Research Article

 

Development of Linear Score System for Sahiwal Cows in Pakistan

 

Musarrat Abbas Khan1*, Muhammad Sajjad Khan2

1Department of Livestock Production and Management, University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University Bahawalpur; 2Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Editor | Asghar Ali Kamboh, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan.

Received | May 27, 2015; Revised | June 27, 2015; Accepted | June 28, 2015; Published | June 02, 2015

*Correspondence | Musarrat Abbas Khan, University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan; Email: drmusarratabbas@yahoo.com

Citation | Khan MA, Khan MS (2015). Development of linear score system for Sahiwal cows in Pakistan. J. Anim. Health Prod. 3(3): 59-63.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.jahp/2015/3.3.59.63

ISSN | 2308–2801

Copyright © 2015 Khan and Khan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

 

INTRODUCTION

 

There are many characters that have been incorporated in selection indices in developed countries. Type is emphasized to varying degree in different type production indexes in different countries. Type is the word used literally to describe an animal in terms of conformation. Dairymen and livestock breeders usually try to seek best type cows and willing to pay more for these beautiful and functional animals (Hyatt et al., 1949; White, 1974).

 

Greater genetic progress can be attained by considering conformation and milk yield together while selecting for increased milk yield (Naidu, 1972). Selection for better type will increase strength, stamina and survival of dairy cows (Boettcher et al., 1993). Selection on linear type traits may improve functionally and longevity of the animal for dairy production (Harris et al., 1992). In an effort to breed dairy cattle to with stand the stress of high production over several lactations; dairy producers have often selected bulls based on transmitting abilities for various conformation traits. Herd life studies suggested that mammary traits, particularly udder depth, fore udder attachment and teat placement should be emphasized while selecting animals (Funk, 1993). The reliability of evaluation for herd life for young bulls was enhanced by considering conformation information on correlated traits that can be measured early in the life of bulls. Conformation traits have been used as indirect selection criteria for herd life (Vukasinovic et al., 2002). High yielding Holstein heifers had deeper udders and were more angular in dairy character (Brotherstone, 1994). High producing heifers would be taller, larger and longer than low producing heifers (Lin et al., 1987). It becomes evident from preceding discussion that type is important selection criteria to be considered for breeding livestock.

 

The Royal Jersey Agricultural Society drew up the first score card ever developed for evaluating type of Jersey cattle in 1834 (Copeland, 1964). Type classification has under gone various changes from a single total score to the most recent uniform functional type traits (UFTT) program. A type committee appointed by the National Association of Animal Breeders (NAAB) in 1977 recommended this program. The new UFTT program that included 13 appraisal traits to supplement breeder association’s traditional final score was implemented in January (1980) by the Ayrshire, Guernsey and Jersey breed associations, in January (1981) by the Milking Shorthorn and Red and White breed associations and in January (1982) by the Brown Swiss Association. Holstein Breed Association implemented a similar program in January (1983). National Association of Animal breeders (NAAB) proposed scoring 14 traits on a 50-point basis with each trait being scored from one biological extreme to the other (Norman et al., 1983). The topic has been reviewed extensively (Bowden, 1982; Burnside et al., 1984). The means for type traits on 9 point scale has been reported for Czech Holstein cattle (Nemcova et al., 2011). The linear score system has been developed for Nili Ravi Buffaloes (Javed et al., 2013). The Sahiwal cattle in India have been appraised for linear type traits on a 9 point scale (Dubey et al., 2014).

 

The linear type trait scoring on Sahiwal cattle breed in Pakistan has not been made in the past. The objectives of the study were to develop standards for linear type traits for Sahiwal cattle breed. Secondly to describe the Sahiwal cattle in terms of linear score that how Sahiwal cattle looks like.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 

Data Collection

The study was started at three herds of Sahiwal cattle in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. Freshly calved cows were selected for linear scoring. Cows from lactation first to fifth were included in study. There were 310 lactating cows became available fulfilling said criterion. Measurements on body and udder traits were recorded at three stages of lactation (15 to 45 days, 90 to 120 days and 165 to 195 days after calving). The measurements were converted into class interval for assigning linear score. Each cow was assigned linear score thrice provided she remained in milk. Cows within 15 days after freshening were not entitled for scoring just to avoid error because of edematous swelling.

 

A specially designed proforma was used for recording measurements and for assigning linear score for traits scored visually. Major emphasis was laid on the 15 linear type traits approved as standard traits by the International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR, 2002). The following were traits: 1) stature, 2) chest width, 3) body depth,

 

Table 1: Linear score assignment basis for Sahiwal cattle

Score	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Stature (cm)	≤117	118-119	120-121	122-123	124-125	126-127	128-129	130-131	≥132
Chest width (cm)	≤22	23-24	25-26	27-28	29-30	31-32	33-34	35-36	≥37
Body depth (cm)	≤61	62-63	64-65	66-67	68-69	70-71	72-73	74-75	≥76
Angularity				Visual score
Rump angle (degree)	≤0	1-3	4-6	7-9	10-12	13-15	16-18	19-21	≥22
Rump width (cm)	≤12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	≥20
Rear legs set (degree)	≤158	159-160	161-162	163-164	165-166	167-168	169-170	171-172	≥173
Rear legs rear view				Visual scoring
Foot angle (degree)	≤36	37-39	40-42	43-45	46-48	49-51	52-54	55-57	≥58
Fore udder attachment				Visual scoring
Rear udder height (cm)	≥30	28-29	26-27	24-25	22-23	20-21	18-19	16-17	≤15
Central ligament (cm)	≤1	1.5	2	2.5	3	4	5	6	≥7
Udder depth (cm)	≤2	3-5	6-8	9-11	12-14	15-17	18-20	21-23	≥24
Teat placement rear view				Visual scoring
Teat length (cm)	≤5	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	≥12
Rear udder width (cm)	≤6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	≥14
Thurl width (cm)	≤35	36-37	38-39	40-41	42-43	44-45	46-47	48-49	≥50
Naval length (cm)	≤5	6-7	8-9	10-11	12-13	14-15	16-17	18-19	≥20
Dewlap width (cm)	≤9	10-11	12-13	14-15	16-17	18-19	20-21	22	≥23
Dewlap surface area (cm)	≤395	401-475	476-550	551-625	626-700	701-775	776-850	851-921	≥922
Dewlap visual score				Visual scoring

 

4) angularity, 5) rump angle, 6) rump width, 7) rear legs set, 8) rear legs rear view, 9) foot angle, 10) fore udder attachment, 11) rear udder height, 12) central ligament, 13) udder depth, 14) teat placement rear view, 15) fore teat length, 16) rear udder width and 17) thurl width, 18) naval length, 19) dewlap width, 20) dewlap surface area and 21) dewlap visual score. The traits including rear legs rear view, fore udder attachment and front teat placement were assigned objectively a linear score on a scale of 1-9 according to the procedures outlined for conformation recording by the International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR, 2002). Dewlap of each cow was visually scored into three categories (dewlap with light skin folds, intermediate skin folds and heavy skin folds). However subjective measurements were recorded for all other traits with different tools like height gauge, callipers, vernier calliper, ruler, compass, protractor and cloth tape. Traits were recorded in nearest centimetres.

 

Assignment of Linear Score

Keeping in view, the biological extremes of measurement traits a class interval was constructed for each trait (Table 1). Traits were assigned linear score on a scale of 1-9 in the light of these class intervals.

 

Statistical Analysis

The ASReml (Version 2.0), was the statistical package used (Gilmour et al., 2007). The least square means for linear type traits were obtained after fitting fixed effect model. The linear model included fixed effects of herd, parity and stage of lactation at classification. The age of cow at classification was used as co-variable.

 

The reduced model assumed the following statistical expression after excluding linear and quadratic effect of age of cow at classification being non-significant in initial analysis:

 

Yijkl =µ + Hi + Pj + Tk + eijkl

 

Where

µ= overall mean

Hi = effect of ith herd (1-3)

Pj = effect of jth parity (1-2)

Tk = effect of kth stage of lactation (1-3)

aijkl = age of cow at classification

eijkl = random error associated with each observation

 

RESULTS

 

Descriptive Statistics of Linear Type Traits

The means, minimum and maximum along with standard deviations are presented in Table 2. The linear score for most of the traits fall in intermediate range. The mean linear scores were for stature 5.1±2.0, chest width 4.4±1.53, body depth 4.8±1.92, angularity 5.1±1.1, rump angle 5.2±1.56, rump width 4.7±1.46, rear legs set 4.9±1.71, rear legs rear view 4.3±1.77, foot angle 5.3±1.89, fore udder attachment 4.5±1.77, rear udder height 5.1±1.25, central ligament 3.8±1.55, udder depth 4.9±1.67, teat placement rear view 5.0±1.40, fore teat length 4.0±1.84, rear udder width 3.5±1.74, thurl width 4.9±1.37, naval length 4.7±1.43, dewlap width 4.5±1.29, dewlap surface area 4.4±1.71 and dewlap visual score 2.2±0.74, respectively.

 

Table 2: Descriptive statistics of linear type traits for Sahiwal cattle

Traits	Min	Mean	Max	Standard Deviation
Stature	1	5.1	9	2.00
Chest Width	1	4.4	9	1.53
Body Depth	1	4.8	9	1.92
Angularity	1	5.1	9	1.81
Rump Angle	1	5.2	9	1.56
Rump Width	1	4.7	9	1.46
Rear Leg Set	1	4.9	9	1.71
Rear Legs Rear View	1	4.3	9	1.77
Foot Angle	1	5.3	9	1.89
Fore Udder Attachment	1	4.5	9	1.77
Rear Udder Height	1	5.1	9	1.25
Central Ligament	1	3.8	9	1.55
Udder Depth	1	4.9	9	1.67
Teat placement rear view	1	5.0	9	1.40
Fore teat Length	1	4.0	9	1.84
Rear Udder Width	1	3.5	9	1.74
Thurl Width	1	4.9	9	1.37
Naval length	1	4.7	9	1.43
Dewlap width	1	4.5	9	1.29
Dewlap surface area	1	4.4	9	1.71
Dewlap visual score†	1	2.2	3	0.74

 

† Scored on a scale of 1-3

 

Classification of Sahiwal Cattle for Linear Type Traits

How the Sahiwal cows included in present study look like is presented in Table 3. For most of the linear type traits, Sahiwal cows were classified in intermediate range. The cows were in intermediate category for stature, chest width, body depth, angularity, rump angle, rump width, rear legs set, rear legs rear view, foot angle and thurl width. The cows were possessing acceptable score for fore udder attachment, very low height at rear attachment, slight definition at central ligament, udder was set above hocks, rear udder was not very wide and teats of medium length were placed at middle of quarter.

 

Table 3: Classification of Sahiwal cattle for linear type traits

Traits	Mean±SD	Measurement (cm)	Description
Stature	5.1±2.0	124-125	Intermediate height at spine in between hooks
Chest Width	4.4±1.53	27-28	Intermediate neither wide nor narrow
Body Depth	4.82±1.92	67-68	Intermediate neither deep nor shallow
Angularity	5.1±1.81	-	Intermediate
Rump Angle	5.2±1.56	10-12*	Intermediate slope from hooks to pins
Rump Width	4.7±1.46	16	Intermediate
Rear Leg Set	4.9±1.71	165-166*	Intermediate neither sickled nor straight
Rear Legs Rear View	4.3±1.77	-	Intermediate toes slightly inclined to outward
Foot Angle	5.3±1.89	46-48*	Intermediate
Fore Udder Attachment	4.5±1.77	-	Intermediate/acceptable
Rear Udder Height	3.3±1.25	24-25	Very low
Central Ligament	3.8±1.55	2.5	Intermediate slight definition
Udder Depth	4.9±1.67	12.14	Intermediate set above hock
Teat placement rear view	5.0±1.40	-	Teats placed at middle of quarters
Fore teat length	4.0±1.84	7	Intermediate
Rear Udder Width	3.5±1.74	9	Not very wide
Thurl Width	4.9±1.37	42-43	Intermediate width at thurl position
Naval length	4.7±1.43	12-13	Intermediate
Dewlap width	4.5±1.29	15-16	Intermediate
Dewlap surface area	4.4±1.71	551-625	Intermediate
Dewlap visual score†	2.2±0.74	-	Intermediate

 

† Scored on a scale of 1-3; *= angle in degree

 

DISCUSSION

 

The linear type scores for most of the traits tended to follow normal distribution. Linear score for central ligament however deviated from normal distribution. As linear score was based on measurement of groove at the base of udder in between rear teats. Peculiar structure at base of teats of Sahiwal cattle was a source of disturbance for measurement. That might have affected accuracy of linear score assignment. The maximum cluster of animals for teat length and rear udder width at linear score 3 indicated that most of Sahiwal cows were not very wider at rear udder position and were possessing fore teats that were not very long. Most of the cows were found in category of narrow to intermediate for chest width. The linear score on 9 point scale for Indian Sahiwal were more or less same for most of linear type traits as for this study. The linear score for stature 6.88, chest width 5.30, rump width 5.09 and teat length 6.92 were slightly higher for Indian Sahiwal. Whereas the linear score for body depth 4.11, Rump Angle 4.27 for Indian Sahiwal were lower than current study findings (Dubey et al., 2014). Although the linear score for bone structure traits could not be compared across breeds because of breed differences. However the linear type traits score on 9 point scale for Czech Holstein were higher than current study findings for most of traits. The mean linear score for central ligament 5.7, udder depth 5.8 and rear udder width 5.3 in Czech Holstein (Němcova et al., 2011) were very high as compared to current study finding. It means that Czech Holsteins possess strong central ligament, have deep udder and wide rear udder than Sahiwal cows included in current study. Several other studies have reported linear score for different breeds on a 50 point scale (50-99). Although 50 point scale has less logic to compare with 9 point scale, even though we could have some insight from such information. The linear score of stature 91.7 (score is on extreme side) for Tharparkar cattle (Vij et al., 1990) indicates that Tharparkar cows are taller than Sahiwal cows which is evident from the mean score of stature as 5.1. This score lies in between the biological extremes. However linear score of stature for Tharparkar cattle is on higher side of biological extreme. The mean score of stature 73.3 for Indian Sahiwal (Dahiya, 2005a) indicates that Indian Sahiwal were shorter in height at spine than Sahiwal cattle in current study. Because linear score for Indian Sahiwal is slightly less than midpoint of biological extremes, whereas score 5.1 for Sahiwal in current study is slightly higher than midpoint. The linear score for Hariana cows (Dahiya, 2005b) follow the same pattern as for Sahiwal in current study.

 

CONCLUSIONS

 

Means for most of the linear type traits fall in intermediate category. There is much scope for improvement of traits related to size. Presently animals can be selected for increase in height at spine, chest width, body depth, rump width, thurl width, rear udder width and central ligament.

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

 

The financial support by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan for this study is duly accredited. The facilitation extended by Livestock and Dairy Development Department, Punjab to complete this study is highly acknowledged.

 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

 

We want to make it clear that there is no conflict of interest with any of the financial organization regarding the material discussed in the current manuscript.

 

Auhtor’s Contribution

 

The present paper is part of Ph.D study of corresponding author (Musarrat Abbas Khan). Whereas the second author (Muhammad Sajjad Khan) worked as supervisor of Ph.D scholar.

 

REFERENCES

 

Boettcher PJ, Hansen LB, Chester-Jones H, Young CW (1993). Responses of yield and conformation to selection for milk in a designed experiment with a control population. J. Dairy Sci. 76: 267-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77345-2

Bowden V (1982). Type classification in dairy cattle: a review. Anim. Breed. Abst. 50: 147-162.

Brotherstone S (1994). Genetic and phenotypic correlations between linear type traits and production traits in Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle. Anim. Prod. 59: 183-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0003356100007662

Burnside EB, McClintock AE, Hammond K (1984). Type production and longevity in dairy cattle: a review. Anim. Breed Abst. 52: 711-719.

Copeland L (1964). Type and lifetime production. J. Dairy Sci. 47: 1436-1438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(64)88939-6

Dahiya SP (2005a). Appraisal of linear type traits for reproductive efficiency in Sahiwal cows. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 75: 945-948.

Dahiya SP (2005b). Linear functional type traits for reproductive efficiency in Hariana cows. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 75: 524-527.

Dubey A, Mishra S, Khune V (2014). Appraisal of linear type traits in Sahiwal cattle. Indian J. Anim. Res. 48(3): 258-261. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.0976-0555.48.3.055

Funk DA (1993). Optimal genetic improvement for the high producing herd. J. Dairy Sci. 76: 3278-3286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77664-X

Gilmour AR, Gogel BJ Cullis BR, Welham SJ, Thompson R (2007). ASReml User Guide (Version 2.0), VSN International Ltd, Hemel Hempstead, HP11ES, UK.

Harris BL, Freeman AE, Metzger E (1992). Genetic and phenotypic parameters for type and production in Guernsey dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 75: 1147-1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(92)77860-6

Hyatt JRG, Tyler WJ, Conklin CT (1949). The relationship between type ratings of Ayrshire females as young heifers and as cows. J. Dairy Sci. 32: 375-380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(49)92052-4

ICAR, (2002). International Agreement of Recording Practices, approved on 30 May, 2002.

Javed K, Mirza RH, Abdullah M, Pasha TN, Akhtar M (2013). Studies on linear type traits and morphometric measurements in Nili Ravi Buffaloes of Pakistan. Buffalo Bull. 32(2): 780-783.

Lin CY, Lee AJ, McAllister AJ, Batra TR, Roy GL, Vesely JA, Wauthy JM, Winter KA (1987). Intercorrelations among milk production traits and body and udder measurements in Holstein heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 70: 2385-2393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(87)80299-0

Naidu KN (1972). Genetic and phenotypic variations in shape and size of udder in four breeds of Indian dairy cattle. Agra University J. Res. Sci. 21: 75-78.

Němcova E, Štipkova M, Zavadilova L (2011). Genetic parameters for linear type traits in Czech Holstein cattle. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 56(4): 157–162.

Norman HD, Powell RL, Mohammad WA, Wright JR (1983). Effect of herd and sire on uniform functional type trait appraisal scores for Ayrshire, Guernsey, Jersey and Milking Shorthorns. J. Dairy Sci. 66: 2173-2184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(83)82065-7

Vij PK, Balain DS, George M, Vinayak AK (1990). Linear type traits and their influence on milk production in Tharparkar cattle. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 60: 845-852.

Vukasinovic N, Schleppi Y, Kunzi N (2002). Using conformation traits to improve reliability of genetic evaluation for herd life based on survival analysis. J. Dairy Sci. 85: 1556-1562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74225-2

White JM (1974). Role of conformational and managemental traits in dairy cattle breeding. J. Dairy Sci. 57:1267-1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(74)85051-4