Research Article

 

A Check List of Angiospermic Plants of Sheikh Buddin National Park, District Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

 

Attaullah*, Nasrullah Khan, Zahid Muhammad

Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir (lower), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

 

 

Editor | Muhammad Nauman Zahid, Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.

Received | October 13, 2015; Accepted | May 22, 2016; Published | June 15, 2016

*Correspondence | Attaullah , Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir (lower), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Attaullah, Khan N, Muhammad Z (2016). A check list of angiospermic plants of Sheikh Buddin National Park, District Dera Ismail Khan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. S. Asian J. Life Sci. 4(1): 18-24.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.sajls/2016/4.1.18.24

ISSN | 2311–0589

Copyright © 2016 Attaullah et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

 

Introduction

 

An area which is set aside by the national government for the protection of natural environment is known as a national park. According to the World Conservation Union it is a natural area selected in order to protect the ecological integrity of one or more ecosystems for the present and upcoming generation (Ahmad and Ann, 2011). For the conservation of biodiversity, educational, historical recreational purposes the protected areas are most important in many ways. Overall all there are 102102 protected areas in the world which covers 18.8 million km2 of the earth (Datar and Lakshminarasimhan, 2013).

 

In Pakistan there are 26 national parks covering about 3% area of the country. The largest one is that Central Karakoram National Park, while Toli Pir (1000 acre area) is the smallest national park of Pakistan. Sheikh Buddin National Park is one of them, situated in the Dera Ismail Khan District, which is the southernmost district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. It is believed that Hazrat Sheikh Bahauddin Zakariya, the great Sufi saint of Multan has traveled to this town to preach Islam, while others believed that the hill got the name Sheikh Bahauddin after Pir Sheikh Bahauddin, whose tomb is on the top of the hill, his offspring’s are still living here and are locally known as Pirs of Sheikh Badin., which later on shortened to Sheikh Buddin. The park spreads over an area of 15540 hectare and was upgraded to the category of National Park (NP) for the aims of conserving its biodiversity, beautiful

 

 

sceneries and history as well as educational and recreational tenacities as a result of notification number . Forest 1 (FFT) VIII. Peshawar, Dated 15.07.1993 (Zahoor, 2010).

 

In Pakistan there are 5521 recorded species of angiosperms belonging to 1572 genera, mostly present in the hilly areas of the country (Khan et al., 2011; Ali and Qaiser, 1986).

 

Arshad et al. (2013) collected 88 plant species from Chitral Goal National Park in their report about assessing potential habitats of Kashmir Markhor in Chitral Gol National park. They use multivariate techniques and divide the Park in 1V communities. Similarly, Hussain et al. (2013) explored the vegetation structure and dynamics of the vegetation in Central Karakoram National Park. Qureshi et al. (2011) reported 62 plant species from Khunjerab National Park, in which the most important family was Primulaceae which contributed 11.29% of the total flora. Khan et al. (2011) documented 31 species belonging to 21 families along with their medicinal uses from Chitral Gol National Park. Hussain and Parveen (2009) documented 70 plant species describing their life form and phonological characters from Kirthar range. From the Dureji game reserve of Balochistan Province Perveen et al. (2008) recorded 79 plant species belonged to 66 genera’s and 32 families, in which family Poaceae was the dominant family with 12 plant species. They also reported that the Chaemophytes were the most dominant class of life form in the study area followed by Phanerophytes. Similarly research was conducted on 6 most prominently underutilized plant species and their medicinal and food uses were studied in Ayubia National Park by Ahmad and Jawed (2007). While, Hameed et al. (2002) described the vegetation of Lal Suhnra National Park and reported 56 plant species belonging to 20 families of which Poaceae was the largest family with 19 grass species. A phytosociological survey of the vegetation in Machyara National Park was described by Malik and Zandiyal (1996). To date no published report is about the flora of Sheikh Buddin National Park, so this was the first attempt to provide a check list of angiosperm plants of the study area and this will provide necessary information’s for the future researches. The aim of the present study was to explore the vegetation of Sheikh Buddin National Park.

 

Materials and Methods

 

The Sheikh Buddin National Park is situated in the Dera Ismail Khan District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa spanning between 32º16” to 32º34” N latitudes and 70°45” to 71º12” E longitudes with an altitudinal range of 300-1350 m above sea level Marwat et al. (2012a) (Figure 1) . The area is highly diversified not only in mineral resources but also hub to biodiversity to micro-climatic regimes. Geographically the study area is situated in such a way that its boundaries touches the South Wazirestan Agency on the west; the districts of Tank and Lakki Marwat on the north, river Indus, Mian Wali and Bhakkar of Punjab in the east and Dera Ghazi Khan of Punjab province in the south Marwat and Khan (2008). The area has distinct summer and winter seasons. The climatic conditions of the area reveal that January (12ºC) is the coldest and June (35ºC) is the hottest months of the year, respectively. During winter the mean maximum and minimum temperature are 20.3°C and 4.2°C respectively, while 35°C and 22°C during summer. Average annual rainfall is 200 mm (Marwat et al., 2012b), while total rainfall during study period was 276mm (Figure 2).

 

 

Due to these harsh and xeric conditions the study site provide a well substratum to xerophytes communities, developing as subtropical dry ecosystem (Champion et al., 1965). Dominant species of the area are Acacia modesta, Prosopis juliflora, Olea ferruginea, Capparis decidua, Tamarax aphla Dodonea viscosa, Saccharum species and Cymbpogon species (Zahoor et al., 2009).

 

The present check list of angiosperms of Sheikh Buddin National Park is a result of various field collections and as a laboratory work from March 2013 to April 2014. For the collection and identification of living, wild and cultivated Angiospermic species, monthly field trips were arranged. The Park enclosures was thoroughly surveyed and photograph of various plant species were taken with the help of a digital camera and live plants were collected, pressed on, dried and preserved with their full morphological structure (roots, stem, leaves, flowers and fruits) on the herbarium sheet following the standard techniques of (Decoteau and Kelly, 1985; Bean, 2013). Field information such as habit, flower color and flowering season along with their local names (Pashto names) were collected from the local knowledgeable peoples.

 

The species were identified with the help of available literature and flora of Pakistan (Ali and Qaiser, 1995-2008) and were confirmed by comparing with authentic specimens available and deposited at the botanical garden Herbarium Deportment of Botany, University of Malakand, Chakdara Dir lower, Pakistan. In addition specimens which were collected from other national parks and tropical forests were also studied. Genera were arranged in alphabetical order.

 

Results and Discussion

 

Intensive and Extensive tours in various seasons and ecosystem resulted in collection of 117 plant species belonging to 99 genera from the Sheikh Buddin National Park. These plants species belong to 51 families in which 6 (11.76%) were monocots, one gymnosperm while rest of the families (86.27%) were dicots as shown in Table 1 (given at the end).

 

 

The flora of the study area was dominated by the members of Poaceae and Lamiaceae contributed 7.75% by each one followed by Asteraceae 6%, Apocyanaceae and Fabaceae 5.17% each, Mimosaceae and Solanaceae with 4.31% each one. While rest of the families showed poor floristic composition of the National Park as shown in Figure 3. Majority (60%) of the families were monospecific. Floral abundance show that majority of the species were found in abundant categories (Figure 4).

 

 

Among the monocots the family Poaceae had 9 species and 7 generas, liliaceae, Arecaceae and Asparagaceae each one were represented by 2 species while rest of the families (asphodelaceae and cyperaceae) were represented by 1 species. In Dicots the Lamiaceae was the largest family including 9 species followed by Asteraceae with 7 species and 6 generas, Fabaceae and apocyanaceae were the 3rd leading families of dicots representing 6 species, While Mimosaceae and solanaceae were the 4th largest families with 5 plant species and 3 generas of each one. Other well represented families were Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Zygophylaceae with 3 specie each. The remaining 30 families were represented by one species each indicating that these families have poor floristic representation in the overall vegetation of the National Park.

 

Among the 117 species 28 were trees, 22 shrubs and 67 were herbs. Among trees Acacia modesta, Olea ferruginea, Salvadora oleoides, in shrubs Prosopis juliflora, Dodonea viscosa and Rhazya stricta, while among herbs Cymbopogon species, Saccharum bengalense and Cynodon dactylon , Peganum harmala were dominant species. Table 1 also shows that there were 47 abundant species, 29 frequent while 40 species were rare. Most of the abundant species were herbs and some shrubs, while most of the shrubs and some trees were frequently distributed whereas few of the trees and herbs were rare in the National Park. Among the trees Acacia modesta, Olea ferruginea were abundant and frequently occuring species. In shrubs the most abundant species were Prosopis julifora at low altitude and Dodonea viscosa at high altitude while in herbs grasses were dominated in the entire study area.

 

 

Aerva javanica, Rhazya stricta, Echinops echinatus, Launaea procumbens, Calotropis procera, Periploca aphylla, Euphorbia prostrate, Acacia nilotica, Alhagi maurorum, Ziziphus nummularia, Salvadora oleoides, Solanum surattense, Tamarix dioica and Tamarix aphylla etc., were recorded by Perveen et al. (2008) Dureji (Khirthar Range) while all of the above mentioned species were recorded by us from the Sheikh Buddin National Park. Sophora mollis, Rumex hastatus, Filago hardwerica, Purtulaca oleracae, Chenopodium album and Convulvus arvensis, were collected by Arshad et al. (2013) from Chitral Gol National Park and all of these plants species were also found in the study area.

 

Figure 5 shows the class-wise and habit wise distribution of the species in Sheikh Baddin National Park. It is clear from Figure 5 that the contribution of herbs was more than trees and shrubs, similarly the floristic composition of trees was more than that of shrubs. Figure 5 also indicated the distribution of monocots is higher than that of dicots in the Park.

 

Conclusion

 

The study area face sever biotic and abiotic pressure, due to which diversity and composition of natural flora being vanishing. If proper management, care and protection were not taken, the area would become a barren area in near decades. This loss will not only effect climate but also, socioeconomic level of the area.

 

Conflict of Interest

 

Authors declare that their is no conflict of interest in this work.

 

Authors’ Contribution

 

Nasrullah Khan designed the project, Atta Ullah collected field data and prepared early draft of manuscript while Zahid Muhammad help in field work, preparing and designing the manuscript and figures.

 

References

 

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Table 1: Showing Binomial, Habit, Local name, Family and Population of plant species in SBNP

S No.	Binomial	H	Local name	Family	P	V No.
1	Acacia modesta Wall.	T	Palosa	Mimosaceae	A	5319
2	Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd.ex Delile.	T	Kikar	Mimosaceae	F	5320
3	Aerva javanica (Burm.f.) juss. Ex Schult	H	Speraie	Amaranthaceae	A	5321
4	Agave sisalana Perrine ex Engelm.	S	Kharwazh	Asparagaceae	R	5322
5	Alianthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle.	T	Bakanra	Simaroubaceae	R	5323
6	Albizia lebback (L.) Benth	T	Srine	Mimosaaceae	R	5324
7	Alhagi maurorum Medik.	H	Thundan	Fabaceae	F	5325
8	Allium griffithianum Boiss, Diagn.	H	Khakol	Liliaceae	F	5326
9	Aloe vera L.	H	Khar ghawzh	Liliaceae	A	5327
10	Amaranthus viridis L.	H	Ranzaqa	Amaranthaceae	A	5328
11	Anagallis arvensis L.	H	Shin gull	Primulaceae	A	5329
12	Aristida adscensionis L.	H	Bambasaie	Poaceae	A	5330
13	Asparagus capitatus Baker.	H	Unknown	Asparagaceae	A	5331
14	Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav.	H	Piazi	Asphodelaceae	F	5332
15	Astragalus hamosus L.	H	Unknown	Fabaceae	A	5333
16	Boerhavia procumbens Banks ex Roxb.	H	Unknown	Nyctaginaceae	F	5334
17	Bromus japonicus Houtt.	H	Unknown	Poaceae	F	5335
18	Calligonum polygonoides L.	S	Balanza	Polygonaceae	R	5336
19	Calotropis procera (Ait) W.T. Aiton.	S	Spalmaka	Asclepiadaceae	A	6337
20	Cannabis sativa L.	H	Bang	Cannabanaceae	R	5338
21	Capparis decidua (Forssk.) Pax	T	Kirra	Capparidaceae	R	5339
22	Caralluma edulis (Edgew.) Benth	H	Pamanaye	Apocynaceae	R	5340
23	Carthamus oxyacantha M. Bieb	H	Kareza	Asteraceae	R	5341
24	Cecnhrus ciliaris L.	H	Bambasaie	Poaceae	A	5342
25	Chenopodium album L.	H	Surmaie	Chenopodiaceae	F	5343
26	Chenopodium murale L.	H	Surmaie	Chenopodiaceae	F	5344
27	Chrozophora tinctoria (L.) Juss.	H	Unknown	Euphorbiaceae	F	5345
28	Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.	H	Ghata maraghoniye	Cucurbitaceae	A	5346
29	Convolvulus arvensis L.	H	Parwathyie	Convolvulaceae	F	5347
30	Conyza stricta Willd.	H	Unknown	Asteraceae	A	5348
31	Cordia myxa L.	T	Lasora	Boraginaceae	R	5349
32	Cotoneaster nummularia Fischer and C.A.Meyer.	S	Mamanra	Rosaceae	R	5350
33	Cymbopogon distans (Nees ex Steud.) Will. Watson.	H	Sargaraie	Poaceae	A	5351
34	Cymbopogon jawarncusa (Jones) Schult.	H	Sargaraie	Poaceae	A	5352
35	Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.	H	Drab, Barawa	Poaceae	A	5353
36	Cyperus rotundus L	H	Dila (Sedge)	Cyperaceae	F	5354
37	Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. Ex DC.	T	Shawa	Fabaceae	R	5355
38	Datura metel L.	S	Barbaka	Solanaceae	F	5356
39	Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq.	S	Shamshad	Sapindiceae	A	5357
40	Echinops echinatus Roxb.	S	A ghra barbaka	Asteraceae	A	5358
41	Ehretia obtusifolia Hochst. ex A. DC.	S	Karaghonaie	Boraginaceae	F	5359
42	Eragrostis minor Host.	H	Baterey khwar	Poaceae	A	5360
43	Erodium cicutarium (L.) L Her. ex Aiton.	H	Unknown	Geraniaceae	F	5361
44	Eruca sativa Mill.	H	Thrikh weiraie	Brassicaceae	F	5362
45	Eucalyptus lanceolatus Honey.	T	Lachaie	Myrtaceae	R	5363
46	Euphorbia helioscopia L.	H	Unknown	Euphorbiaceae	A	5364
47	Euphorbia prostrata Aiton.	H	Thora kunda	Euphorbiaceae	A	5365
48	Fagonia indica Burm. f.	H	Spelaghzaie	Zygophyllaceae	F	5366
49	Farsetia jacquemontii Hook. f. & Thomson.	H	Melangaie	Brassicaceae	A	5367
50	Ficus carica L.	T	Anjir(thughan)	Moraceae	R	5368
51	Ficus palmata Forssk.	T	Jngli anjir	Moraceae	R	5369
52	Filago hurdwarica (Wall. ex DC.) Wagenitz.	H	Unknown	Asteraceae	A	5370
53	Grewia optiva Drumm. ex Burret.	T	Pasthawonaie	Tilaceae	R	5371
54	Gymnosporia royleana Wall. Ex Lawson	S	Soor azghey	Celastraceae	A	5372
55	Heliotropium strigosum Willd.	H	Unknown	Boraginaceae	A	5373
56	Isodon rugosus (Wall. ex Benth.) Codd.	H	Unknown	Lamiacee	F	5374
57	Kickxia incana (Wall.) Pennel.	H	Unknown	Scrophulariaceae	F	5375
58	Kickxia ramosissima (Wall.) Janch.	H	Unknown	Scrophulariaceae	F	5376
59	Lallemantia royleana (Benth.) Benth.	H	Unknown	Lamiaceae	A	5377
60	Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hook.f	H	Parwathaie	Asteraceae	A	5378
61	Launaea procumbens (Roxb.) Ram. & Raj.	H	Parwathaie	Asteraceae	A	5379
62	Marrubium vulgare	H	Khar botaie	Meliaceae	A	5380
63	Malva parviflora L.	H	Unknown	Malvaceae	A	5381
64	Maytenus royleanus (Wall. ex Lawson).	S	Jiral	Celastraceae	F	5382
65	Melia azedarach L.	T	Angrezi bakanra	Meliaceae	R	5383
66	Mentha longifolia L.	H	Welanaie	Lamiaceae	R	5384
67	Monotheca buxifolia (Falc.) A. DC.	T	Gurgura	Sapotaceae	R	5385
68	Morus alba L.	T	Spin thooth	Moraceae	R	5386
69	Morus nigra L.	T	Thoor thooth	Moraceae	R	5387
70	Nannorrhops ritchiana (Griff.) Aitch.	T	Mazaraie	Arecaceae	R	5388
71	Nerium oleander L.	S	Ganderaie	Apocynaceae	A	5389
72	Nonea pulla (L.) DC	H	Unknown	Boraginaceae	R	5390
73	Olea ferruginea Royle	T	Shwawan	Oleaceae	F	5391
74	Otostegia limbata (Benth.) Boiss.	S	Ghra Spelaghzaie	Lamiaceae	F	5392
75	Oxalis corniculata L.	H	Unknown	Oxalidaceae	A	5393
76	Peganum harmala L.	H	Spelanaie	Nitrariaceae	A	5394
77	Periploca aphylla Decne.	S	Barara	Apocynaceae	F	5395
78	Periploca calophylla (Wight) Falc.	S	Barara	Apocynaceae	F	5396
79	Phlomis satewartii Hook. f.	S	Ghra podina	Lamiaceae	A	5397
80	Phoenix dactylifera L.	T	Khajora	Arecaceae	R	5398
81	Pinus roxburghii Sargent	T	Nakhtar	Pinaceae	R	5399
82	Pistacia chinensis Bunge.	T	Ghata shana	Anacardiaceae	R	5400
83	Pistacia vera L.	T	Shana	Anacardiaceae	R	5401
84	Plantago ciliata Desf.	H	Aspaghol	Plantaginaceae	A	5402
85	Plantago ovata Frossk.	H	Aspeghol	Plantginaceae	F	5403
86	Polygala abyssinica R. Br. ex Fresen.	H	Unknown	Polygalaceae	A	5404
87	Polygala hohenackeriana Fisch.	H	Unknown	Polygalaceae	A	5405
88	Portulaca oleracea L.	H	Warkharaie	Portulacaceae	F	5406
89	Prosopis cineraria (Linn.) Druce.	T	Dakaie	Mimosaceae	R	5407
90	Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.	S	Kikraie	Mimosaceae	A	5408
91	Prunus armeniaca L.	T	Khurmanaie	Rosaceae	R	5409
92	Punica granatum L.	T	Anar	Punicaceae	R	5410
93	Ranunculus arvensis L.	H	Zer gulaie	Ranunculaceae	A	5411
94	Rhazya stricta Decne.	S	Ghanderaie	Apocynaceae	F	5412
95	Ricinus communis L.	S	Arand	Euphorbiaceae	R	5413
96	Saccharum bengalense Retz.	H	kana, bara	Poaceae	A	5414
97	Saccharum spontaeum L.	H	Karaie	Poaceae	A	5415
98	Salvadora oleoides Decne.	T	Plaman	Salvadoraceae	F	5416
99	Salvia santolinifolia Boiss.	H	Aspaghol	Lamiaceae	A	5417
100	Saussurea heteromalla (D.Don) Hand.	H	Kala zira	Asteraceae	F	5418
101	Scrophularia striata Boiss.	H	Machala	Scrophulariaceae	A	5419
102	Scutellaria chamaedrifolia Hedge & Paton.	H	Unknown	Lamiaceae	A	5420
103	Sisymbrium irio L.	H	Khredan	Brassicaceae	A	5421
104	Solanum nigrum L.	H	Malgebaie	Solanaceae	A	5422
105	Solanum surattense Burm. f.	H	Wara maraghoniye	Solanaceae	A	5423
106	Sophora mollis (Royle) Baker.	S	Zer gul botaie	Fabaceae	R	5424
107	Tamarix aphylla (L.) Lanza.	T	Ghaz	Tamaricaceae	R	5425
108	Tecomella undulate D. Don.	T	Wredan	Bignoniaceae	R	5426
109	Teucrium stocksianum Boiss.	H	Makanbotaie	Lamiaceae	R	5427
110	Tribulus terrestris L.	H	Maklindey	Zygophylaceae	A	5428
111	Trigonella monantha C.A. Mey.	H	Unknown	Fabaceae	A	5429
112	Tylophora tenerrima Wight.	H	Ghra balanza	Apocynaceae	R	5430
113	Vicia hirsuta (L.) Gray.	H	Unknown	Fabaceae	R	5431
114	Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal.	S	Makhmazoora	Solanaceae	R	5432
115	Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal.	S	Shapianga	Solanaceae	R	5433
116	Ziziphus jujuba Mill.	T	Bira	Rhamnaceae	R	5434
117	Ziziphus numuleria (Burm.f) W& A.	S	Kanrknra	Rhamnaceae	R	5435

 

Key: H- Habit, P-population, T-Tree, S-Shrubs, Herbs, A-Abundant, F-Frequent, R- Rare, V.no-voucher number