Research Article

 

Diversity of Life Form And Leaf Size Classes at Sheikh Buddin National Park, Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

 

Atta Ullah*, Nasrullah Khan, Zahid Muhammad

Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Pakistan.

Editor | Muhammad Nauman Zahid, Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.

Received | April 03, 2015; Revised | August 26, 2015; Accepted | August 29, 2015; Published | September 30, 2015

*Correspondence | Atta Ullah, University of Malakand, Pakistan; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Ullah A, Khan N, Muhammad Z (2015). Diversity of life form and leaf size classes at Sheikh Buddin National Park, Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. S. Asian J. Life Sci. 3(1): 6-13.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.sajls/2015/3.1.6.13

ISSN | 2311–0589

Copyright © 2015 Ullah et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

 

Introduction

 

It is useful to study the flora of a country in ecological issues e.g. natural resources management and biological protection, determination the growth capacities and potentials of the country, identification and determination of plant species of the area. The Life-form of specie represents all the adaptive characters of a species, and thus it is an expression of the harmony between environment and a plant (Warming, 1909). The life form of plants depends on genetic as well as environmental factors, because the environmental factors can effects the formation of different critical forms of plants. Accordingly, in different communities, and different regions plants can have different life forms. In a particular region the dominant life form of plants represents the way plants have conciliated with that region (Zarezade et al., 2007). So far some techniques have been developed in order to categorize the life forms of plants, in which, Raunkiaerʼs system is more applicable and practical (Asri, 2003). This system is developed on the basis of position and degree of protection of the renewing buds, which renews the aerial plant body after the unfavorable environmental conditions. According to this system, all types of plant species can be classified into five main groups: phanerophytes, therophytes, cryptophytes, hemicryptophytes and chamaephytes.

 

The floristic composition of various life form and leaf size and their study in an area help us to assess the plant wealth, its potentiality of a given area and accepting the basic aspects of biology such as, isolation, speciation, evolution and endemism (Alsherif et al., 2013). A signal for macro and microclimate is supposed to be the life form spectra (Shimwell, 1971). It gives us the information’s about the disturbances of vegetation in an area. The percentage ratio of plants life form present in an area forms the biological spectrum. For the study of vegetation in an area it is an important physiognomic characteristic which is used widely (Amjad et al., 2012).

 

According to the World Conservation Union national park is a natural area selected for the protection of the ecological integrity of one or more ecosystems for the present and upcoming generation. It provides bases for the scientific, spiritual, recreational, educational and visitor’s opportunities (Forests and Biodiversity Information/Data Report Pakistan 2010). In the world there are 209,429 protected areas covering about 32,868,673 km2 area including 6,555 national parks (Deguignet et al., 2014).

 

Pakistan covers more than 79.9 million hectares of land consisting of several distinct physiological, morphological and geographical regions, such as mountains, Valleys, sandy deserts salt pans and coastline (Pak 4th national report, 2009). There are 26 national parks in Pakistan covering about 3% of the total land cover of the country. The largest one is that of Central Karakoram National Park, Gilgit-Baltistan covering an area 9, 73, 845 ha, while Toli Pir National Park located in Poonch District of Azad Jamu and Kashmir covering 1000 acre area is the smallest national park of Pakistan. Sheikh Buddin National Park is one of the most important national park of Pakistan and the 16th largest of the country (Figures 1 and 2) (Pakistan wild life foundation; accessed on 9/20/2014).

 

As up to date no proper attention is given to the flora of

 

 

SBNP and this area is completely neglected. Therefore the present work is to study the floristic composition, life form and leaf size spectrum of vegetation of the park.

 

Materials and methods

 

First of all required information’s about the area were collected through various means i.e. newspapers, reports, documents and local peoples. After that various field study trips were arranged to assess the flora and biological situations of the study area thoroughly from March 2013-december 2014. Plant specimens were collected, photographed, pressed, dried, and mounted on herbarium sheets, identified with the help of flora of Pakistan (Nasir and Ali, 1971-1995) and (Ali and Qaisar, 1971-2006) and available literature. All of the collected specimens were later verified by comparing with specimens available at the Herbarium Deportment of Botany University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir Lower. The determined plant specimens were preserved in the Herbarium department of botany university of Malakand, Chakadara, Dir lower. After that the plants were placed in several life form and leaf size classes by following Raunkaier (1934), Muller and Ellenberg (1974) and Cain and Castro (1959).

 

Study Area

The Dera Ismail Khan district (D. I. Khan) is located in the North- Western Pakistan and has an average elevation of 600 meters above sea level. It has a total land mass of 0.896 million hectare out of which 33% is cultivated (Khan, 2003). The districts of Tank and Lakki Marwat is situated on the north of the district, on the south Dera Ghazi Khan District of Punjab, on the east it is bounded by Mian Wali and Bhakkar districts of Punjab province, and on the west by Tribal Area of South Wazirestan agency (Marwat and Khan, 2008).

 

Table 1: Average monthly temperature and rain fall for the year 2013

Month	Mean Temp (°C)	Mean Rain Fall (mm)
January	12.2	85
February	16	27.5
March	22	45
April	26.6	7
May	33	0
June	35	85
July	33	14.2
August	33	1
September	32	0
October	27.7	3
November	20	6
December	14	2.5

 

Source: Metrological Research Centre, D. I. Khan

 

The first settlement in Sheikh Buddin hills was by, a Sheikh Bahaudin (Sufi) in seventeenth century from whom it got the name of Sheikh Buddin. His offspring’s are still living here and are locally known as Pirs of Sheikh Badin. The second major settlement was made by the English government in 1860, who made it their summer head quarter. The park covers a total area of 15540 hectare. It is situated in the district of Dera Ismail khan while a part of it up to 5% lays in the district of Lakki Marwat. It was upgraded to the rank of national park in 1993 through the notification no# soft. Forest 1 (FFT) VIII. Peshawar: Dated, 15/07/1993 (Zahoor, 2010). The park is situated between 32.38°N and 70.94°E, with an elevation from 300- meters to 1350- meters. The study area receives annual rainfall from 200mm-280mm on an average, maximum during monsoon period, i.e. from June to September. It has four distinct seasons in one year i.e. spring, winter, summer and autumn. January is the coldest and July is the hottest month of the year. The mean maximum and minimum temperatures during winter are 20.3°C and 4.2°C respectively, compared to 30°C and 25°C during summer (Marwat et al., 2012). During study period the climatic conditions of the study area revealed that January and February are the coldest months while, June is the hottest month of the year. Maximum rainfall (85mm) occur in January (Table 1). The park is located near Dera Pezu of Laki Marwat district at a distance of about 8 km. someone could be approached to the Pezu Pass from Dera Ismail Khan in south and Laki Marwat in northwest via Indus Highway.

 

The hill ranges of Sheikh Buddin is a part of Marwat ranges. In it the Samana Suk Formation shows strata sets, consisting of thin, medium to thick and massive limestone beds. The bedding thickening is uneven to wavy within the vertical stacking of beds. Most parts of these ranges contains relatively large number of coarse grained limestone.

 

The Samana Suk Formation exposed at these Hills are mainly composed of dolomites, limestone and dolomitic limestone with interbedded calcareous shales/marls (Nizami and Sheikh, 2009).

 

Results

 

During the field survey a total of 107 plant species were recognized in the park area belonged to 90 different genera’s and 49 families. Among these 107 plant species 26 were trees, 20 shrubs, 53 were herbs and 8 plant species were grasses. The dominant families were (as mentioned in Table 2) Poaceae and Lamiaceae by having 8 species each, followed by Asteraceae with 7 species, Apocynaceae and Papilionaceae 6 species each and Solanaceae with 5 species. Each of the Mimosaceae and Moraceae had 4 species and Boraginaceae, Brasicaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Zygophylaceae had 3 species. Each of the Amaranthaceae, Anacardiaceae, Arecaceae, Asparagaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Polygalaceae, Rhamnaceae and Rosaceae had 2 plant species while Alliaceae, Asphodelaceae, Cypraceae, Asclepiadaceae, Bignoniaceae, Cannabinaceae, Capparidaceae, Celastraceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Geraniaceae, Malvaceae, Meliaceae, Myrtaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Oleaceae, Oxalidaceae, Plantaginaceae, Portulacaceae, Punicaceae, Ranunculaceae, Salvadoraceae, Sapindiceae, Sapotaceae, Simaroubaceae, Tamaricaceae, Tilaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae had one plant species.

 

 

The life form of all the plant species collected from the Sheikh Buddin National Park were classified into major life forms in order to create bio spectrum. It is clear from the Figure 3 that majority of the plants are Therophytes 33 plants (30.24%) followed by Cryptophytes 22 plant species (20.56%), Microphanerophyte and Hemicryptophytes had 14 (13.08%) each, while 13 plants (12.14 %) were of Phanrophytes, 10 plants (9.34%) species were Nanophytes and 1 plant species of geophytes (0.93%) was found.

 

From Figure 4 it is clear that majority of leaf size spectrum of the plants species of study area, occupied by nanophylls (36%) followed by microphylls (23%). Fewer number of species (4%) were found with macrophylls and megaphyllus types of leaves.

 

Table 2: Plants found in Sheikh Buddin National Park

S. no	Plant name	Family	Habit	Life form	Leaf size
1	Acacia modesta Wall.	Mimosaceae	T	MP	Le
2	Acacia nilotica (L.)Willd.exDelile.	Mimosaceae	T	MP	Le
3	Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) juss.exSchul.	Amaranthaceae	H	CH	Le
4	Agave sisalanaPerrine ex Engelm.	Asparagaceae	S	PH	Meg
5	Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle.	Simaroubaceae	T	MP	Mic
6	Alhagi maurorum Medik.	Papilionaceae	H	HE	Le
7	Allium griffithianum Boiss,Diagn.	Alliaceae	H	GE	Nan
8	Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f., Fl.	Xanthorrhoeaceae	H	CH	Mes
9	Amaranthus viridis L.	Amaranthaceae	H	TH	Nan
10	Aristida adscensionis L.	Poaceae	G	HE	Mic
11	Asparagus capitatus Baker.	Asparagaceae	H	PH	Le
12	Asphodelus tenuifolius Cave.	Asphodelaceae	H	TH	Le
13	Astragalus hamosus (L) Boiss.	Papilionaceae	H	TH	Mic
14	Boerhavia procumbens Banks ex Roxb.	Nyctaginaceae	H	HE	Nan
15	Bromus japonicas Houtt.	Poaceae	G	HE	Mic
16	Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton.	Asclepiadaceae	S	CH	Mes
17	Cannabis sativa L.	Cannabinaceae	H	TH	Mic
18	Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Pax.	Capparidaceae	T	NP	Ap
19	Caralluma edulis (Edgew.) Benth. ex.	Apocynaceae	H	TH	Nan
20	Carthamus oxyacantha M.B.	Asteraceae	H	TH	Mic
21	Cechrus ciliaris L.	Poaceae	G	HE	Le
22	Chenopodium album L.	Chenopodiaceae	H	TH	Nan
23	Chenopodium murale L.	Chenopodiaceae	H	TH	Le
24	Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.	Cucurbitaceae	H	TH	Mic
25	Convolvulus arvensis L.	Convolvulaceae	H	TH	Nan
26	Conyza strictaWilld.	Asteraceae	H	CH	Mic
27	Cordia myxa L.	Boraginaceae	T	PH	Nan
28	Cotoneaster nummularia Fischer and C.A.Meyer.	Rosaceae	S	PH	Nan
29	Cymbopogon distance (Nees ex Steud.) Will.Watson.	Poaceae	G	HE	Nan
30	Cymbopogon jawarncusa (Jones) Schult.	Poaceae	G	HE	Nan
31	Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.	Poaceae	G	HE	Nan
32	Cyprus rotundus L.	Cypraceae	H	TH	Nan
33	Dalbergia sissooRoxb. Ex DC.	Papilionaceae	T	MP	Nan
34	Datura metel L.	Solanaceae	S	TH	Mic
35	Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq.	Sapindiceae	S	NP	Nan
36	Echinops echinatus. Roxb.	Asteraceae	S	CH	Mes
37	Ehretia obtusifolia. Hochst. ex A. DC.	Boraginaceae	S	PH	Mes
38	Eragrostis minor. Host.	Poaceae	G	TH	Nan
39	Erodium cicutarium (L.) L Her. exAiton.	Geraniaceae	H	CH	Mac
40	Eruca sativa Mill.	Brassicaceae	H	CH	Mes
41	Eucalyptus lanceolatus. Honey	Myrtaceae	T	CH	Mic
42	Euphorbia helioscopia L.	Euphorbiaceae	H	TH	Nan
43	Euphorbia prostrataAiton.	Euphorbiaceae	H	TH	Le
44	Fagonia indicaBurm. f.	Zygophyllaceae	H	TH	Le
45	Farsetia jacquemontii Hook. f. & Thomson.	Brassicaceae	H	CH	Nan
46	Ficus carica L.	Moraceae	T	NP	Mes
47	Ficus palmate Forssk	Moraceae	T	MP	Mes
48	Filago hurdwarica (Wall. ex DC.) Wagenitz.	Asteraceae	H	TH	Le
49	Grewia optiva. Drum. exBurret.	Tilaceae	T	PH	Mes
50	Heliotropium strigosum Willd.	Boraginaceae	H	CH	Mic
51	Isodon rugosus (Wall. ex Benth.) Codd.	Lamiaceae	H	CH	Mic
52	Kickxia incana (Wall.) Pennel.	Scrophulariaceae	H	CH	Nan
53	Kickxia ramosissima (Wall.) Janch.	Scrophulariaceae	H	CH	Mic
54	Lallemantia royleana (Benth.) Benth.	Lamiaceae	H	TH	Mes
55	Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hook. f.	Asteraceae	H	TH	Mes
56	Launaea procumbens (Roxb) Ramayya and Rajagopal.	Asteraceae	H	CH	Mes
57	Malva parviflora L.	Malvaceae	H	TH	Mic
58	Maytenus royleanus (Wall. ex Lawson).	Celastraceae	S	PH	Mic
59	Melia azedarach L.	Meliaceae	T	MP	Nan
60	Mentha salvestris L.	Lamiaceae	H	TH	Nan
61	Monotheca buxifolia (Falc.) A. DC.	Sapotaceae	T	MP	Mic
62	Morus alba L.	Moraceae	T	MP	Mes
63	Morus nigra L.	Moraceae	T	MP	Mes
64	Nannorrhops ritchiana (Griff.) Aitch.	Arecaceae	T	MP	Meg
65	Nerium oleander L	Apocynacea	S	NP	Mic
66	Olea ferruginea Royle.	Oleaceae	T	MP	Mic
67	Otostegi alimbata (Benth.) Boiss.	Lamiaceae	S	CH	Mes
68	Oxalis corniculata L.	Oxalidaceae	H	TH	Nan
69	Peganum harmala L.	Zygophylaceae	H	HE	Le
70	Periploca aphylla Decne.	Apocynacea	S	NP	Ap
71	Periplocac alophylla (Wight) Falc.	Apocynacea	S	NP	Ap
72	Phlomis satewartii Hook. f.	Lamiaceae	S	CH	Mic
73	Phoenix dactylifera L.	Arecaceae	T	MP	Meg
74	Pistacia chinensis Bunge.	Anacardiaceae	T	PH	Nan
75	Pistacia vera L.	Anacardiaceae	T	PH	Nan
76	Plantago ciliate Desf.	Plantaginaceae	H	TH	Nan
77	Polygala abyssinica R. Br. ex Fresen.	Polygalaceae	H	TH	Mic
78	Polygala hohenackeriana Fisch.	Polygalaceae	H	TH	Mes
79	Portulaca oleracae L.	Portulacaceae	H	TH	Nan
80	Prosopis cineraria (Linn.) Druce.	Mimosaceae	T	NP	Le
81	Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.	Mimosaceae	S	NP	Le
82	Prunus armeniaca L.	Rosaceae	T	PH	Nan
83	Punica granatum L.	Punicaceae	T	PH	Nan
84	Ranunculus arvensis L.	Ranunculaceae	H	TH	Mic
85	Rhazya stricta Decne.	Apocynaceae	S	CH	Nan
86	Ricinus communis L.	Euphorbiaceae	S	CH	Mes
87	Saccharum bengalense Retz.	Poaceae	G	HE	Nan
88	Salvadora oleoides Decne.	Salvadoraceae	T	NP	Nan
89	Salvia santolinifolia Boiss.	Lamiaceae	H	HE	Mes
90	Saussurea heteromalla (D.Don) Hand.	Asteraceae	H	TH	Mes
91	Scrophularia striata Boiss.	Scrophulariaceae	H	HE	Nan
92	Scutellaria chamaedrifolia Hedge & Paton.	Lamiaceae	H	CH	Mes
93	Sisymbrium irio L.	Brassicaceae	H	TH	Nan
94	Solanum nigrum L.	Solanaceae	H	TH	Mic
95	Solanum surattense Burm. f.	Solanaceae	H	HE	Nan
96	Sophora mollis (Royle) Baker.	Papilionaceae	S	PH	Nan
97	Tamarix aphylla (L.) Lanza.	Tamaricaceae	T	MP	Le
98	Tecomella undulate D. Don.	Bignoniaceae	T	PH	Nan
99	Teucrium stocksianum Boiss.	Lamiaceae	H	TH	Mic
100	Tribulus terrestris L.	Zygophylaceae	H	HE	Le
101	Trigonella monantha C.A. Mey.	Papilionaceae	H	TH	Nan
102	Tylophora tenerrima Wight.	Apocynaceae	H	CH	Mes
103	Vicia hirsuta (L.) Gray.	Papilionaceae	H	TH	Nan
104	Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal.	solanaceae	S	CH	Mic
105	Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal.	Solanaceae	S	CH	Mic
106	Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.	Rhamnaceae	T	MP	Nan
107	Ziziphus numuleria (Burm.f) W& A.	Rhamnaceae	S	NP	Nan

 

T = Trees; S = Shrubs; H = Hurbs; G = Grasses; TH = Therophytes; MP = Microphanerophyte; HE = Hemicryptophyte; Np = Nanophanerophyte; Mp = Microphanerophyte; Ch= Cryptophytes; PH = Phanrophyte; GE = geophytes; Le = Leptophyll; Nan = Nanophyll; Mic= Microphyll; Mes= Mesophyll; Ap = Apophyll; Meg = Magaphyll; Mac = Macrophyll

 

Discussions

 

When all the species of higher plants are classified into life forms and their ratio is expressed in number or percentage, then a bio spectrum is formed (Saxina et al., 1987). Shimwell (1971) said that Hemecryptophytes are common in temperate regions and the Therophytes are common in desert climate. The Life form of plant species reflects the adaptation of plants to the climate conditions. The percentage proportion of different life forms of a given region or research area is called its biospectrum or biological spectrum (Khan, 2012). The present study supports the concepts of Deschenes (1969) and Cain and Olivera (1959) that overgrazing, dry climate and trampling so prevalent in grasslands increase the percentage of Therophytes through the spread and introduction of weedy forbs and grasses of this life form. Khan et al. (2012) recorded 161 plant species belonged to 57 plant families from the Tehsil Takht-e-Nasrati district Karak from 2009-2010. Out of these Therophytes were (77 species), Phanerophytes were (40 species), Hemicryptophytes (30 species), Chamaephytes (11 species) and (03 species) Cryptophytes were recorded. Both the district i.e. Lakki Marwat and district Karak touches the boundary lines of each other’s and in both the cases. Therophytes were dominant. Khan et al. (2011) studied the floristic composition, leaf size, life form spectra from the coal mines locality of Dera Adam Khel, KPK Pakistan. They recorded 54 plant species belonged to 30 angiospermic families. In which Lamiaceae, Asteraceae and Solanaceae were dominant families by having with 4 species each. While here study Poaceae, Lamiaceae, Asteraceae, Apocynaceae and Papilionaceae were the dominant families. Badshah et al. (2013) studied the floristic composition, Biological spectrum and ecological characteristics of the rangelands of district Tank, KPK, Pakistan. They conducted a study to assess the floristic composition (habitat, life form, leaf size etc.) and their ecological characteristics of District Tank in different seasons of the study period. They recorded 205 species within 56 families from the study area. In their study the Therophytes followed by hemicryptophytes were the dominant groups and our results are according to their findings as Therophytes and cryptophytes are the dominant life forms of the area. Qureshi and Bhattithe (2010) reported that most common life form class of the flora of Nawab Shah was Phanerophyte dominant with the 37 of species in contrast of our results may be as a result of environmental conditions. According to the findings of Khan et al. (2014) the therophytes was the dominant group (63 species, 47.73%), followed by chamaephytes (24species, 18.18%),) and megaphanerophytes (15 species., 11.36%) in Shahbaz Garhi, District Mardan, Pakistan and our results are also according to their findings as therophytes are dominant in both cases.

 

The characteristic of steps are usually Microphylls, while Nanophylls and Laptophylls are usually characteristic of hot deserts (Tareen and Qadir, 1993).

 

As regards the leaf size spectra Nanophylls were found to be the dominant group by having 39 members (36%) followed by Microphylls with 25 members (23%) and Mesophyll which had 20 members (19%). While Leptophylls had 16 members (15%), Megaphylls and Apophylls both had 3 members (3%) and Macrophylls had 1 member (1%) of the total flora. As the area is dry and hot therefore Nanophylls were dominant followed by Microphylls supporting the concept of (Tareen and Qadir, 1993). The percentage of leaf size distribution of the plants is shown in the Figure 4. It is clear from the figure that the most common type of plant according to the leaf size is Nanophyll which is about 36% of the total plants population.

 

Badshah et al. (2010) and Malik et al. (2007) reported that Microphylls and Nanophylls are the dominant leaf size classes from Kotli Azad Kashmir and Waziristan and our findings are also agree with them as here Nanophylls and Microphylls are in higher percentage. Khan et al. (2012) reported from district Karak that Microphylls and Nanophylls are the two dominated species groups in the area and our results are agree with their findings. Khan et al. (2011) reported higher percentage of Leptophylls at the foot hills, while Micro and Nanophylls were present in high percentage at high altitudes (1500 m) and our results are also agree with their findings as the park is generally at high attitudes, therefore the majority of the species are Nanophylls and Microphylls.

 

Conclusions

 

The increased number of Therophytes shows that the area is under biotic pressure such as grazing, especially by wood cutters who cute the trees by illegal ways. As the park is not covered by fences from all the sides, therefore most of the plants were uprooted by local and professional mafia for burning, construction and economical purposes. Many of the plant species are decreasing continuously such as Monothica, Pinnus and Tamarixaphyllaetc means that they need special care and protection for the benefits of the park and local peoples.

 

Acknowledgment

 

we are very thankful to the Forest Officer Dera Ismail Khan division for providing us an opportunity for this research work and also to the local people of the area for their help and support.

 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

 

Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest in publishing this work.

 

AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTION

 

Nasrullah Khan designed the project, Atta Ullah collected field data and prepared early draft of manuscript while Zahid Muhammad help in field work, preparing and designing the manuscript and figures.

 

References

 

Alsherif EA, MAyesh A, Rawi SM (2013). Floristic composition, life form and chorology of plant life at Khulais Region, Western Saudi Arabia. Pak. J. Bot. 45(1): 29-38.

Ali SI, Qaiser M (1995-2006). Flora of Pakistan. Fakhri printing Press Karachi, Pakistan.

Amjad MS, Hameed A, Malik ZH (2012). Life form and leaf spectra reported from sub-tropical to Alpine and Subalpine Zoane of Basu Hills, District Sakardu Gilget Pakistan. Int. J. Emerg. Sci. 2(4: 543-551.

Asri Y (2003). Plant diversity in Touran Biosphere Reservoir. Tehran: Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands press, p 36.

Badshah L, Hussain F, Sher Z (2013). Floristic inventory, ecological characteristics and biological spectrum of Rangeland, District Tank, Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot. 45(4): 1159-1168.

Cain SA, de Olivera CGM (1959). Manual of vegetation analysis. Harperabd Brothers, N.Y.

Deguignet M, Juffe-Bignoli D, Harrison J, MacSharry B, Burgess N, Kingston N (2014). 2014 United Nations List of Protected Areas. UNEP-WCMC: Cambridge, UK.

Deschenes JM (1969). Life-form spectra of contrasting slopes of the grazed pausters of Northern New Jercy. Neturaliste can. 96: 965-978.

Forests and Biodiversity Information/ Data Report, 2010. Pakistan.

Khan M, Hussain F, Musharaf S, Imdadullah (2011). Floristic composition, life form and leaf size spectra of the coal mine area vegetation of darraadamkhel, khyberPakhtonkhwa, Pakistan. J. Bio. Environ. Sci. 1(3): 1-6.

Khan M (2012). Dimension and composition of plant life in Tehsil Takht-E-Nasrati, District Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhawa, Pakistan. Ph.D Thesis, Department Of Botany, University of Peshawar.

Khan M, Hussain F, Musharaf S (2012). Biological characteristics of plant species in Tehsil Takht-e-Nasrati, Pakistan. J. Bio. Environ. Sci. 2(3): 42-47.

Khan M, Hussain F, Musharaf S (2014). Floristic composition and ecological characteristics of Shahbaz Garhi, District Mardan, Pakistan. Global J. Sci. Front. Res. 14(1). Version 1.

Khan RU (2003). Facts about AZRI, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Arid Zone Research Institute RattaKulachi, D. I. Khan, 2003, pp. 2-4.

Malik NZ, Hussain F, Malik ZH (2007). Life form and leaf size spectra of plant communities harbouring at Ganga Chotti and Bedorii hills. Int. j. Agri. Bio. 15(6): 833-838.

Marwat SK, Khan MA, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Usman KK (2012). Floristic account of the asclepiadaceous species from the flora of Dera Ismail Khan District, KPK, Pakistan. Am. J. Plant Sci. 3: 141-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2012.31016

Marwat SK, Khan MA (2008). Biodiversity of Sedges in Dera Ismail Khan District, NWFP Pakistan. Sarhad J. Agri. 24(2).

Muller DB, Ellenberg H (1974). Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, pp. 547.

Nasir E, Ali SI (1971-1995). Flora of Pakistan. Fakhri Printing Press Karachi, Pakistan.

Nizami AR, Sheikh RA (2009). Microfacies analysis and diagenetic settings of the Middle Jurassic Samana Suk Formation, Sheikh Budin Hill Section, Trans Indus Ranges-Pakistan. Geol. Bull. Punjab Uni. 44.

Pakistan 4th National Report (2009). Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Environment, Islamabad.

Pakistan wild life foundation. Accessed on 9/20/2014.

Qureshi R, Bhatti GR (2010). Floristic inventory of PAI Forest, Nawab Shah, Sindh, Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot. 42(4): 2215-2224.

Raunkiaer C (1934). The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Clarendon Press Oxford.

Saxina AK, Pandey TP, Singh JS (1987). Altitudinal variation in the vegetation of Kaumaun Himalaya. Perspect. Environ. Bot. pp. 44–66.

Shimwell DW (1971). The description and classification of vegetation, sedgwik and Jackson, London, UK. pp. 322.

Tareen RB, Qadir SA (1993). Life form and leaf size spectra of the plant communities of diverse areas ranging from Harnai, Sinjawi to Duki regions of Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot. 25(1): 83-92.

Warming E (1909). Oecology of plants. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Zahoor M (2010). Ethno botanical studies of some plants from Sheikh Baddin Hill and derra, ePezu, District LakkiMarwat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. M.Phil. Thesis, University of Science and Technology, Bannu.

Zarezade A, Mirvakili M, Mirhosseini A (2007). Identified of flora, life form and geographical distribution of plants Damgahan Mehriz of Yazd province. J. Pajoohesh Sazandegi 74: 129-137.