Research Article

Use of Nutrients and Plant Extract to Manage Okra Yellow Vein Mosaic Disease (OYVMD) in Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan

Iram Bilqees1, Yasir Iftikhar1, Mustansar Mubeen1,2*, Qaiser Shakeel3, Ashara Sajid1, Zahoor Hussain4, Aqleem Abbas2, Muhammad Aamir Sohail2, Judith Jeruto Kiptoo5 and Shahzad Iqbal2

1Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan; 2State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P.R. China; 3Department of Plant Pathology, University College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, The Islamia University Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan; 4Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan; 5School of Biological and Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.

Received | June 02, 2020; Accepted | September 04, 2020; Published | October 06, 2020

*Correspondence | Mustansar Mubeen, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan; Email: mustansar01@yahoo.com

Citation | Bilqees, I., Y. Iftikhar, M. Mubeen, Q. Shakeel, A. Sajid, Z. Hussain, A. Abbas, M.A. Sohail, J.J. Kiptoo and S. Iqbal. 2020. Use of nutrients and plant extract to manage okra yellow vein mosaic disease (OYVMD) in Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, 33(4): 754-758.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjar/2020/33.4.754.758

Keywords | Okra, OYVMD, Management, Multi-nutrients, Plant extract

INTRODUCTION

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.) is known as villager’s vegetable because of having seed protein and high amount of nutrition fiber. The common name of okra is lady finger. Okra belongs to the “Malvaceae” family. Okra is considered as nutritional power house due to its composition including minerals, vitamins and fiber contents. Its main vegetable cultivated in sub tropics, tropics and temperate area of world (Wammanda et al., 2010). It is grown all over the world as a vegetable crop such as India, Ghana, Nigeria, Pakistan and Egypt (FAO, 2014). In Pakistan, the cultivation of okra is on 13919 thousand hectares with 0.112 million tons production annually (Anonymous, 2013). Number of biotic and abiotic factors are involved in yield losses. Biotic factors involved number of pathogens and insects. The biotic factors which are responsible for disease developments in okra area as; fungi, viruses, bacteria, nematodes, mycoplasmas and mollicutes. Main cause of low yield of okra are these diseases including wilts, damping off, powdery mildews, leaf curls and leaf spots and okra yellow vein mosaic disease (Sheikh et al., 2013). The virus was initially reported from Bombay, India (Kulkarni, 1924; Mishra et al., 2017). OYVMV falls in genus Begomovirus (Naresh el al., 2019; Zerbini et al., 2005). Number of insects are involved in disease causing in okra such as jassid and leaf hopper etc., while the transmission of OYVMV occurs through the whitefly infestation in the field (Ghanem, 2003; Ullah et al., 2012). The observation of OYVMV on symptomology basis includes green and yellow patches, leaves with vein chlorosis and yellowish veins network with greenish island on the leaves. Severe infection leads to the whole leaf into yellowish color. The deformed and reduced fruit sized is produced after virus attack. The yield losses reached up to 80-90% in severe cases (Fajinmi and Fajinmi, 2010). Yield losses caused by OYVMV annually recorded in Pakistan ranged from 20-30% (Ali et al., 2005). Chemical use is a vital practice to overcome the viral disease of okra and to increase the production of crop. OYVMV and whitefly (B. tabaci) can be controlled by modifying the cultural practices i.e. by modifying date of sowing and intercropping okra with cowpea. The whitefly population per plant can be kept in balance by using insecticides (Singh et al., 1983). The different spray internal controls the vector population and OYVMV. Excess use of chemicals which leads to the environmental pollution as well as poisonous to the all living organisms. An eco-friendly management such as plant extracts are now used to manage the disease which is more efficient and cost effective as compared to chemicals (Chaudhary et al., 2017). The present study was aimed to develop environment friendly management approach by using plant extract and micronutrients against OYVMD.

 

Materials and Methods

Germplasm used for experiment was commercially available in the grain market of Sargodha. Four commercially available varieties (Desi Bhindi, Indian Rachna, Sabz Pari, and Rama Krishna) from market were cultivated at research farm, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) was the experimental design with three replications. The row to row distance and plant to plant distances of 1.5ft and 1ft respectively were maintained. All other routine agronomic practices were also performed.

Disease incidence and severity

The symptoms on the leaves of okra were continually observed and upon the appearance of the symptoms disease incidence and disease severity were recorded. Mosaic pattern, clearing of veins, small size fruit and stunted growth of plants was observed as symptoms described in literature. Disease incidence percent (DI) was recorded after symptom appearance by using the following formula (Ali et al., 2012).

Disease severity was measured following the disease rating scale (0-6) as shown in Table 1 (Ali et al., 2012).

Treatments plan and preparation of garlic extract

Five treatments such as; Silicon (1%) as T1, Silicon (1.5%) as T2, Multi-nutrients (2%) as T3, Garlic extract (2%) as T4 and control as T5 were used in disease management. All treatments were prepared by using distilled water while T5 is only distill water spray used as control. Garlic extract was prepared using 25g of peeled garlic grinding in 75ml of water. Filter the solution through the muslin cloth following the centrifugation at 13000rpm for 2 min. Different nutrients; Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), and boron (B) were applied as treatments. For the analysis of data, a statistical package STAT 8.1 was used.

 

Results and Discussion

The present study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of nutrients and plant extracts in relation to disease progression and disease severity. Management trial was conducted in field with four okra varieties. Unfortunately, one variety named desi bhindi was unable to germinate. Therefore, three verities were used for the record of data. Symptomology was the criterion to record the disease incidence OYVMVD. Before treatments application, Sabz Pari with 50% disease incidence was at the top and Indian Rachna with 25% showed least disease incidence. These varieties have no immune response against the disease (Table 2).

 

Table 1: Disease rating scale for okra yellow vein mosaic virus.

Rating scale	Rating scale	Description	Response
0	0%	With no symptoms on foliage of plants	Immune (I)
1	10%	Scattered lesions from few to 10% observed on plants	Highly resistant (HR)
2	11-25%	Visible lesions up to 25% on plants	Moderately resistant (MR)
3	26-50%	Lesions more than 25% and up to 50% only	Tolerant (T)
4	51-60%	Lesions from 50-60 % + girdling of stem	Moderately susceptible (MS)
5	61-70%	Vein yellowing initiation + mosaic on 75% plants	Susceptible (S)
6	71-100%	Vein yellowing +mosaic with girdling of stem	Highly susceptible (HS)

 

Table 2: Incidence of OYVMD incidence on okra varieties before treatment.

Varieties	Incidence before treatment application (%)		Mean (%)
	Before two weeks	Before one week
Indian Rachna	20	30	25
Sabz Pari	40	60	50
Rama Krishna	30	50	40

 

Table 3: Effect of Plant extract and micronutrients on OYVMD incidence on three okra varieties.

Treatments	Varieties									Mean
	Indian Rachna			Sabz Pari			Rama Krishna
Silicon 1%	8.33	±	1.26	15.47	±	15.47	15.20	±	1.81	9.75	±	1.10AB
Silicon 1.5%	8.40	±	1.23	15.53	±	1.98	15.20	±	1.81	9.78	±	1.09AB
Multi-nutrients 2%	5.60	±	1.00	12.33	±	1.79	11.73	±	1.61	7.42	±	0.91C
Garlic extract 2%	7.40	±	1.23	14.60	±	2.00	14.20	±	1.81	9.05	±	1.06B
Control	9.20	±	1.25	16.33	±	1.92	16.20	±	1.81	10.43	±	1.12A
Mean	7.79	±	0.54B	14.85	±	0.86A	14.51	±	0.79A

Similar letters show non-significance at alpha level (P>0.05).

 

Table 4: Effect of Plant extracts and nutrients on OYVMD severity on okra varieties.

Treatments

Varieties

Mean

Indian Rachna

Sabz Pari

Rama Krishna

Garlic extract 2%

1.93

±

0.23d

3.00

±

0.35c

3.07

±

0.33bc

2.00

±

0.21B

Silicon 1%

1.93

±

0.23d

3.60

±

0.47b

3.60

±

0.45b

2.28

±

0.25B

Silicon 1.5%

1.93

±

0.23d

3.60

±

0.47b

3.60

±

0.45b

2.28

±

0.25B

Multi-nutrients 2%

1.33

±

0.13e

1.80

±

0.20de

1.80

±

0.17de

1.23

±

0.12C

Control

2.93

±

0.23c

4.20

±

0.37a

4.27

±

0.40a

2.85

±

0.27A

Mean

2.01

±

0.11B

3.24

±

0.19A

3.27

±

0.19A

Same letters in the row or in a column show non-significance at alpha level (P>0.05).

 

Our results were in confirmation of work performed by Mastoi et al., 2013 and Mubeen et al., 2017. They performed field experiment on six okra varieties (Sharmeeli, Ambak Sabzpari, Noori-786, Pusa sawani, Super green) against OYVMD and whitefly population. Results revealed that the Sabz Pari showed minimum DI and whitefly population and disease incidence, while Noori-786 showed the maximum response in both case. The nutrients and plant extracts are useful practice to manage plant diseases and pest population. The micronutrients enhance the vigor of plant and make the plant immune system strong against disease. In our current studies, different treatments were applied to minimize the disease incidence and disease severity; results showed that garlic extract (2%) and multi-nutrients (2%) significantly reduced disease incidence with the mean values of 9.05 ± 1.06 and 7.42 ± 0.91, respectively as compared to control. Effect of 1% silicon and 1.5% silicon were statistically at par with control treatment for progression in disease incidence with the mean values of 9.75 ± 1.10 and 9.78 ± 1.09 respectively (Table 3). There was significantly reduction in disease severity with multi-nutrients (2%) and garlic extract (2%) with the mean values of 1.23 ± 0.12 and 2.0 ± 0.21 respectively, whereas effect of 1% silicon and 1.5% silicon were at par with control treatment with the mean value 2.28 ± 0.25 and 2.28 ± 0.25 respectively (Table 4). Our results were in accordance of Chaudhary et al. (2017). They observed disease incidence on four varieties of Okra. Sabz pari and Pahuja among the four varieties of okra, were found in moderately resistant and tolerant category respectively, whereas Pusa sawani and Lush green response was susceptible and moderately susceptible respectively. They also used different plants extract such as onion, garlic, ginger and neem to manage OYVMD and its vector. Among those, plants extract garlic and neem extract at 5% significantly reduced the whitefly population and disease incidence. Islam et al. (2002) applied Zinc and boron to minimize the incidence and severity of mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) and strongly recommended boron for the management of Mung bean yellow mosaic disease (Pramanik and Ali, 2010; Kumar et al., 2017). Different plant extracts such as Datura stramonium, Allium sativum, Eucalyptus globules, Aloe barbadensis Mill, Calotropics procera, salicylic acid (0.02%) and Azadirachta indica have been used (Ali et al., 2010) against CLCuD and its vector Bemisia tabaci. Results showed that Allium sativum extracts were less effective as compared to salicylic acid and Azadirachta indica against vector and CLCuD. It was also helpful in reducing the whitefly population and consequently reducing the okra leaf curl disease (Asare-Bediako et al., 2014). Ali et al. (2005) monitored the response of four okra cultivars (Subz Pari, Safal, Surkh Bhindi and Pahuja) against OYVMD and to check the effectiveness of different pesticide and/or bio-pesticides such as neem extract, imidacloprid and effective microbes against the whitefly population. Results revealed that Pahuja was tolerant, Safal, Sabz Pari MR and Surkh Bhindi were resistant to OYVMD. Among the pesticide or bio-pesticide, the neem extracts and microbes were less effective however imidacloprid has significant effects on the whitefly population as compare to control.

 

Conclusions and Recommendations

The use of resistant cultivar such as Indian Rachna is the best disease management strategy against OYVMV disease and its vector. Among all nutrients and plant extracts, multi-nutrients and garlic extract at 2% exhibited the best response to minimizing the disease incidence and disease severity against OYVMV disease. The Indian Rachna cultivar exhibited lowest disease incidence against OYVMD, having said that, the Phyto-pathologists and plant breeders should expand their work to explore more resistance varieties against the disease. The farmers are suggested to apply micro nutrients and plant extract for control.

 

Novelty Statement

In our research we observed that the Indian Rachna was best resistant cultivar against OYVMV disease and its vector. The micro nutrients and plant extract are ecofriendly and economically approaches against OYVMD.

 

Author’s Contribution

Yasir Iftikhar and Mustansar Mubeen wrote the manuscript. Yasir Iftikhar and Qaisar Shakeel designed the experiment. Iram Bilqees, Zahoor Hussain and Ashara Sajid conducted the research. Shehzad Iqbal, Judith Jeruto Kiptoo and Muhammad Aamir Sohail analysis the data. Aqleem Abbas read and edited the final version of the manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

 

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