigeria.

 

Collection And Processing Of Rubber Seed Meal

 

The rubber seeds procured for this study were gotten from rubber plantation at Ovia South-West Local Government Area of Edo state, Nigeria. All the raw seeds were collected fresh and divided equally into 4 batches and processed differently. First batch were soaked in cold water inside a closed metal drum for 72 hours followed by draining of the water and sun-drying for 5 days; second batch were boiled in water at temperature of 100oC for 45 minutes, drained of the water and sun-dried for 5 days. Third batch were toasted using a metallic frying pan for 45 minutes and the fourth batch were subjected to anaerobic fermentation for 72 hours. All the processed rubber seeds were separately hammer-milled prior to experimental diet formulation to produce the respective meals as soaked RSM (SRSM), boiled RSM (BSRM), toasted RSM (TRSM) and fermented RSM (FRSM).

 

Experimental Diets

 

Five experimental diets both for starter (1-21 d) and grower (22-42 d) phases were formulated with the differently processed RSM. Diet 1 consisted purely of corn-soybean based (control) diet while the different processed RSM, that is, quantitatively replaced soybean in the control at 30% dietary level in both starter and grower phases. The ingredient compositions of the experimental diets at 1-21 d and 22-42 d are shown in Table 1 and 2 respectively.

 

Experimental Birds And Management

 

The broiler chickens used in this study were raised under standard husbandry conditions and all experimental protocols were in accordance with the guidelines of the Institutional Animal Care and Ethics Control Committee of the Federal College of Wildlife Management, New-bussa, Nigeria. Three hundred (300) 1-day old Arbor acre broiler chicks were procured for the study, weighed and randomly distributed to the five dietary treatments with six replicates of ten birds each using a completely randomized design. The experiment lasted for 42 days. Each experimental group was provided with the corresponding diet and clean water ad-libitum. The birds were raised in an open sided poultry facility where deep litter system was adopted using wood shavings as litter material.

 

Sample Collection And Preparation

 

At the 42 d of age, three birds were selected randomly on weight equalization basis per replicate and fasted overnight so that the serum was cleared of excess fat and protein that hinder the experimental results. Blood sample was collected from their jugular vein from each bird, deposited into a labeled EDTA tube for hematological indices evaluation and kept in an ice-moist jute material to prevent haemolysis. Another blood was collected from the same birds and deposited into tubes without anti–coagulant (EDTA), allowed to stand for 45 minutes at room temperature and centrifuged at 3,000 revolutions per minute (rpm) for 10 minutes for determination of serum biochemistry.

 

Evaluation Of Haematological Indices

 

Haemoglobin level was determined using cyanomethaemoglobin method, packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC), and white blood cell (WBC) were analyzed quantitatively using improved Neubar’s haemacytometer after dilution (Dacie and Lewis, 1991). The mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) standard ratios were computed adopting the procedure described by Jain (1986).

 

Evaluation Of Serum Biochemical Indices

 

The serum biochemical indices such as total protein, albumin, globulin, uric acid, cholesterol and glucose were determined using blood samples collected without anticoagulant

 

Table 1: Percentage composition of experimental diets for starters birds (1-21 d)

 

Feed ingredients	Control	SRSM	BRSM	TRSM	FRSM
Maize	58.50	57.50	57.50	57.50	57.50
Soya bean meal	33.00	23.05	23.05	23.05	23.05
Rubber seed meal	0.00	9.90	9.90	9.90	9.90
Fish meal	4.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00
Dicalcium phosphate	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50
Limestone	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Salt	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
Premix*	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
DL-Methionine	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30
L-Lysine	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
Total	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
Nutrient composition
ME (Kcal/kg)	3071.60	3140.80	3163.70	3112.50	3180.60
Crude Protein (%)	23.75	22.86	22.36	22.45	23.36
Crude fat (%)	5.33	6.06	5.36	5.97	5.35
Crude fiber (%)	4.17	4.13	4.88	4.05	4.73

 

SRSM: Soaked rubber seed meal; BRSM: Boiled rubber seed meal; TRSM: Toasted rubber seed meal; FRSM: Fermented rubber seed meal; *: Vitamin/Mineral premix supplied per kg of the diet: Vit A: 10,000iu; Vit D: 28000iu; Vit E: 35,000iu; Vit K: 1900mg; Vit B12: 19mg; Riboflavin: 7000mg; Pyridoxine: 3800mg; Thiamine: 2200mg; Pantothenic acid: 11000mg; Nicotinic acid: 45,000mg; Folic acid: 1400mg; Biotin: 113mg; Cu: 8000mg; Mn: 64000mg; Zn: 40, 000mg; Fe: 32000mg; Se: 160mg; Iodine: 800mg; Cobalt: 400mg; Choline: 475000mg

 

Table 2: Percentage composition of experimental diets for grower birds (22-42 d)

 

Feed ingredients	Control	SRSM	BRSM	TRSM	FRSM
Maize	65.50	64.50	64.50	64.50	64.50
Soya bean meal	26.00	18.15	18.15	18.15	18.15
Rubber seed meal	0.00	7.80	7.80	7.80	7.80
Fish meal	4.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00
Dicalcium phosphate	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50	2.50
Limestone	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Salt	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
Vitamin-Premix*	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
DL-Methionine	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30
L-Lysine	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25	0.25
Total	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
Nutrient composition
ME (Kcal/kg)	3278.76	3281.96	3288.76	3211.96	3240.80
Crude Protein (%)	20.38	19.71`	19.24	19.37`	20.15
Crude fat %	6.03	6.39	6.23	6.29	6.13
Crude fiber %	4.77	5.33	4.45	5.33	4.27

 

SRSM: Soaked rubber seed meal, BRSM: Boiled rubber seed meal; TRSM: Toasted rubber seed meal; FRSM: Fermented rubber seed meal; *: Vitamin/Mineral premix supplied per kg of the diet; Vit A: 10,000iu; Vit D: 28000iu; Vit E: 35,000iu; Vit K: 1900mg; Vit B12: 19mg; Riboflavin: 7000mg; Pyridoxine: 3800mg; Thiamine: 2200mg; Pantothenic acid: 11000mg; Nicotinic acid: 45,000mg; Folic acid: 1400mg; Biotin: 113mg; Cu: 8000mg; Mn: 64000mg; Zn: 40, 000mg; Fe: 32000mg; Se: 160mg; Iodine: 800mg; Cobalt: 400mg; Choline: 475000mg

 

Table 3: Proximate composition of raw and differently detoxified rubber seed meal (RSM)

 

Parameters	RAW	BRSM	SRSM	TRSM	FRSM
Moisture (%)	4.80	5.01	5.17	4.60	5.60
Crude protein (%)	33.25	32.68	32.17	32.65	34.48
Ether extract (%)	22.57	21.94	20.12	20.77	20.05
Crude fiber (%)	5.61	4.54	4.04	5.25	3.81
Ash (%)	5.34	4.51	5.08	5.17	5.12
NFE (%)	33.23	36.33	38.59	36.16	36.54

 

RAW: Fresh (raw) rubber seed meal; SRSM: Soaked rubber seed meal; BRSM: Boiled rubber seed meal; TRSM: Toasted rubber seed meal; FRSM: Fermented rubber seed meal; NFE: Nitrogen Free Extract

 

Table 4: Effect of processing techniques on reduction of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) level in rubber seed

 

Processing methods	mg/kg HCN	% Reduction level of HCN
Raw	315.89	-
Soaking	167.45	46.99
Boiling	45.21	85.69
Toasting	108.56	65.63
Fermentation	62.34	80.27

 

and their concentrations were determined by using standard commercial clinical kits (Gold Analisa Ltda, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil) according to manufactures recommendations.

 

Chemical Analysis

 

The differently processed RSM and experimental diets were analyzed for proximate composition according the procedure of AOAC (2000). The cyanide contents of the raw and different processed RSM were determined using alkaline titration method as described by AOAC (2000).

 

Statistical Analysis

 

The means of the pens served as the experimental unit for all measurements. Data collected from the study were subjected to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) by the General Linear Models procedure of SAS (2006). Significant differences that occurred among the treatment means were separated using Duncan multiple range F-test. The 5% level of probability was used to established the statements of significance

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 

Proximate And HCN Composition Of Raw And Detoxified Rubber Seed Meal

 

Table 3 shows the result of proximate composition analysis of raw and differently detoxified rubber seed meal (RSM). The crude protein (CP) value of the fresh raw seed (33.25%) obtained in this present study was higher than the values reported by Madubuike et al. (2006), Oyewusi et al. (2007), Khatun et al. (2015) and as 21.90%, 26.07% and 32.98% respectively but lower than 34.1% reported by Mmereole (2008). The variations obtained in CP values could be attributed to differences in varieties and agronomical practices or plant mechanism for uptake of nitrogenous nutrients in nitrate or ammonium forms (Oyewusi et al., 2007). After processing the seeds, the protein content was improved by fermentation and increased to 34.48%, thus confirming the findings of Ukpebor et al. (2007) who reported that this increase in protein level after fermentation of rubber seed and was attributed to the utilization of lipid and carbohydrate components of the RSM as carbon sources. However, lower CP level observed in BRSM and SRSM may be probably due to the fact that cooking and soaking enhance degradation which was attributed to solubilization and leaching of some nitrogenous components into the processing water (Udedibie and Carlini, 2000, Onu and Okongwu, 2006). Nevertheless, the level of protein content obtained in the study is in accordance with the reports of earlier authors confirming its status as a potential protein feed material (Mmereole, 2008; Sharma et al., 2014). Table 4 shows the composition and percentage reduction level of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in the different processed rubber seeds. The result showed that the HCN content of the raw rubber seed (315 mg/kg) was lower than the values reported by Okafor and Anyawu (2006) and Sharma et al. (2014) as 391.60 and 415.10 mg/kg respectively, but higher than the values recorded by Batel et al. (2008) and Eka et al. (2010) as 263 and 186 mg/kg respectively. This result supports the report that genetic and environmental factors, location, season and soil factors are reasons for the wide variations observed in the cyanogenic glycoside concentrations (Ermans et al., 1980; JECFA, 1993). Moreover, reduction in the level of HCN was effective with the adopted processing methods and this revealed that cyanide level in the raw seed decreased by 49.99%, 65.63%, 80.27% and 85.69% for soaked, toasted, fermented and boiled processing techniques respectively. The highest level of cyanide reduction was obtained in the boiled seeds followed by fermented seeds and this is in agreement with previous researchers (Ukpebor et al., 2007; Syahruddin and Rita, 2009; Sharma et al., 2014) who stated that heat treatments and fermentation tends to reduce the concentration of HCN in RSM and makes them nutritionally

 

Table 5: Haematological indices of broiler chickens fed diets containing differently detoxified rubber seed meal (0-42 d)

 

Parameters*	Control	SRSM	BRSM	TRSM	FRSM	SEM
PCV (%)	30.55	26.07	29.31	27.82	28.74	2.31
Haemoglobin (g/dl)	11.04a	8.18c	11.10a	9.36b	10.97a	0.42
WBC x 103/mm3	23.56	21.36	22.08	21.84	22.98	1.26
MCV (FL)	86.96a	79.24b	85.45a	84.67a	87.09a	1.23
MCHC (%)	38.14	36.01	37.58	36.24	36.97	1.12
MCH (pg)	33.23a	27.90c	33.02a	32.27b	33.15ab	0.53
RBC x 106/mm3	3.55	3.22	3.43	3.30	3.27	0.18

 

a, b, c: Means in the same row bearing different superscripts differ significantly (P< 0.05); SEM: Standard error of mean; SRSM: Soaked rubber seed meal; BRSM: Boiled rubber seed meal; TRSM: Toasted rubber seed meal; FRSM: Fermented rubber seed meal; *PCV: Packed cell volume; WBC: White blood cell; MCV: Mean corpuscular volume; MCHC: Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration; MCH: Mean corpuscular haemoglobin; RBC: Red blood cell less active. Moreover, according to Ravindran and Ravindran (1988), cooking of fresh kernels eliminated 93% of the initial cyanide content, thus suggesting that cyanide would not cause any detrimental effects should properly detoxified seed kernels be incorporated into animal feeds.

 

Haematological Response

 

The result of hematological indices of broilers fed different processed rubber seed meal based diets are shown in Table 5. No significant (P>0.05) difference in the packed cell volume (PCV) and red blood cells (RBC) values were observed among the treatment groups. The values were in the range of 27.07 to 30.55% and 3.09 x106 to 3.57 x106mm3 for PCV and RBC respectively. All the PCV and RBC values were within the normal range of 25 to 45% and 2.88 to 4.12 x106mm3 respectively reported by (Mitruka and Rawnsley, 1977). Haemoglobin concentration (Hb) values ranged from 8.18 to 11.10g/dl and were within the accepted range of 7.0 – 13.0 (g/dl) for broiler chickens (Mitruka and Rawnsley, 1977; Swenson, 1999). The birds fed control, BRSM and FRSM diets have higher (P<0.05) concentration of Hb than the other treatment groups, indicating higher tendency of the birds to overcome respiratory stress. High Hb implies high oxygen carrying capacity while below normal indicates low oxygen carrying capacity thus animals succumb easily to respiratory stress (Olugbemi et al., 2010; Aderemi and Alabi, 2013). According to Isom and Way (1974), free cyanide being a product of degradation from cyanogenic glycoside, as respiratory poison, has high acute toxicity due to its primary toxic effect of inhibiting cytochrome oxidase, the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial electron transport chain by binding heme iron. Ultimately, this might have an effect on the erythropoiesis process; thus leading to low synthesis of the RBC from the lymphoid organ (Sharma et al., 2014). The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) of the birds were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the different methods of detoxification of the rubber seeds. The result of MCH and MCV of birds fed BRSM and FRSM diets compared (P>0.05) with those on the control diets while birds fed SRSM diets gave the lowest (P<0.05) concentration of these two variables. The lower (P<0.05) mean values of MCV and MCH recorded in birds fed SRSM diet might have resulted from the incomplete deactivation of residual hydrogen cyanide (Koprucu et al., 2006) due to soaking as compared to other processing methods. The WBC and MCHC showed there were no difference (P>0.05) among the different dietary treatment groups and their values ranged from 21.36 to 23.56 x106/mm3 and 35.21 to 38.18% for WBC and WCHC respectively and were in harmony with the normal range of data reported for broiler chicken (Mitruka and Rawnsley, 1977). This indicted that all the treatment groups exhibit adequate immune response status and none of the detoxification methods predisposes broiler chickens to infection, as higher count than normal may mean that the bird’s immune system may be combating some kind of infection (Adeyemo and Longe, 2007).

 

Serum Biochemistry

 

The results of serum biochemistry of broilers fed processed RSM based diets revealed that all the serum metabolites were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the processing methods (Table 6). Birds fed diets containing SRSM and TRSM have lower (P<0.05) serum protein than those on BRSM and FRSM diets having similar (P>0.05) mean values to those on the control diet. It appears that birds fed diet containing BRSM and FRSM have better protein utilization followed by TRSM than diet containing SRSM. This indicates efficient protein utilization by the broilers fed diets containing BRSM and FRSM, which are necessary for the formation of immunoglobulin as well as development of antibodies (Mmereole, 2008). Higher values show that there is enzymatic catabolism of dietary proteins and explained that the blood pool serves as a major source of amino acids needed for proteins synthesis (Scott, 1970; Njidda et al., 2006). This observation is an indication that the crude protein level in the BRSM and FRSM diets was sufficient to sustain the normal serum protein levels. Serum albumin values showed difference (P<0.05)

 

Table 6: Serum biochemical indices of broiler chickens fed diets containing differently detoxified rubber seed meal (0-42d)

 

Parameters	Control	SRSM	BRSM	TRSM	FRSM	SEM
Total Protein (g/dL)	5.95a	3.16c	5.33a	4.07b	5.45a	0.40
Albumin (g/dL)	3.22a	2.32c	3.14.a	2.58b	3.17a	0.09
Uric acid (nmol/L)	0.58b	1.83c	0.62b	1.27b	0.71b	0.07
Creatinine (mg/dL)	2.12a	1.12c	2.08a	1.91b	2.03ab	0.06
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	139.73b	162.77a	144.84b	157.76a	146.88b	3.60

 

a, b, c: Means in the same row bearing different superscripts differ significantly (P< 0.05); SEM: Standard error of mean; SRSM: Soaked rubber seed meal; BRSM: Boiled rubber seed meal; TRSM: Toasted rubber seed meal; FRSM: Fermented rubber seed meal.

 

among the processing methods where birds fed FRSM and BRSM diets have the highest mean values than birds fed on diet containing TRSM and SRSM, but similar (P>0.05) to those on the control diet. This result agreed with the reports of Anon (1980) and Allison (1955) who reported changes in protein reserve in animal as shown by serum total protein to be associated with variations in the albumin component. In the present study, broiler birds fed SRSM diet have higher (P<0.05) uric acid concentration followed by those on TRSM diet than those fed control, BRSM and FRSM diets. This is an indication of reduced efficient protein utilization and could be due to the presence of residue cyanide that were not completely eliminated to a safe non-toxic level by soaking and toasting processing techniques, as reflected by the low serum total protein observed by birds in these groups (Akinola and Abiola, 1990). The diet and deamination of tissue proteins account for the origin of serum uric acid and also signifies the good quality of dietary protein (Awosanya et al., 1999; Ewuola and Egbunike, 2008). Lower (P<0.05) creatinine level observed in birds fed diet containing SRSM could be attributed to the presence of higher residual anti-nutritional factor, thus, leading to improper nutrient utilization since serum creatinine depend on the protein quality and quantity in the diet (Polat et al., 2011). The lower (P<0.05) concentrations of serum creatinine recorded among the birds fed control, BRSM, and FRSM diets is as a result of improved protein utilization for muscle growth in the tissues of birds (Lemme et al., 2007). Creatinine is the final product of the degradation of creatine and phosphocreatine in the skeletal muscle where it diffuses into the bloodstream (Nelson and Cox, 2000) and also an indicator of muscle mass catabolism (Ladokun et al., 2008). The lower creatinine values derived in birds fed BRSM and FRSM revealed no muscular wastage, possibly due to inadequacy of protein utilization in the birds as well as exhibiting an impairment of renal function (Ologhobo et al., 1993) Mean values of cholesterol of the birds showed significant (P<0.05) differences among the treatments and birds fed BRSM and FRSM diets compared favorably with the control diet and their mean values were lower (P<0.05) than those on TSRM and SRSM. The lower serum cholesterol observed in birds fed BRSM and FRSM could be attributed to low level of hydrocyanic acid (HCN) in the test RSM which must have caused no interference of glycosides on intestinal absorption of dietary cholesterol and lipid (Olugbemi et al., 2010; Aderemi and Alabi, 2013). The observed similarity in blood cholesterol among the control group and those on BRSM and FRSM diets was expected because of the comparable crude fat levels contained in diets which may invariably lead to comparable dietary fat intake (Duwa et al., 2012). The variations observed in most of the serological parameters are indication of reduced effect of toxic factors in the diet formulated with boiled and fermented RSM (Price et al., 1979).

 

CONCLUSION

 

Boiling and fermentation as a detoxification methods proved to be a more efficient for HCN reduction in rubber seed than toasting and soaking in water, hence making the protein in the diet more available for proper utilization. Therefore, the result revealed that inclusion of cooked and fermented RSM have positive effect on hematological and serum biochemical status of the broilers that was found almost similar to the control group.

 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

 

Authors declared no conflict of interest.

 

AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION

 

Aguihe PC and Kehinde AS were responsible for the design and conduct of the experiment including laboratory analysis. Ospina-Rojas IC and Murakami AE were responsible for the statistical analysis of data. Aguihe PC and Ospina-Rojas wrote the manuscript. Murakami AE took responsibility of the proof reading and correction of manuscripts.

 

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