Research Article

 

Effect of Moringa oleifera (Moringa) Supplementation via Urea Molasses Multi-nutrient Moringa Block (UM3B) on Nutrient Intake and Utilization in Bali Cattle

 

Abd Malik*, Aam Gunawan, Siti Erlina, Neni Widaningsih, Rizkie E

Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic University of Kalimantan, Muhammad Arsyad Al Banjari. Banjarmasin. South Kalimantan. Indonesia.

 

Editor | Asghar Ali Kamboh, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan.

Received | January 25, 2019; Accepted | April 28, 2019; Published | June 08, 2019

*Correspondence | Abd Malik, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic University of Kalimantan, Muhammad Arsyad Al Banjari. Banjarmasin. South Kalimantan. Indonesia; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Malik A, Gunawan A, Erlina S, Widaningsih, Rizkie E (2019). Effect of moringa oleifera (moringa) supplementation via urea molasses multi-nutrient moringa block (um3b) on nutrient intake and utilization in bali cattle. J. Anim. Health Prod. 7(2): 70-74.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.jahp/2019/7.2.70.74

ISSN | 2308-2801

Copyright © Malik 2019 et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

 

INTRODUCTION

 

One of the significant factors that must be considered in the cattle industry in tropical countries is the decline in production and forage quality in the dry season. This needs to be anticipated because it will affect the production and reproduction of the cattle. Mangistu and Hassen (2018) revealed that cattle in tropical countries like Bali cattle in Indonesia is largely dependent on fibrous feeds mostly crop residues and low value pasture that are poor in crude protein, minerals, and vitamins. Supplementation of poor quality feed or deficient of qualities is familiar as a suitable approach to improve their utilization as a feed of animal. Digestibility is an essential factor for assessing the quality of nutrients from a feed ingredient. Ingredients of feed with high digestible constituents are generally high in nutrient value (Lubis, 1992). The value of digestibility coefficient varies depending on the content of each nutrient or type of animal, and some factors like chemical composition, feed processing, amount of nutrition provided, and type of livestock (Astuti et al., 2009).

 

Moringa oleifera was called moringa is one of the legume that have the potential to substitute nutrient deficiencies, because of its complete nutritional contentas animal feed (Baptista et al., 2017; Agboun et al., 2016; Ahmad et al., 2016; Gupta et al., 2012). While, Fungli (2001) reported that the leaves of moringa contain 27.1% protein, 2050 kcal/kg metabolized energy, respectively. Furthermore, Witt (2016) and Gopalakrishnan et al. (2016) revealed that leaves of moringa also had diverse vitamins, minerals, and containing all essential amino acids. Many researchers reported that moringa can be used as an animal feed. The addition of moringa leaves meal to goats feed increased milk production (Kholif et al., 2015) upsurge feed intake and performance of chickens (Sultana et al., 2014) and improve average gain in rabbit (Safwat et al., 2014).

 

The use of moringa leaves flour as an ingredients in the preparation of a urea-molasses block is a good breakthrough in order to overcome nutritional deficiencies in cattle during the dry season (De and Singh, 2003). Since the feed is composed of various ingredients such as urea and molasses. Molasses and urea are recognized to respectively cover accessible energy and nitrogen and are used to increase feed quality (Preston and Leng, 1990). Additional feed like of urea molasses mineral block (UMMB) has been widely studied as a useful strategy in providing essential nutrients to optimize rumen fermentation of poor quality feeds in animals (Habib et al., 1991). Furthermore, UMMB also has been used in large and small ruminants as supplementation to improve feed consumption and digestibility particularly in developing countries (De and Singh, 2003; Vu et al.,1999; Verma et al., 1998; Srinavasan and Gupta 1997).

 

Thus, the hypothesis can be compiled as the addition of moringa leaf flour in urea molasses multi-nutrient moringa block (UM3B) can increase nutrient digestibility in cattle. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of moringa supplementation via UM3B on consumption and digestibility of dry matter and organic matter on the Bali cattle.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 

Formulation of UMMB and UMMMB (UM3B)

Urea molasses multi-nutrient block (UMMB) was prepared by a cold mixing process and the mixture was poured into the specially intended mold to form blocks considering 1 kg each. Mold was made with metal pieces, which gives cylindrical shape with a hole at the center, which enables to tie blocks, somewhere in stall/shed. The physical composition of UMMB is given in Table 1.

 

Animals and Feeding Management

A total of sixteen Bali cattle weighing around 200-250kg aged 2-4 years and the same sex ratio (male or female) were used for the present study. The cattle were placed in individual stalls. The animals were allotted to four treatment groups; each group was consisting of four cattle. Group 1(P0 = UMMB without moringa), group 2(P1=UMMB with 5% of moringa), group 3(P2=UMMB with 10% of moringa) and group 4(P3=UMMB with 15% of moringa). The UMMB (P0) and UM3B (P1, P2, P3) were given 300g/cow/day. The feeding standard during the research was calculated by the National Research Council (NRC). All cattle were raised under similar grazing system on the various kinds of local grasses such asilalang (Imperata cylindrica) and carex (Carexstricta) and supplemented with rice bran which was given as much as 1.5 kg/head/day. The animals were made free from internal parasites by using anthelmintic albendazole at the rate of 0.5 mg/kg body weight.

 

Table 1: Formulations used for preparing of urea molasses multi-nutrient block (UMMB) and urea molasses multi-nutrient moringa block (UM3B).

 

Ingredients (on a percentage basis)	Formulation (%)
	P0 (UMMB) (0%)	P1 (UM3B) (5%)	P2 (UM3B) (10%)	P3 (UM3B) (15%)
Moringa	-	5	10	15
Sago palm	-	1	2	3
Mineral	5	5	5	5
Urea	5	5	5	5
Salt	5	5	5	5
Chalk	7	7	7	7
Maize	5.1	12.2	9.7	8.9
Soy	15	12.2	9.5	6.3
Rice bran	22.9	17.6	11.8	9.8
Molasses	35	35	35	35
Total	100	100	100	100

 

 

The trial was conducted for 21 days after 14 days of adaptation period, and last 7 days were used for collection of samples. The data was collected as a measurement of feed consumption by weighing feed given and remaining feed for 24 hours. Then the feed samples and the remaining feed were taken by 10%. The fecal collections are carried out by weighing stool produced for 24 hours by each individual cow. The resulting stool is taken 10% to be dried and then mashed and mixed until homogeneous. Consumption (feed intake) was assessed by (%DM feed intake x total consumption) - (% DM remaining x total remaining). Whereas, nutrients digestibility was assessed with (nutrients content of feed- nutrients content of feces / nutrients content of feed x 100 %), respectively. Furthermore, the material is analyzed to determine the content of dry matter and organic matter.

 

The chemical composition of forage, urea molasses multi-nutrient moringa block (UM3B), and feces were analyzed using methods recommended by AOAC (1994), while acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were calculated according to methods of Van Soest et al. (1991).

 

Statistical Analysis

The data of block consumption was analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The significant differences between means were compared using Duncan’s multiple range tests. The difference was considered as significant when p < 0.05.

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 

The results of the averages of dry matter and organic matter consumption after inclusion of various doses of moringa in UM3B were shown in Figure 1. The consumption of dry matter and organic matter in the Bali cattle was not significantly different (P>0.05) between control (P0) and all treatments, however, the data showed an increasing trend via the addition of moringa doses in treatments P1, P2 and P3. The results wereattained in agreement with the findings of the previous study by Sjofjan (2008) who revealed that administration of moringa leaves in feed can increase feed consumption and weight gain. Furthermore, Raman et al. (2018) revealed that leaf of moringa as a protein source in diet increased feed intake in cattle.

 

 

On the other hand, the percentage of digestibility of dry matter was significantly different (P<0.05) between control (P0) and treatments of P2 or P3; however, the digestibility of dry matter in the treatment of P3 was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of P2 (Table 2). Likewise, the percentage of digestibility of organic matter was significantly different (P<0.05) between control (P0) and treatments of P2 or P3, where the digestibility of organic matter in the treatment of P3 was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of P2.

 

Increased digestibility of dry matter and organic matter in treatments P1, P2 and P3 were turned out to be in line with the addition of moringa doses in UM3B. This is probably because moringa supplements contain complete nutrients that probably have impact on the microbial population of rumen, as it is well established that increased microbial population in rumen may significantly improve the protein consumption. The results were strengthened by Yami (2007) who stated that supplementation with Urea Molasses Multi-Nutrient Blocks (UMMB) can increase digestibility of fibrous feeds and feed intake. On the other hand, Mubi et al. (2011) as well as Mahesh and Mohini (2014) reported that feed technology like UMMB could be used to improve the efficiency of nutrition.

 

Table 2: The average digestibility of nutrients by supplementation of various doses of moringa (UM3B) in Bali cattle.

 

Parameters	Moringa dose in the formula of UM3B
	P0 (0%)	P1 (5%)	P2 (10%)	P3 (15%)
Digestibility of dry matter	68.09 ±0.91a	73.71 ±0.79ab	79.06 ±1.02b	86.07 ±0.70c
Digestibility of organic matter	22.58 ±0.87a	23.05 ±0.59ab	33.06 ±0.79b	60.58 ±0.51c
Crude fiber	35.73 ±0.51	40.19 ±0.94	36.33 ±0.85	37.97 ±0.61

 

a,b,c Values in the same row with different superscripts indicate significant difference at P<0.05,

 

Digestibility of dry matter and organic matter in 15% UM3B in Bali cattle showed better effects. This proves that the quantity and quality of moringa were able to provide nutrients for the rumen microbes so that it can raise the nutrient digestibility. This is in accordance with the opinion of previous workers those reported that several factors can influence ration digestibility including physical form, feed flow rate through the gastrointestinal tract, the ratio of food substances in the rumen and the complete nutritional composition of nutrition (MCdonald et al., 1995; Abel et al., 2014; Saidu et al., 2017).

 

CONCLUSION

 

It can be concluded that the feed intake, as well as digestibility of dry matter and organic matter were improved by all levels of moringa inclusion; however, the best results were obtained by inclusion of 15% moringa level in UM3B.

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

 

The funding of this project by Direktorat Risetdan Pengabdian Masyarakat (DRPM) of the Ministry of Research, Technology, Higher Education, Republic of Indonesia. The authors also were grateful to Mr. Basuki and Mrs Arini for their assistance.

 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

 

All the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

 

AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION

 

The study (experimental) design was achieved by AbdMalik, the actual research organized by Aam Gunawan and Neni W while Siti Erlina and Rizkie tabularized the data and done the statistical analyses.

 

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