Research Article

Response of Blood Metabolite Levels of Saanen-Etawah Crossbred Does to Ovarian Cycle

Dio Fico Felsidan Diatmono1, Seraphina Kumala1, Pradita Iustitia Sitaresmi2, Stefani Winda Paramita1, Megawati Andi1, Yustina Yuni Suranindyah3, Diah Tri Widayati1*

1Department of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia; 2Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Jawa Barat, 16915, Indonesia; 3Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia.

Received | January 24, 2024; Accepted | March 02, 2024; Published | April 15, 2024

*Correspondence | Diah Tri Widayati, Department of Animal Breeding and Reproduction, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia; Email: widayati@ugm.ac.id

Citation | Diatmono DFF, Kumala S, Sitaresmi PI, Paramita SW, Andi M, Suranindyah YY, Widayati DT (2024). Response of blood metabolite levels of saanen-etawah crossbred does to ovarian cycle. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci., 12(6):1034-1040.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2024/12.6.1034.1040

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316

Copyright: 2024 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

INTRODUCTION

Global milk demand has increased over the years, and is always in a deficit situation relative to availability. One alternative for milk producers is by utilising dairy goats, especially Saanen-Etawah dairy goats, which produce quite high levels of milk around 0.8-1.2 litres/head/day in tropical countries such in Indonesia (Setiati et al., 2023; Suranindyah et al., 2018; Sitaresmi et al., 2023). The most common problem found in the Saanen-Etawah rearing development program is the dairy goat population, especially in developed countries held by traditional farmers who reared the animals extensively, which has led to stagnation of the goat population due to unachieved reproductive efficiency and lower milk production in general (Sitaresmi et al., 2017).

Regarding this matter, good management must be implemented to optimize the dairy goat’s reproduction ability. According to a previous study, goat milk production capacity is influenced by genetic factors, feed, and body size (Santoso et al., 2020). Body nutrition can be obtained from the feed but dairy goats were known to go through the lactation period immediately after the parturition process which makes feed management very important for dairy animals. In the dairy goat industry, nutritional adequacy and good management will affect livestock productivity including reproductive success. For example, the continuous lactation on dairy goats obtained from the implementation of good reproductive management (Kumala et al., 2022a). This will also have an impact on the efficiency of milk production and determine the sustainability of dairy farming business (Suranindyah et al., 2018).

Biochemical blood levels are essential for gauging an animal’s health status and are an important indicator of metabolic activity or fertility status in dairy animals (Widayati et al., 2017a; Sitaresmi et al., 2017). According to Hudaya et al. (2020) blood biochemical profile in livestock varies at different physiological stages, for example, during pregnancy, after giving birth, and during dry periods. Several components of blood metabolites have important functions, including reproductive functions. Abnormal changes in some blood metabolite components can adversely affect the reproductive performance (Widayati et al., 2018).

Additionally, the patterns and levels of blood biochemistry are strongly related to the nutritional status of the feed given (Mpendulo et al., 2020). Therefore, efforts to monitor blood biochemical data with the aim of evaluating whether there are changes in blood biochemistry are important as a further reference for livestock maintenance management plans, especially for the preparation of diets to improve livestock reproduction which has an impact on increasing livestock populations in general. However, the effect of different estrus phases on blood metabolites was still questionable. Besides that, the correlation between feed intake and blood metabolites during the follicular and luteal phases has not been observed thoroughly, especially in Saanen-Etawah Crossbred does in traditional farmers. The purpose of this study was to determine the blood metabolite levels of Saanen-Etawah Crossbred does in tropical climates, especially on total protein, cholesterol, glucose, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) during the follicular and luteal phases, which can be used as indicators of the physiological and reproductive status of the Saanen-Etawah Crossbred does. The findings are also expected to be used as basic information for maintenance management decisions and as a starting point to develop detector kits in future studies for the selecting process, in order to increase the productivity of Saanen-Etawah Crossbred does.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Research location

This study was conducted from August 2021 to February 2022 on a traditional dairy goat farm in Turi, Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (7.37° LS and 110.22° LE). The proximate feed analysis and serum preparation was carried out at the Laboratory of Feed Technology and Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Reproduction, Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. The blood serum levels was analysed in the Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta.

Experimental animals

This study utilized 14 non-pregnant and lactating Saanen-Etawah Crossbred does, which were selected based on the age of the doe (2-4 years), had been given birth twice (parturition of 2) and had a body condition score (BCS) of 3 from a scale of 1 to 5 based on the study by (Ghosh et al., 2019). Maintenance management is homogenized without special treatment with the feed given in accordance with the feed given by smallholder farmers, but tended to be the same throughout the research process. The feed consisted of commercial concentrate, dried water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica), and soybean husk (Glycine max), given twice a day in the morning (7:00 am) and afternoon (2:00 pm) with nutrient composition showed in Table 1. Drinking water is provided ad libitum.

 

Table 1: Feed nutrient composition.

Feed ingredients	Nutritional contents (%)
	DM	CP	TDN
Commercial concentrate	89.95	19.23	77.66
Dried water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica)	86.71	14.46	41.35
Soybean husk (Glycine max)	26.02	16.74	51.87

 

DM: dry matter; CP: crude protein; TDN: total digestible nutrient.

 

Experimental design

The blood samples were collected approximately three hours after morning feeding and bleed from the jugular vein (Sitaresmi et al., 2017). The samples that have been collected then grouped into two phases of the estrus cycle the follicular and the luteal phases, based on observations of the vaginal cytology (Sitaresmi et al., 2019). The blood was taken from a jugular vein with approximately 8 to 10 mL inside the collecting tube with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Blood was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes to separate serum and plasma. The obtained serums are then stored at 20°C (Kumala et al., 2022b). All serums were analysed using reagents for the parameters of blood serum profiles (DiaSys, Germany) and a spectrophotometer Microlab 300 (Merck, Germany). Total protein levels were determined by the biuret method. Cholesterol levels were determined by the cholesterol oxidase-peroxidase aminoantypirin (CHOD-PAP) method. Glucose levels were determined with the glucose oxidase-peroxidase aminoantypirin (GOD-PAP) method. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were determined with urease-GLDH test method. The feed intake was calculated weighing every day for a week before the blood collection (Kumala et al., 2022b), and was analysed using the proximate method to determine the crude protein (CP), total digestible nutrient (TDN) and dry matter (DM) value (AOAC, 2005).

Statistical analysis

Analysis of data on blood metabolite levels of Saanen-Etawah Crossbred does was carried out using the Independent sample T-Test from the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) 26.0 software. The grouping which is based on the follicular and luteal phases, was considered as a treatment. And the variables of both phases are compared to know the impact of different estrus phase on blood metabolite profiles. The α value used is p<0.05 (5 %), and the correlation between blood metabolite profiles and nutrients was analysed using bivariate correlations by Pearson with 2-tail analysis. All the analysis data was presented as mean±SD.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Blood metabolite profiles and feed intake

The result of total protein, cholesterol, glucose, and blood urea nitrogen on follicular and luteal phases were showed in Table 2. The cholesterol concentration was differed (p<0.05) which was higher in the follicular phase if compared to the luteal phase. Whereas total protein, glucose, and blood urea nitrogen remains in the same range. The blood metabolite profiles still within a normal ranged and healthy condition to support the reproductive performance of Saanen-Etawah Crossbred does (Kaneko et al., 2008; Kumala et al., 2022b). According to Sitaresmi et al. (2020) does with BCS score 3 has the most ideal concentration of blood metabolites compared to other variations of BCS scores. Does with parturition 2 have best nutrient availability to support growth and reproductive performance (Kumala et al., 2022b; Safdar and Kor, 2014) and already have an optimal level of physical maturity (Hadisutanto et al., 2012).

According to Khan et al. (2013) it has been known that cholesterol is an energy source and acts as a precursor to steroid hormones, bile acids, and it’s also necessary for normal cell function. Based on the results (Table 2), it is known that the levels of cholesterol in a previous study by Sitaresmi et al. (2017) were comparable. Higher cholesterol levels on follicular phase are in line with Sitaresmi et al. (2020) who stated that cholesterol is necessary for the formation of cell membranes, the synthesis of vitamin D, estrogen, testosterone, and other steroid hormones and naturally changed to support those mechanism. The results of cholesterol levels that are higher in the follicular phase than the luteal phase can be due to does that are at the end of the estrus phase. Blood cholesterol levels will increased at the end of the follicular phase and will decrease in the luteal phase (Tarumi et al., 1988; Sitaresmi et al., 2020). Cholesterol deficiency in the blood can result in silent heat, short heat, a prolonged anestrus period, and a lower pregnancy rate (Sitaresmi et al., 2017). Although further study might still be needed to understand the cholesterol level in each different estrus phases.

 

Table 2: Blood metabolite levels of Saanen-Etawah crossbred does (mean±SD) during ovarian cycle.

Blood metabolite	Follicular phase (n=7)	Luteal phase (n=7)
Total Protein (g/dL)	5.28 ±1.98	6.66±3.58
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	134.04±25.11*	96.74±22.67*
Glucose (mg/dL)	61.92±7.34	60.88±3.09
Blood Urea Nitrogen (mg/dL)	21.21±3.99	19.42±5.48

 

*Means in the same row are different between groups (p<0.05).

 

Glucose levels in the blood indicated energy consumption (Kumala et al., 2022b). Widiyono et al. (2020) also stated that glucose is an important source of energy for the ovaries. Based on the results (Table 2), it is known that the levels of glucose are comparable and consistent with a previous study (Ginting et al., 2011). The phase factors in each phase of the estrus cycle had no effect on variations in glucose levels in the blood, and more significantly influenced by onset of puberty, gestation period, lactation period, and the age of the animal (Sitaresmi et al., 2020). Dairy goats must have optimal glucose levels in their blood because glucose is one of the factors that can influence ovarian function. Low glucose can result in elevated levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) which can be toxic to follicles and oocytes and inhibit gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion (Purwitasari et al., 2020).

Blood urea is the final result of protein metabolism in the body of ruminants (Widayati et al., 2019). Urea circulating in the blood vessels can be measured as urea nitrogen in the blood plasma or serum fraction and can be expressed as the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) value. The results (Table 2) revealed that BUN levels between follicular and luteal phases in does with body condition score of 3 was still within the normal range and comparable. The result of this study also in similar with previous study (Kumala et al., 2022b; Sitaresmi et al., 2017) in dairy goats. Blood urea nitrogen level indicated great milk production and also can disrupt the reproductive ability of goats (Kumala et al., 2022b). The negative impact of high levels of BUN on reproductive performance can reduced the pH of the uterus and adversely affected the implantation process and interferes with embryonic development (Tshuma et al., 2014; Widayati et al., 2017b). High levels of urea in the blood indicated low availability of energy in the body, and can increase the occurrence of repeat breeding (Widayati et al., 2017b).

Protein is a substance that regulate the metabolic system in the body and as the main source of cell regeneration processes in living animal (Fachiroh et al., 2012). The analysis results (Table 2) showed that total protein levels are similar and in accordance with a previous study (Sitaresmi et al., 2020). Total protein levels were not differed between the follicular and luteal phases, and albumin synthesizes certain specific amino acids used in the synthesis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) during the early phases of follicle formation and initiation of ovulation, because they have an important role in the synthesis of reproductive hormones, amino acid components must be available in optimum quantities (Sitaresmi et al., 2020). The results of total protein levels is different with the analysis of crude protein (CP) that has significant different between follicular and luteal phases, it is suspected that protein in blood serum has been used for the formation of hormones and other physiological functions. Levels of protein that are too low in the blood lead to amino acids deficiency and result in a decreased in reproductive performance (Sitaresmi et al., 2020; Widayati et al., 2017a). Lack of blood protein levels in female livestock, can cause weak heat, silent heat, and repeated mating (Ramandani and Nururrozi, 2015).

 

Table 3: Feed intake of Saanen-Etawah crossbred does (mean±SD) during ovarian cycle.

Nutrient content (g/head/day)	Follicular phase (n=7)	Luteal phase (n=7)
Crude protein (CP)	287.10±1.42*	264.73±12.76*
Total digestible nutrient (TDN)	1032.38±18.89	1009.33±32.49
Dry matter (DM)	1754.39±203.65	1804.09±187.48

 

*Means in the same row are different between groups (p<0.05).

 

The feed intake needs in this study were adjusted according to the needs of lactating dairy goats and in accordance with the previous study (Ramadhan et al., 2013). Despite being given the same amount of feed and management, the results of feed intake on follicular and luteal phases (Table 3) showed that the crude protein (CP) intake differed (p<0.05) which was higher in the follicular phase if compared to the luteal phase, although insignificant DM and TDN intake were found. The increased of CP intake in the follicular phase is explained by Hussein et al. (2021) who stated that increased levels of protein in the diet are associated with increased rates of ovulation and increased levels of circulating FSH during the second half of the estrus cycle.

Correlation between blood metabolites and feed intake

In order to support the feed consumption data, this study also found a negative correlations between BUN and Glucose in the follicular phase (p<0.01) showed in Table 4. The correlation analysis (Table 4) also showed a positive correlation between TDN and DM intake found in the follicular phase (p<0.01). Meanwhile, based on the result (Table 5) there is no correlation between blood metabolite profiles and feed intake in the luteal phase.

 

Table 4: Correlations between blood metabolite profiles and feed intake in follicular phase.

Pearson correlation	TP	Cholesterol	Glucose	BUN	CP	TDN	DM
TP	1	-.156	-.022	.102	-.125	.624	.622
Cholesterol	-.156	1	.590	-.326	-.049	-.583	-.546
Glucose	-.022	.590	1	-.881**	.132	-.636	-.635
BUN	.102	-.326	-.881**	1	-.368	.514	.569
CP	-.125	-.049	.132	-.368	1	-.108	-.317
TDN	.624	-.583	-.636	.514	-.108	1	.977**
DM	.622	-.546	-.635	.569	-.317	.977**	1

 

TP: Total Protein; CP: Crude Protein; TDN: Total Digestible Nutrient; DM: Dry Matter; **: Correlation showed a different at 0.01 level (2-tailed).

 

Table 5: Correlations between blood metabolite profiles and feed intake in luteal phase.

Pearson correlation	TP	Cholesterol	Glucose	BUN	CP	TDN	DM
TP	1	-.039	.132	.206	-.099	-.144	-.197
Cholesterol	-.039	1	-.308	-.047	.482	.072	-.583
Glucose	.132	-.308	1	-.124	-.150	.334	.438
BUN	.206	.047	-.124	1	.689	-.187	-.383
CP	-.099	.482	-.150	.689	1	-.231	-.657
TDN	-.144	.072	.334	-.187	-.231	1	.729
DM	-.197	-.583	.438	-.383	-.657	.729	1

 

TP: Total Protein; CP: Crude Protein; TDN: Total Digestible Nutrient; DM: Dry Matter

 

The interesting founding in recent study was some blood metabolite parameters were correlated each other in follicular phase but did not correlated on luteal phase. This may be due to the fact that in the follicular phase the physiological conditions of the reproductive organs, especially the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, the ovaries operated quite intensely under the influence of reproductive hormones to facilitate fertilisation rather than on luteal phase (Kandiel et al., 2010), which will indirectly affect feed intake and the interaction of each blood metabolite parameter in follicular phase. The negative correlations between BUN and glucose ware found in the follicular phase (Table 4) was in accordance with the previous study. The negative correlation between glucose and BUN suggested that there was just a little or maybe none of the conversion of protein intake to glucose and also affected by enhanced CP intake on follicular phase. The negative correlation between glucose and plasma urea seems related to the protein content in plasma, because it is known, there was a link between protein storage in the body with glucose levels and high protein content decreased blood glucose (Chikwanda and Muchenje, 2017). The positive correlation between TDN and DM intake in the follicular phase (Table 4) was in accordance and matched with the previous study by Suwignyo et al. (2016) which stated that DM consumption is directly proportional to TDN, if DM consumption increased, the TDN consumption also increases and vice versa, this is influenced by feed factors. The increased TDN levels in concentrate also has an effect on increasing DM degradability (Ahn et al., 2019). The positive correlation between TDN and DM in the follicular phase obtained in this study is related to the adequacy of energy sources (Khan et al., 2013). Especially cholesterol which plays an important role for the formation of steroid reproductive hormones (Sitaresmi et al., 2020). Increased cholesterol levels during the follicular phase (Table 2) have an impact on increasing estrogen levels. Furthermore, increasing estrogen levels will provide positive feedback on luteinizing hormone (LH) which plays an important role in the process of follicle development and ovulation (Widayati, 2023; Sitasiwi, 2008).

Conclusions and Recommendations

The blood metabolites were required to optimize and support the doe’s physiological needs. Therefore, there were slight changes in blood metabolites following the reproduction cycle of Saanen-Etawah Crossbred does, which can be used as an indicator of livestock health and fertility. High cholesterol levels during the follicular phase are associated with follicular development and the occurrence of estrus expression. It is necessary to conduct further study related to the blood metabolites of the Saanen-Etawah Crossbred does by increasing the number of samples also significantly different feed treatments in each phase of reproduction based on the results of current research, so that more in-depth data are obtained to support the reproductive efficiency of small-scale dairy goat farms.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We would like to thank the Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta, for partially sponsoring the research through the Thematic Research Grant Laboratory (3126/J01.1.25/KU/2022). We also grateful to Sahabat Ternak Farm in Turi, Sleman, Yogyakarta, for providing such facilities and assistance for this study.

NOVELTY STATEMENT

Determination of blood metabolite levels of Saanen-Etawah Crossbred does in traditional farmers in Indonesia has not been widely studied under field condition, especially on total protein, cholesterol, glucose, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) during the ovarian cycle.

AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTION

All authors designed and supervised the study, DFFD, SK, PIS, SWP, MA, YYS, and DTW drafted the manuscript and conducted the literature search. DFFD, SK, SWP, MA, and DTW conceived, performed the fieldwork, administered, and helped with the manuscript. DFFD interpreted the data and edited the manuscript. DFFD, SK and PIS performed the statistical analysed and reviewed the manuscript. DTW and YYS supervised the study. In the final stage, all authors have read and agreed to submit the final manuscript.

Ethical approval

All experimental procedures including dairy goat using and blood collection method were approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (00070/EC-FKH/Eks./2021). This decision was finalized on July 2nd, 2021 and valid throughout the research period. The maintenance carried out prioritizes animal comfort. The pens used in this study were individual pens without animal tied, so that animals could move freely, this aims to reduced stress in animals.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

REFERENCES

Ahn JS, Son GH, Kim MJ, Choi CS, Lee CW, Park JK, Kwon EG, Shin JS, Park BK (2019). Effect of total digestible nutrients level of concentrates on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat composition of Korean Hanwoo steers. Food Sci. Anim. Resour., 39(3): 388-401. https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2019.e32

AOAC (2005). Official method of analysis 18th edn. Association of Officiating Analytical Chemists, Washington DC. Method 935.14 and 992.24.

Chikwanda AT, Muchenje V (2017). Grazing system and floor type effects on blood biochemistry, growth and carcass characteristics of Nguni goats. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci., 30(9): 1253-1260. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.16.0334

Fachiroh L, Prasetiyono BWHE, Subrata A (2012). Kadar protein dan urea darah kambing perah Peranakan Etawa yang diberi wafer pakan komplit berbasis limbah agroindustri dengan suplementasi protein terproteksi. Anim. Agric. J., 1(1): 443-451. Available at: https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/aaj/article/view/685.

Ghosh CP, Datta S, Mandal D, Das AK, Roy DC, Tudu NK (2019). Body condition scoring in goat: Impact and significance. J. Entomol. Zool. Stud., 7(2): 554-560. Available at: https://www.entomoljournal.com/archives/2019/vol7issue2/PartJ/7-2-62-202.pdf.

Ginting SP, Tarigan A, Krisnan R (2011). Konsumsi fermentasi rumen dan metabolit darah kambing sedang tumbuh yang diberi silase I. arrecta dalam pakan komplit. JITV., 17(1): 49-58.

Hadisutanto B, Purwantara B, Darodjah S (2012). Intensitas dan waktu estrus pada berbagai paritas induk sapi perah Fries Holland pasca partus. Partner, 19(1): 102-111. Available at: https://jurnal.politanikoe.ac.id/index.php/jp/article/view/122.

Hudaya MF, Sitaresmi PI, Noviandi CT, Widyobroto BP, Widayati DT (2020). Behavior and blood profile in Friesian-Holstein dairy cows in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. J. Anim. Behav. Biometeorol., 8(4): 244-249. https://doi.org/10.31893/jabb.20032

Hussein HA, Mahmoud GB, Abdel-Raheem SM, Mohamed RH, Wehrend A (2021). Impact of short-term protein supplementation on estrus, ovarian activity, and blood metabolites in Ossimi ewes synchronized with PGF2 α analogue (cloprostenol) in subtropics. Biol. Rhyth. Res., 52(5): 734-747. https://doi.org/10.1080/09291016.2019.1603690

Kandiel MMM, Watanabe G, Abdel-Ghaffar AE, Sosa GA, Abou-El Roos MEA, El-Azab AEI, Li JY, Manabe N, Taya K (2010). Ovarian follicular dynamics and hormonal changes in goats during early pregnancy. J. Reprod. Dev., 56(5): 520-526. https://doi.org/10.1262/jrd.09-179T

Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML (2008). Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals 6th edn. Academic Press, New York. ISBN-13: 978-0123704917. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-370491-7.00031-3

Khan A, Rehman S, Imran R, Khan IA, Pitafi KD (2013). Analysis of serum cholesterol level in goats breeds in Gilgit-Baltistan area of Pakistan. J. Anim. Sci. Technol., 3: 302-306.

Kumala S, Sitaresmi PI, Suranindyah Y, Widayati DT (2022a). Profiles of steroid hormones on follicular and luteal phase in Saanen Etawah Crossbred (SAPERA) does. Adv. Biol. Sci. Res., 21: 205-209. https://doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.220401.041

Kumala S, Suranindyah YY, Widayati DT (2022b). Parameters of blood serum profiles of lactating goats with different number of parturitions. Int. J. Dairy Sci., 17(2): 54-61. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijds.2022.54.61

Mpendulo CT, Akinmoladun OF, Ikusika OO, Chimonyo M (2020). Effect of hydric stress on intake, growth performance and nutritional status of Nguni goats. Ital. J. Anim. Sci., 19(1): 1071-1078. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2020.1819897

Purwitasari MS, Widyastuti SK, Erawan IGMK (2020). Kadar glukosa darah sapi Bali tidak bunting di Sentra Pembibitan Sapi Bali Sobangan, Badung, Bali. Indones. Med. Vet., 9(6): 870-878. https://doi.org/10.19087/imv.2020.9.6.870

Ramadhan BG, Suprayogi TH, Sustiyah A (2013). Tampilan produksi susu dan kadar lemak susu kambing Peranakan Ettawa akibat pemberian pakan dengan imbangan hijauan dan konsentrat yang berbeda. Anim. Agric. J., 2(1): 353-361. Available at: https://ejournal3.undip.ac.id/index.php/aaj/article/view/2334.

Ramandani D, Nururrozi A (2015). Levels of blood glucose and total plasma protein of repeat breeding dairy cows from Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. J. Sain Vet., 33(1): 23-28.

Safdar AHA, Kor NM (2014). Parturition mechanisms in ruminants: A complete overview. Eur. J. Exp. Biol., 4(3): 211-218.

Santoso WP, Hamdani MDI, Qsthon A, Sulastri (2020). Korelasi ukuran-ukuran tubuh dan volume ambing dengan produksi susu kambing Peranakan Etawah di Kecamatan Metro Timur. J. Riset Inov. Petern., 4(1): 59-65. Available at: https://jrip.fp.unila.ac.id/index.php/JRIP/article/view/89. https://doi.org/10.23960/jrip.2020.4.1.59-65

Setiati N, Ariyanti R, Fitriyah A, Widiyaningrum P, Indriyanti DR (2023). Body performance of the mother and the kid of Sapera goats based on birth type at Kuncen Farm. Int. J. Innov. Anal. Emerg. Technol., 2(2): 30-39. https://doi.org/10.56781/ijsrst.2023.2.2.0024

Sitaresmi PI, Hudaya MF, Kumala S, Herdis H, Sofyan A, Bintara S, Widyobroto BP, Widayati DT (2023). Effect of short time precise dietary energy-protein in reproductive parameters of local crossbred dairy goats. J. Adv. Vet. Anim. Res., 10(2): 257-268. https://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2023.j677

Sitaresmi PI, Widyobroto BP, Bintara S, Widayati DT (2017). Progesterone and biochemical profile of Ettawa-Saanen Crossbreed goats in Turi area, Yogyakarta-Indonesia. Int. J. Dairy Sci., 12(4): 289-294. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijds.2017.289.294

Sitaresmi PI, Widyobroto BP, Bintara S, Widayati DT (2019). Exfoliative vaginal cytology of Saanen goat (Capra hircus) during estrus cycle. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., 387: 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/387/1/012009

Sitaresmi PI, Widyobroto BP, Bintara S, Widayati DT (2020). Effects of body condition score and estrus phase on blood metabolites and steroid hormones in Saanen goats in the tropics. Vet. World, 13(5): 833-839. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.833-839

Sitasiwi AJ (2008). Hubungan kadar hormon estradiol 17-β dan tebal endometrium uterus mencit (Mus muculus I.) selama satu siklus estrus. Bull. Anat. Fisiol., 16(2): 38-45.

Suranindyah YY, Khairy DHA, Firdaus N, Rochijan (2018). Milk production and composition of Etawah Crossbred, Sapera and Saperong dairy goats in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Int. J. Dairy Sci., 13(1): 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijds.2018.1.6

Suwignyo B, Wijaya UA, Indriani R, Kurniawati A, Widiyono I, Sarmin (2016). Konsumsi, kecernaan nutrien, perubahan berat badan dan status fiiologis kambing Bligon jantan dengan pembatasan pakan. J. Sain Vet., 34(2): 210-219. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsv.11603

Tarumi C, Tamaki T, Mori M, Masuda H (1988). Changes of serum lipids during estrous cycle in the beagle. Jpn. J. Vet. Res., 50(4): 874-878. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms1939.50.874

Tshuma T, Holm DE, Fosgate GT, Lourens DC (2014). Pre-breeding blood urea nitrogen concentration and reproductive performance of bonsmara heifers within different management systems. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 46: 1023-1030. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-014-0608-3

Widayati DT (2023). Reproduksi ternak. Lintang Pustaka Utama, Yogyakarta. ISBN 978-623-7514-69-5.

Widayati DT, Bintara S, Natawihardja I, Maharani D (2018). Blood biochemical profile in fertile and repeat breeder Ongole cross breed cows. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 21(4): 166-170. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2018.166.170

Widayati DT, Darmawan MA, Freitas JdaC (2019). Progesterone level of normal cycling and repeat breeding Ongole grade cows. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., 387: 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/387/1/012008

Widayati DT, Ikasari D, Bintara S, Natawihardja I, Kustono K, Suranindyah YY (2017a). Evaluation of Etawah grade doe fertility based on milk urea nitrogen levels. Int. J. Dairy Sci., 12(4): 295-300. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijds.2017.295.300

Widayati DT, Maulida N, Adiarto (2017b). Blood biochemical profile of repeated breeding Friesian Holstein grade cows in the dairy processing unit faculty of animal science Gadjah Mada University. The 7th ISTAP, 743-747. Available at: https://journal.ugm.ac.id/istapproceeding/article/view/29919.

Widiyono I, Sarmin S, Yanuartono Y (2020). Influence of body condition score on the metabolic and reproductive status of adult female Kacang goats. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 48(1): 201-206. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2020.1764361