Research Article

Reproduction and Milk Production Performance of Saanen Dairy Goat in Southern Togo (West Africa)

Elie Brigitte Mawussi1*, Arnaud Koffi Assah2, Essozimna Abalo Kulo1

1Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Agroressources et la Santé Environnementale de l’Ecole Supérieure d’Agronomie de l’Université de Lomé, 01 BP 1515 Lomé–Togo; 2Ferme Terre Vivante du Togo.

Received | January 05, 2024; Accepted | January 30, 2024; Published | April 15, 2024

*Correspondence | Elie Brigitte Mawussi, Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Agroressources et la Santé Environnementale de l’Ecole Supérieure d’Agronomie de l’Université de Lomé, 01 BP 1515 Lomé–Togo; Email: elmawussi@gmail.com

Citation | Mawussi EB, Assah AK, Kulo EA (2024). Reproduction and milk production performance of Saanen dairy goat in Southern Togo (West Africa). Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci., 12(6):1028-1033.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2024/12.6.1028.1033

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316

Copyright: 2024 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

INTRODUCTION

Reproduction and milk production performances are determining parameters of the productivity of dairy goat farms. The ability of goats to adapt to food allows them to be raised in various conditions (Alexandre and Mandonnet, 2005). Milk consumption is increasing in Togo due to the increased need for dairy products due to the gradual change in diet and the demand of an ever-expanding population. However, local dairy production, exclusively from cow, cannot cover the needs of the country which do powdered milk importation. The local Djallonké goat is raised in all regions of Togo for its meat production and because of its trypanotolerance (Djagba et al., 2020). The low milk productivity of the local Djallonké goat is due to its limited genetic dairy potential. This leads to the difficulties to exploit its milk for human consumption. Exotic dairy goats imported from Europe produce more milk in West Africa than local breed cows (Vissoh et al., 2015; Kassa et al., 2015). Alpine goats raised in southern Benin give 2 liters of milk per goat per day in average compared to 0.36 liters of milk produced per local cow per day (Vissoh et al., 2015; Kassa et al., 2015). In order to contribute to the diversification of dairy production in Togo, the goat dairy sector can be explored. The breeding of Saanen dairy goat imported from Belgium was recently undertaken in southern Togo in year 2020 for its adaptation to local conditions. The objective of this study is to evaluate reproductive and milk production performances of Saanen goat raised in southern Togo.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study area

The experiment was carried out at Ferme Terre Vivante du Togo located about fifty kilometers from Lomé (political and economic capital of Togo) in the Prefecture of Avé, with geographical coordinates: 01° 01’ 47’’73 East longitude and 06° 26’ 58’’ 18 North latitude. The vegetation of study area is consisting of gallery forests along watercourses, numerous forest islands, tree savannahs and grassy savannahs. The area enjoys a tropical Guinean climate characterized by two rainy seasons and two dry seasons of unequal duration. The long rainy season goes from March to mid-June and the short rainy season from mid-September to the end of October. Annual rainfall is on average 1200 mm. The average temperature of the locality is 27.2°C. There are several ethnic groups among which the Ewe constitute the majority and indigenous ethnic group. The main activity is traditional agriculture practiced by almost 80% of the population. The Avé prefecture is located in the maritime region of Togo with Lomé city, political and economic capital of the country. Maritime region of Togo is in extreme southwest of the country along the coast of Gulf of Guinea. The presence of capital Lomé in maritime region makes this part of the country the most equipped in infrastructure. Lomé offers several other advantages, notably the concentration of 63.4% of companies operating in Togo.

Management of animals

The animals, Saanen breed, were imported from Belgium. The initial population consisted of six dairy goats and a male breeder. They are raised in permanent stable in a goat shed allowing their distribution according to sex, age and physiological state. They are subjected to an adaptive diet based on local fodders (Figure 1). The method of distributing fodder to the goat in stable was adopted. From kidding to weaning, the kids are fed powdered milk replacing their mother’s milk until weaning to avoid the Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus. The mineral supplementation was well provided by the lick stone. Water was served constantly and regularly monitored. The health care administered concerned the internal and external deworming every two months. Milking of lactating goats was done twice a day (morning/evening).

 

Performance controls

There was recorded during regular controls, the litter size, sex, type of kidding (single, double), live body weight of kids at birth, parity of goat mother, age at first kidding, interval between successive kidding, lactation length and daily milk production.

Data handling

Statistical analyses of data collected were carried out using SISVAR version 5.6 (Ferreira, 2011). The data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine the means. Duncan’s test was used to compare and to discriminate means. Statistical significance was declared at P<0.05 (95% confidence). The results were expressed as means ± standard deviations.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Litter size

Litter size ranged statistically significance from 1 to 2 with an average of 1.37 for primiparous and 1.50 to 1.62 for multiparous (Table 1). Statistical analysis revealed significant difference between litter size means at P<0.05. Litter size increases with parity from the first kidding to the third (P<0.05). This phenomenon can be explained by the expression of hormonal mechanisms in terms of parental maturity (Santosa et al., 2022). The lowest litter size recorded in this study (1.37) is comparable to 1.32 reported for Maradi goats by Marichatou et al. (2002) and to 1.35 reported by Santosa et al. (2022) for the same Saanen breed. The highest litter size recorded during the present study (1.62) is lower than 1.77 reported for Nubian breed by Meza-Herrera et al. (2014) and lower than 1.74 recorded for local Korean goats by Song et al. (2006) but higher than 1.58 reported for Alpine breed by Meza-Herrera et al. (2014). The difference between litter size values may be attributed to environmental rearing conditions such as animal housing conditions, animal management, type of food, food availability, food distributing method, and animal health management. There are also breeds more prolific than others, this could have an impact on litter size as reported by Akpa et al. (2010), Hrbud et al. (2014) and Meza-Herrera et al. (2014).

 

Table 1: Litter size of Saanen goats in southern Togo.

Parity	Animal number	Average litter size
Primiparous
First kidding	7	1.37±0.04c
Multiparous
Second kidding	6	1.50±0.05b
Third kidding	7	1.62±0.06a

 

Means in the same column affected in superscript by different alphabet letters are significantly different (P< 0.05) with using ANOVA and significance test of Duncan.

 

Birth weight of kids

Live weight of kids at birth varied from 2.55 to 3.04 kg depending to sex, type of kidding (single, double) and parity (Table 2). These values are comparable to those reported 3.06 kg by Ince (2010) for the same breed, 3.27 kg reported by Ahuya et al. (2009) for Toggenburg breed and 3.87 kg obtained by Chunyan et al. (2008) for Boer breed. Males are heavier at birth (P<0.05) than females, 3.04 kg for male kid against 2.73 kg for female (Table 2). The variation in birth weight of kids according to sex have been observed by Meza-Herrera et al. (2014) who reported an average birth weight of 3.00 kg for males and 2.77 kg for females. Farina (1989) recorded in Burundi a birth weight of 1.97 kg for males against 1.73 kg for females. The higher weight of males has been explained by effect of sex hormone. The female hormone, estrogen, could restrict the growth of the body’s bones so that the female’s growth rate is limited (Bushara et al., 2013). In this study, the kids born single are heavier (P<0.05) than those born double, 3.04 kg for single born compared to 2.73 kg twin (Table 2). The higher birth weight of kids born single can be explained by the smaller size of twins and triplets in the uterus (Bushara et al., 2013). Chemineau et al. (1985) reported for Creole breed that kids born single are heavier than those born multiple i.e. 2.03 kg for simple against 1.67 kg for doubles compared to 1.38 kg and 1.04 kg for triples and quadruples respectively. Farina (1989) reported higher birth weight of 1.91 kg for singles born against 1.79 kg for multiples born. In both male and female kid, the mean birth weight showed significant difference (P<0.05) and increased from first kidding (2.72 kg) to second kidding (2.93 kg) and to third kidding (3.02 kg) in this study (Table 2). It depends then to parity and age of goat. The same observations were done by Duričić et al. (2012) and Ibnelbachyr (2015) who respectively reported that for the Boer and Draa breeds, kids from multiparous goats were heavier than those from primiparous mothers. This phenomenon can be attributed to the expression of hormonal mechanisms in connection with parent mature (Santosa et al., 2022).

 

Table 2: Average birth weight of Saanen goat kids in southern Togo.

Kidding/Parity	Animal number	Birth weight
		Male	Female
Type of kidding
Simple	5	3.04±0.09a	2.75±0.07b
Doublet	16	2.73±0.06c	2.56±0.05c
Primiparous
First kidding	5	2.72±0.06c	2.55±0.05c
Second kidding	4	2.93±0.08b	2.74±0.07b
Third kidding	6	3.02±0.09a	2.89±0.08a

 

Means in the same column affected in superscript by different alphabet letters are significantly different (P< 0.05) with using ANOVA and significance test of Duncan.

 

Table 3: Average age at first kidding and interval between kidding of Saanen dairy goat in southern Togo.

Parity	Animal number	Age at first kidding (days)	Interval between kidding (days)
Primiparous
First kidding	5	450±2.88	720±2.08a
Multiparous
First kidding to second	5	-	720±2.08a
Second kidding to third	6	-	360±1.88b

 

Means in the same column affected in superscript by different alphabet letters are significantly different (P< 0.05) with using ANOVA and significance test of Duncan.

 

Age at first kidding

The age at first kidding is a reproductive parameter which provides information on the precocity of young female goats to enter into reproduction. In this study, the average age at first kidding was 450 days (Table 3). It exceeds the range of 360 days reported by Payne and Wilson (1999) for tropical goats. The comparable value of 407.9 days was reported for highland goats in Ethiopia by Mengistie et al. (2013). In most cases, the age at first kidding of goats in the tropics is between 18 and 26 months i.e. 540 and 780 days as reported by Le Gal and Planchenault (1993). The puberty delay is due to slow growth of animals attributable to tropical conditions (Freitas et al., 2004; Zarazaga et al., 2005). Body growth and age at puberty are linked to undernutrition which can delay puberty by up to a year (Gordon, 2004; Sakurai et al., 2004). Optimal management of goats in breeding would allow a first kidding at the age of 12 to 13 months (Mayeriya et al., 2017). Alpine and Saanen dairy goats have a higher probability to enter into reproduction at age of 210 days or 7 months with a high optimal weight (Nadon, 2017). The average age at first kidding of 450 days, recorded in this study, exceeded double value of 210 days reported by Nadon (2017) for Alpine and Saanen dairy goats. This could be explained by the difference in breeding management, food availability and environmental conditions.

Interval between successive kidding

The interval between successive kidding is a measure which indicates that how goats become quickly carriers again and give birth to kids (Steele, 1996). It constitutes one of the significant reproduction performances. Average interval between successive kidding in this study showed significant difference (P<0.05) and ranged from 360 to 720 days (Table 3). This is higher than the average interval of 307.9 days reported in Ethiopian highland goats (Mengistie et al., 2013). The kidding interval depends on breeds, food availability and farm objectives. It has been reported that meat-type goats have a shorter kidding interval than dairy-type goats (Devendra, 1990). In this study, the primiparous goats have the longest kidding interval of 720 days, this reveals that the goat parity influences kidding interval. This is due to the fact that the primiparous goats continue to grow and may compete with fetuses nutritionally during pregnancy, affect adversely fetal growth and development, thus extend the kidding interval (Ayizanga et al., 2018).

Milk yield

In this study, daily milk yield mean showed significant difference (P<0.05) and ranged from 1.55 to 1.98 liter per goat per day (Table 4). These results are comparable to those reported by Offoumon et al. (2023) in Benin and Nziku et al. (2017) in Tanzania for the same Saanen breed. However, they are lower than those expressed in temperate environments as in Italy by Serradilla (2001) who concluded that exotic breeds with high milk yield have a better milk yield in origin country. In this study, Saanen goats with a single kidding produced less milk (1.55 liter/day) (P<0.05) than Saanen goats with twin kidding (1.90 liter/day) (Table 4). This observation has been done by other authors (Offoumon et al., 2023; Sauvant et al., 2012). Indeed, Offoumon et al. (2023) reported for the same Saanen breed that goat having multiple kidding have an average daily milk production of 2.1 liter/day for twin kidding, 2.6 liter/day for triple kidding and 2.8 liter/day for quadruple kidding against 1.8 liter/day for a single kidding. Sauvant et al. (2012) reported that goats having given birth to 2 kids and more than 3 kids have respectively an increase in milk production of 0.31 kg/day and 0.54 kg/day more than the milk production of goats given a single kid. In this study, the daily milk yield mean showed significant difference (P<0.05) and increased from first kidding (1.63 Liter) to second kidding (1.80 Liter) and to third (1.98 Liter) (Table 4). It depends to parity and age of goat. Like in the current study, Arnal et al. (2018) observed that Saanen goats that kidded youngest had a lower milk production levels and milk yield increased with parity from first to fourth kidding on average. Assan (2015) observed that the first lactation goats have the lowest milk yield, while the third lactation goats had the highest milk yield. Praharani et al. (2021) had shown that the first lactation produced lower milk (125.62 liters) than the second (148.94 liters) and the third (185.68 liters).

 

Table 4: Daily milk yield mean and lactation length average.

Kidding/parity	Animal number	Milk yield (Liter/day)	Lactation length (days)
Type of kidding
Simple	5	1.55±0.02d	157.63±1.19e
Doublet	4	1.90±0.05a	165.42±1.23d
Parity
Primiparous
First kidding (Lactation 1)	5	1.63±0.03c	171.25±1.29c
Multiparous
Second kidding (Lactation 2)	5	1.80±0.05b	193.18±1.38b
Third kidding (Lactation 3)	6	1.98±0.06a	214.41±1.42a

 

Means in the same column affected in superscript by different alphabet letters are significantly different (P< 0.05) with using ANOVA and significance test of Duncan.

 

Lactation length

The duration of lactation is the period during which the goat after kidding produces milk. The mean lactation length recorded in this study showed significant difference (P<0.05) and ranged from 157.63 to 214.41 days. It gradually increased (P<0.05) from the first to the third (Table 4). It is low compared to that reported by Mioc et al. (2008) who stated that the Saanen breed had a lactation length of 266.81±1.95 days and the Alpine breed of 264.51±0.57 days. The difference in lactation length can be attributed to feed availability, environmental effect and breeder goals. Lactation length (P<0.05) increased with the parity and goat age, 171.25 days for first lactation compared to 193.18 and 214.41 days respectively for second and third kidding (Table 4). Like in the current study, Praharani et al. (2021) reported that the lactation length of the first lactation (170.10 days) showed shorter than the second lactation (215.20 days), while the third lactation (256.60 days) was longer than the second lactation which was between the first and third lactation.

CONCLUSIONS and Recommendations

The current study evaluated the reproduction and milk production performance of Saanen dairy goat imported from Belgium and raised in southern Togo conditions. The study found that the litter size and the live weight of kids at birth varied and depended to sex, type of kidding (single, double) and parity. Males are heavier at birth than females and the kids born single are heavier than those born twins. The goat parity influences kidding interval, the primiparous goats have the longest kidding intervals in comparison to that of the multiparous goats. The lactation length and the milk yield increased with kidding order from the primiparous goats to the multiparous goats. On base of results recorded in comparison to that of similar studies carried out in other countries, the study concluded that Saanen dairy goat imported from Belgium adapts to southern Togo conditions. Moreover, for the development of the goat dairy sector in Togo through the introduction of dairy goat breeding in rural areas, specific further studies are possible such as:

• impacts of environmental rearing conditions (diet, housing conditions, and health management) on capacity reproductive and milk production performance of dairy goat in rural areas of Togo,
• socio-cultural studies of dairy goat farming introduction and goat’s milk consumption in rural areas
• potential impact of exotic dairy goat breed introduction on local communities including socio-economic aspects and adoption determinants.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors would like to thank TRAKOMULA Association in Belgium and Supporters for the donation of Saanen breed goats and for the financing of infrastructure as part of the installation of “Ferme Terre Vivante du Togo” and start of the activities of Saanen dairy goat breeding in southern Togo. They particularly thank Mr. Remy Schiffeleers, President of the TRAKOMULA Association for his multifaceted support and technical support during the Farm installation and Professor Nadine Buys, Department of Biosystems, Center for Animal Breeding and Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, for ensuring the transport of Saanen dairy goats from Belgium to Togo. They also thank the Farm technicians for their daily work and their technical support in data collection.

NOVELTY STATEMENT

The study of Reproduction and Milk Production Performance of Saanen Dairy Goat is novel conducted under Southern Togo. The novelty of this research is the first evaluation study of Saanen Dairy Goat adaptation to tropical conditions in Southern Togo in West Africa.

AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTION

MEB conceptualized the study, methodology, experimental design, and have written the first draft of the manuscript. MEB and AAK worked on data acquisition and data analysis. KEA worked on supervision and validation. All authors read, revised and approved the final manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

REFERENCES

Ahuya CO, Ojango JM, Mosi RO, Peacock CP, Okeyo AM (2009). Performance of Toggenburg dairy goats in smallholder production systems of the eastern highlands of Kenya. Small Rumin. Res., 83(1-3): 7-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.11.012

Akpa GN, Alphonsus C, Dalha SY, Garba Y (2010). Goat breeding structure and repeatability of litter size in smallholder goat herds in Kano, Nigeria. Anim. Res., 7(3): 1274-1280.

Alexandre G, Mandonnet N (2005). Goat meat production in harsh environments. Small Rumin. Res., 60(1-2): 53-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.06.005

Arnal M, Robert-Granié C, Larroque H (2018). Diversity of dairy goat lactation curves in France. J. Dairy Sci., 101: 11040–11051. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-14980

Assan N (2015). Significance of parity, year-season and prolificacy in influencing goat milk production traits Agric. Adv., 4: 1-6.

Ayizanga RA, Tecku PKM, Obese FY (2018). Growth and reproductive performance of West African dwarf goats at the Animal Research Institute, Katamanso Station. Ghana Jnl Agric. Sci., 52: 43-53.

Bushara I, Abu-Nikhaila AM, Idris AO, Mekki DM, Ahmed MMM, EI-Hag AMMA (2013). Productivity of Taggar goats as affected by sex of kids and litter size. Adv. Agric., 2(5): 150-157.

Chemineau P, Grude A, Varo H (1985). Mortalité, poids à la naissance et croissance de chevreaux créoles nés en élevage semi-intensif. Ann. Zoot., 34(2): 193-204. https://doi.org/10.1051/animres:19850205

Chunyan Z, Liguo Y, Zhong S (2008). Variance components and genetic parameters for weight and size at birth in the Boer goat. Livest. Sci., 115(1): 73-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.06.008

Devendra C (1990). Goats: In: Payne W.A., An introduction to animal husbandary in the tropics. Singapore: Longman. pp. 505–536.

Djagba AY, Bonfoh B, Bassowa H, Aklikokou K, Kanour N (2020). Assessment of goat rearing in the farming environment in Togo. Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays Trop., 73(1): 11-19. https://doi.org/10.19182/remvt.31840

Đuričić1 D, Grizelj J, Dobranić T, Harapin I, Vince S, Kočila P, Folnožić I, Lipar M, Gračner GG, Samardžija M (2012). Reproductive performance of Boer goats in a moderate climate zone. Vet. Arhiv., 82(4): 351-358.

Farina L (1989). La production laitière et la croissance du chevreau pendant la période néonatale chez la chèvre locale au Burundi. Tropicultura, 7(3): 103-108.

Ferreira DF (2011). Sisvar a computer statistical analysis system. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, Lavras, 35(6): 1039-1042. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-70542011000600001

Freitas VJF, Rondina D, Nogueira DM, Simplicio AA (2004). Postpartum anoestrus in Anglo-Nubian and Saanen goats raised in the semi-arid of North-eastern Brazil. Small Rumin Res., 90: 219-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.06.005

Gordon I (2004). Reproductive technologies in farm animals. Cabi Publishing: Cambridge, United Kingdom. pp. 332. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851998626.0000

Hrbud A, Mioc B, Drzaic V (2014). The reproductive traits of milk goats in Republic of Croatia. Stocarstvo, 68(1): 11-17.

Ibnelbachyr M (2015). Caractérisation morphologique, zootechnique et génétique moléculaire de la race caprine Draa. Thèse de doctorat de l’Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat. pp. 156.

Ince D (2010). Reproduction performance of Saanen goats raised under extensive conditions. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 9(48): 8253-8256. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB10.1345

Kassa SK, Salifou CFA, Dayo GK, Ahounou GS, Dotche OI, Issifou TM, Houaga I, Kountinhouin GB, Mensah GA, Yapi-Gnaore V (2016). Production de lait des vaches Bororo blanches et Borgou en élevage traditionnel au Bénin. Livest. Res. Rural. Dev., 28: 1-9.

Le Gal O, Planchenault D (1993). Utilisation des races caprines exotiques dans les zones chaudes. Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement – élevage. Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays Trop, Paris, France, pp. 261.

Marichatou H, Mamane L, Banoin M, Baril G (2002). Performances zootechniques des caprins au Niger: étude comparative de la chèvre rousse de Maradi et de la chèvre à robe noire dans la zone de Maradi. Rev. Elev. Méd. Vét. Pays Trop., 55: 79-84. https://doi.org/10.19182/remvt.9850

Mayeriya K, Ngona IA, Mbiya L, Khang’Maté AB (2017). Détermination de la puberté et de l’âge à la premièremise-bas des chevrettes en élevage familial à Lubumbashi, République Démocratique du Congo. J. Appl. Biosci., 109: 10673-10679. https://doi.org/10.4314/jab.v109i1.11

Mengistie T, Belay D, Mussie HM (2013). Reproductive Performance of Central Highland Goats under Traditional Management in Sekota District, Ethiopia. Asian J. Biol. Sci., 6: 271-276. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2013.271.276

Meza-Herrera CA, Serradilla JM, Munoz-Mejias ME, Baena-Manzano F, Menendez-Buxadera A (2014). Effect of breed and some environmental factors on body weights till weaning and litter size in five goat breeds in Mexico. Small Rumin Res., 121(2/3): 215-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.07.006

Mioc B, Prpić Z, Vnučec I, Barać Z, Sušić V, Samaržija D, Pavić V (2008). Factors affecting goat milk yield and composition. Mljekarstvo Dairy, 58(4).

Nadon S (2017). Le poids des chevrettes laitières à la mise à la reproduction : association avec l’âge et la probabilité de mettre bas. Mémoire de maîtrise ès sciences. M.Sc., Faculté de médecine vétérinaire. Université de Montréal. pp. 86.

Nziku ZC, Kifaro GC, Eik LO, Steine T, Ådnøy T (2017). Reasons for keeping dairy goats in Tanzania, and possible goals for a sustainable breeding program. Anim. Prod. Sci., 57(2): 338-346. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN15423

Offoumon OTF, Assani SA, Sanni WSH, Soule F, Assobga B, Gbangboche AB, Alkoiret TI (2023). Facteurs influençant la production laitière des chèvres Saanen, Rousse de Maradi et des croisés Saanen x Rousse de Maradi en zone soudano-guinéenne du Nord-Bénin. Ann. UP, Série Sci. Nat. Agron., 13(1): 121-128. https://doi.org/10.56109/aup-sna.v13i1.127

Payne WJA, Wilson RT (1999). An introduction to animal husbandry in the tropics. 5 Edition. Oxford, Blackwell Science, USA.

Praharani L, Anggraeni A, Rusdiana S (2021). Milk production and lactation length of F2 Anglo Nubian × Etawah grade does. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci., 788: 012006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/788/1/012006

Sakurai K, Ohkura S, Matsuyama S, Katoh K, Obara Y, Okamura H (2004). Body growth and plasma concentration of metabolites and metabolic hormones during the pubertal period in female Shiba goats. J. Reprod. Dev., 50: 197-205. https://doi.org/10.1262/jrd.50.197

Santosa SA, Hindratiningrum N, Purwantini D, Susanto A, Candrasari DP (2022). Goat Saanen productivity at the Dairy and Forage National Breeding Centre Baturraden, Central Java, Indonesia” in 3rd International Conference on Advance & Scientific Innovation ICASI – Life Sciences Chapter, KnE Life Sciences, pages. 309-317. https://doi.org/10.18502/kls.v0i0.11813

Sauvant D, Giger-Reverdin S, Meschy F, Puillet L, Schmidely P (2012). Actualisation des recommandations alimentaires pour les chèvres laitières. In: Elevage caprin. Baumont R., Sauvant D. (Eds). INRA Prod. Anim., 25(3): 259-276. https://doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2012.25.3.3214

Serradilla JM (2001). Use of high yielding goat breeds for milk production. Livest. Prod. Sci., 71(1): 59-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(01)00241-X

Song HB, Jo IH, Sol HS (2006). Reproductive performance of Korean native goats under natural and intensive conditions. Small Rumin. Res., 65: 284-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.08.001

Steele M (1996). Goats. The tropical agriculturalist. CTA McMillan Publishers.

Vissoh D, Gbangboche AB, Padonou E (2015). The Alpine goat’s milk production and cheese yield in Benin. Int. J. Curr. Res., 7: 22108-22112.

Zarazaga LA, Guzman JL, Dominguez C, Perez MC, Prieto R (2005). Effect of plane of nutrition on seasonality of reproduction in Spanish Payoya goats. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 87: 253-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.11.004