Research Article

Rejuvenated of Dairy Cows After Foot and Mouth Disease Infection Using Combination of Complete Feed to Increase Milk Production

Nur Saptahidhayat1, Claude Mona Airin1, Yanuartono1, Dyah Ayu Widiasih1, Soedarmanto Indarjulianto1*, Sri Handayani Irianingsih2, Meta Iqomah3

1Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna No. 2, Karangmalang, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia; 2Disease Investigation Center, Wates, Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta, 56651, Indonesia; 3Department of Food and Agriculture, Salatiga, Central Java, Indonesia.

Received | September 19, 2023; Accepted | October 16, 2023; Published | November 06, 2023

*Correspondence | Soedarmanto Indarjulianto, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Fauna No. 2, Karangmalang, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia; Email: indarjulianto@ugm.ac.id

Citation | Saptahidhayat N, Airin CM, Yanuartono, Widiasih DA, Indarjulianto S, Irianingsih SH, Iqomah M (2023). Rejuvenated of dairy cows after foot and mouth disease infection using combination of complete feed to increase milk production. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci., 11(11):1846-1853.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2023/11.11.1846.1853

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316

Copyright: 2023 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

INTRODUCTION

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is reported to reappear in 2022 in Indonesia (Ditjen, 2022; Ismail et al., 2023) that infects cloven hooves such as dairy cows, beef cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, and buffalo, which is caused by a Ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus from the genus Apthovirus family Picornaviridae (Ranjan et al., 2016). The clinical symptoms of FMD infection are an increase in body temperature, the appearance of blisters on the tongue, muzzle, nose, nipples, nail interdigital, and other skin parts resulting in anorexia, hypersalivation, limping, a decrease in milk production by 80% and death (Lyons et al., 2015; Ismail et al., 2023). Based on a report from the Indonesian Milk Cooperative Association (GKSI), dairy cows infected with FMD showed a significant decrease in milk yield, reaching a maximum decline of 60%. Different authors have measured impacted of FMD in a variety of ways as follows: Şentürk and Yalçin (2008) reported a decrease of 22% in Turkey, while Barasa et al. (2008) found a decline of 53% in South Sudan. In Kenya, Onono et al. (2013) reported a decrease of 62%, and in Ethiopia, Bayissa et al. (2011) reported a significant decrease of 77.3%. This decrease in milk production occurs due to inflammation of the mammary glands and a decrease in feed consumption in dairy cows infected with FMD.

To effectively manage FMD in dairy cow production, it is important to implement appropriate handling practices and provide high-quality treatment. A timely supply of appropriate and sufficient nutrition can accelerate the healing process of dairy cows infected with FMD. The traditional usage of soda ash, raw honey, wheat flour, finger millet flour, whole rice, and jiggery for the management and control of FMD is supported by the rapid healing of the FMD lesions and improved milk production in the experimental animals to the tune of 80–90%, even up to 100% in almost all cows affected with FMD virus infection (Ranjan et al., 2016). Hence, it could conceivably be hypothesised thatincreasing feed quality might increase milk production and improve milk quality in dairy cows. Previous studies (Mariyono and Romjali, 2007; Utomo and Pertiwi, 2010; Indriyani et al., 2013; Syafri et al., 2014) have reported that increased feed quality increases milk yield and improves milk contents in dairy cows. However, there is a lack of information about milk production and quality in dairy cows that were previously infected with FMD. This study aimed to enhance milk production and improve milk quality in dairy cows following FMD infection through the combination of basal feed, concentrate, and premix feeding strategies.

MATERIALs AND METHODS

Experimental design

Milk samples were examined at the Boyolali Regency, Central Java Province veterinary clinic, while blood samples were examined at the BBVET Wates laboratory in Kulonprogo Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta Province. The research animals were 15 lactating Friesian-Holstein crossbreds selected based on breeder record data supported by examination results of FMD clinical symptoms (blisters in the mouth and nail area), blood antibodies, and FMD virus from oral swabs. The materials used are basal feed, premix, Karfeed concentrate, Protelis® concentrate, sterile swabs, disposable syringes, micro tips, and tips. The tools used are lacto scan, reverse transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reader. The dairy cows were divided into three feed treatment groups, each comprising five cows per group. These groups were designated as Group I (control), Group II, and Group III. Basal feed in the form of King Grass (Pennisetum purpuphoides) was provided to each group. Group I got supplementary Karfeed concentrate, Group II was provided supplementary Karfeed concentrate along with premix, and Group III was supplied supplementary Protelis® concentrate. The basal feed was fed at a rate equal to 10% of the cows’s body weight daily, while the feed supplement was provided at a rate of 1% (Table 1). As dry matter basis, the ratio between forages and the concentrate were 49%:51%, 49%:51%, and 48%:52%, respectively. The feeding treatment was implemented for a duration of 55 days. Daily observations were conducted to evaluate the general physical condition, milk production, and milk quality of the dairy cow. The nutritional composition of King grass and feed supplementation is shown in Table 2.

 

Table 1: Feeding treatment (as fed).

Feed treatment	King grass (kg/head/d)	Karfeed conc. (kg/head/d)	Karfeed plus* (kg/head/d)	Protelis® conc. (kg/head/d)
Group I	30	6,0	-	-
Group II	30	-	6,0	-
Group III	30	-	-	6,0

 

*Karfeed Plus = Karfeed concentrate + premix

 

Table 2: Nutritional composition of feed.

Nutrient	King grass	Karfeed conc.	Karfeed plus	Protelis® conc.
Dry matter (%)	16.58	86.30	86.30	91.06
Ash (%)	12.26	15.06	15.06	8.43
Crude protein (%)	9.96	10.63	10.63	18.95
Extract ether (%)	1.10	7.78	7.78	6.35
Crude fiber (%)	30.55	18.05	18.05	15.93
Ca (%)	0.29	0.75	0.82	1.21
P (%)	0.21	0.81	0.81	0.82
TDN (%)	56.52	70.84	70.84	73.41

 

Blood collection

Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein using a 10 ml syringe and a 21 G x ½ needle for examination of leukocytes (eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes), hemoglobin levels, packet cell volume, and fibrinogen. The blood sample that has been obtained will be put into an Ethylene diamante traacetic acid (EDTA) tube and then stored in a cool box to be transported to the laboratory. A nasopharynx swab sample will be taken and then observed for the possibility of the FMD virus using the RT-PCR method at BBVET Wates. Sampling was carried out on day 0 and day 50.

Milk quality assessment

The milk sampling technique will be carried out directly on days 0 and 50. A 500 ml milk sample is taken and put into a cool box for transportation to the testing location. Examining milk samples, including protein content, fat, lactose, solid non-fat, and total solid, was carried out in the Boyolali laboratory.

Statistical analysis

A statistical analysis was conducted using analysis of variance using Proc Mixed with general linear model (GLM) using SAS studio for academics Online Edition (https://odamid-apse1.oda.sas.com/SASStudio/). An error was expressed as standard error mean (SEM). At the end, probabilities values were subjected in duncan multiple range test. The following model was used (Adli et al., 2023).

Yij = μ + Ti + eij

Where Yij was parameters observed, μ was the overall mean, Ti the effect feed, and eij the amount of error number. At the end, paired-sample t-test compares the mean of a single group. The nutritional requirements of dairy cows include dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and total digestible nutrient (TDN) calculated based on NRC (2001) for dairy cows. The content of TDN is calculated based on the Moran (2005) formula equation approach. TDN = 5.31 + 0.412 CP + 0.249 CF + 1.444 EE + 0.937 NFE. The content of ash, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), extract ether (EE), and crude fiber (CF) was obtained from the results of the proximate analysis. The material content of the extract without nitrogen (NFE) was obtained from the following formula: NFE (%) = 100% - ash (%) - CP (%) - EE (%) - CF (%). Analysis of nutritional adequacy (DM, CP, and TDN) is calculated by comparing feed requirements with feed supply analysis to obtain the nutritional adequacy status.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Foot and mouth disease examination

The results of the physical examination, FMD antibody examination, and detection of FMD virus from oral swabs of cows using RT-PCR indicated that all the dairy cows utilized in the present study had experienced FMD infection and subsequently achieved recovery (Table 3). The FMD-infected dairy cows used in this research showed seropositivity for NSP and SP antibodies. The antibody of NSP FMD is formed due to FMD virus infection, and its antibody can survive long in the animal. When the animal has an FMD infection, the NSP and serotype O (SP-O) antibody would be presented. NSP antibody is used to distinguish whether the antibody raised due to post-vaccination or infection. The animals that are not infected and have been vaccinated with FMD show the NSP seronegative and SP seropositive. A total of 15 oral swabs were examined for the FMD virus using a real-time PCR test method, and all showed negative results for the FMD virus. This indicates that the cows had been infected with the FMD virus, but the FMD virus was not detected in the cow’s mouth cavity.

Evaluation of feed supply

Dairy cows infected with Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) show less feed intake, decreased productivity, and a decline in milk production, potentially leading to a total lack of production. According to Rokhayati (2010), it is essential to have a balanced protein and energy ratio in the diet of dairy cows. Excessive energy content in the ration has been shown to result in reduced feed utilization efficiency, and it tends to be stored in the body as body fat. If the energy in the feed is low and the protein contained in the feed is high, it will cause the efficiency of protein used to be low, resulting in a decrease in milk protein content and a decrease in fertilization. Providing balanced quality and quantity of feed will increase the productivity of dairy cows so that there is an increase in milk production, which will positively impact the farmer’s income. The nutrient requirements for milk production are often higher than the cow’s ability to consume nutrients, which results in a negative nutritional balance (Harvatinet and Allen, 2002; Lestari et al., 2015). Vitamins and minerals (premix) supplementation in feed will improve the nutritional quality of feed, which is beneficial in optimizing productivity and helping to increase livestock growth (Mariyono and Romjali, 2007). Suwignyo et al. (2004) stated that differences in the types of feed will lead to differences in palatability and nutritional content, which in turn lead to differences in the amount of feed consumed by livestock.

 

Table 3: Data on results of antibody and FMD virus examination in cows used in the study.

Group	n	Foot and mouth disease examination				Diagnosis
		Normal physical observation	Seropositive		Negative molecular RT-PCR
			ELISA Ab NSP	ELISA Ab SP-O
I	5	5 (100%)	5 (100%)	5 (100%)	5 (100%)	15 dairy cows have been infected with FMD and have recovered
II	5	5 (100%)	5 (100%)	5 (100%)	5 (100%)
III	5	5 (100%)	5 (100%)	5 (100%)	5 (100%)

 

The nutritional requirements of dairy cows are determined based on their ability to produce milk (NRC, 2001). The results showed that the average milk production was 10 kg/head/d. According to NRC (2001), the daily nutrient requirements of DM, CP, and TDN based on average milk production in this study were 12.4, 1.1, and 5.2 kg/head/d, respectively. Table 4 shows that dairy cows consumed 10 kg DM/head/d during the study period. The DM consumption in this study is lower than the requirement. Indriani et al. (2013) and Sarah et al. (2015) reported that the consumption of DM of Friesian-Holstein dairy cows reached 12.45 and 22.54 kg/head/d. This study showed that Groups I and II still need to meet their protein (CP) and energy (TDN) requirements, while Group III has met their CP needs. The average consumption of DM, CP, and TDN cows fed with King grass and Karfeed concentrate were 81.87%, 71.15%, and 73.60%, respectively. Mastopan and Hanfi (2014) and Nakano et al. (2018) stated that TDN positively correlates with CP. Increasing the supply of CP will increase the supply of TDN. Therefore, Protelis® concentrate supplementation in this study aims to improve feed quality to reduce the gap between nutritional requirements and nutrient availability.

 

Table 4: The supply of DM, CP, and TDN in feed treatments.

Feeding	Group I	Group II	Group III
Nutrients supply
DM (kg/head/d)	10.15	10.15	10.44
CP (kg/head/d)	1.05	1.05	1.53
TDN (kg/head/d)	6.48	6.48	6.82
Percentage of supply
DM (%)	81.87	81.87	84.17
CP (%)	71.15	71.15	104.13
TDN (%)	76.86	76.86	80.83

 

Table 5: Average milk production after feeding treatment.

Group	n	Milk yield (kg/head/d)
		Before	After
Group I	5	11.71±3.72a	11.16±2.92a
Group II	5	7.09±1.47a	6.72±2.09a
Group III	5	8.82±1.94a	11.32±3.31b

 

a,b numbers with different superscripts on the same line indicate a significant difference at the 95% confidence level (p<0,05) based on the paired-sample t-test

 

Milk production

Table 5 shows that average milk production after treatment in Groups I, II, and III was 11.16 kg, 6.79 kg, and 11.32 kg, respectively. Utomo and Pertiwi (2010) and Nugraha et al. (2016) stated that average milk production of dairy cows in Indonesia ranges from 8 to 10 kg/head/d, while Christie et al. (2021) and Makin and Suharwanto (2012) reported 15 kg/head/d at BPPIBTSP Bunikasih in Cianjur and range of 13–15 kg/head/d in the West Java province, respectively. The results of the analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that there was a statistically significant (P<0.05) impact of different feed treatments on the amount of milk produced among different groups. There was no statistically significant difference observed in milk output between Group I and Group II before and after treatment. The addition of premix to Karfeed concentrate did not yield statistically significant effects (P>0.05) on dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and total digestible nutrients (TDN) intake in Group II. Consequently, the impact of this supplementation on the performance of dairy cows remains undetermined. Novianto and Sarwiyono (2013) and Suryahadi et al. (2004) reported that feed supplements improved and maintained livestock production performance. Premix improves and enriches the nutritional quality of feed because it contains various kinds of vitamins, micro minerals, macro minerals, and probiotics needed by livestock (Retnani et al., 2014). The observed difference in milk output between Group II and Group I may be attributed to variations in the individual circumstances of the animals used in each treatment. A possible consideration to consider is that the premix contained within the Karfeed concentrate may have adequately fulfilled the nutritional requirements of dairy cows. Consequently, the addition of supplementary premix in the Karfeed concentrate may have a negligible effect on enhancing milk output in Group II. Field (2007) stated that less variety of feed will not affect palatability, so feed consumption will remain the same so it does not affect livestock growth.

The implementation of feed treatment in Group III resulted in a statistically significant increase in milk production (p <0.05), with an average of 2.5 kg per head per day observed during the treatment period. The Protelis® concentrate, with a crude protein content of 18%, showed a higher milk production rate compared to the Karfeed concentrate in both Group I and Group II, which had a protein content of 15%. The observed improvement in the production of milk is probably due to an increased availability of essential nutrients, enabling dairy cows to produce milk in accordance with their genetic capacity. The milk production of cows was shown to increase by 28.3% after they were provided with a diet consisting of King grass supplemented with Protelis® concentrate. Enhancing the quality of feed has the potential to accelerate improvements in milk production prior to Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) infection. Syafri et al. (2014) reported that feed protein consumption has a quadratic relationship with milk production and protein.

Dairy cows infected with FMD also showed high fever, so their bodies will spend much energy to maintain average body temperature (homeostasis). In addition to losing energy, cows will show a decrease in the feed’s protein, vitamins, and minerals supply. Pasaribu and Firmansyah (2015) stated that the performance of dairy cow’s production is influenced by feed; if the nutritional needs of dairy cows are met, then productivity can reach optimal. Syafri et al. (2014) stated that protein in feed determines feed quality because it affects milk production and quality. The higher the ability to provide feed protein as needed, the more milk will be produced.

As shown the Figure 1 the average milk production during treatment. Group III’s milk production significantly increased compared to groups I and II. The increased supply of CP and TDN causes milk production to increase. Appropriate feeding management can affect the adequacy of the nutrients needed to produce optimum productivity for dairy cows. Laryska and Nurhajati (2013) stated that feeding dairy cows must be on the requirements and reasonable so that the feed remains efficient and the need for production can be fulfilled.

 

Providing feed with protein content as needed will speed up the recovery process for milk production performance after FMD. Dairy cows can return to average production by increasing the feed quality. Protein consumption has a positive relationship with milk production, i.e., more protein consumption will be followed by increased milk production. Protein consumption from feed will become a source of amino acids during milk protein biosynthesis. Milk protein is a part or component of milk; if milk protein production increases, milk production will also increase. According to Indriyani et al. (2013), the productivity of dairy cows will be optimal if feed consumption is sufficient so that the results of digestion of feed absorbed by the blood have sufficient amounts to produce milk.

In ruminant animals, the balance of microflora, which plays a role in fermentation digestion, greatly influences digestive efficiency. Rumen microbial populations, including bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, are essential in fermentative digestion. Utomo and Pertiwi (2010) stated that optimal protein consumption would be followed by increased crude protein digestibility, increasing the nutrients used for milk biosynthesis. Protein consumption can affect milk production because feed protein will be processed in the rumen to be degraded by microbes so they can synthesize their body cells into microbial protein. Microbial protein is digested in the abomasum with the help of pepsin enzymes into polypeptides, which will be converted into amino acids to be used as a precursor for milk formation. Consumption of TDN affects milk production because it contains milk-forming precursors, especially glucose, as a precursor in milk lactose biosynthesis. Lactose is a component of milk that has the property of absorbing water. Yusuf (2010) and Syafri et al. (2014) stated that glucose from energy sources is the precursor for making milk lactose. At the same time, the increasing of lactose content in the milk are related to the milk productions.

Milk quality

Multiple regression analysis revealed that the different feed treatments between groups had no significant (p>0.05) effect on milk quality. Table 6 shows Protelis® concentrate supplementation increased milk quality, such as protein, fat, lactose, solid non-fat (SNF), and total solid (TS). Protein is the primary nutrient in milk because it contains the essential amino acids the body needs (Sigit et al., 2021). The main ingredients for fermentative digestion and an essential source of nutrition for ruminants are forages, which contain cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin, which are carbohydrates that makeup plant cell walls. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin are subject to hydrolytic action and complex microbial enzymes (cellulases). The fermentative digestive ecosystem is complex, with waste products from one microbial species being utilized as substrates for other bacteria. R. albus will digest cellulose but cannot digest protein; this bacterium provides hexose for B. ruminicola's energy. B. ruminicola digests protein but cannot digest cellulose; this bacteria provides ammonic and branched chain fatty acids to grow R. albus (Bradley, 2020). 

This study showed that premix supplementation in Group II could not significantly improve milk quality. Akhidiat et al. (2021) reported that supplementing 50 grams of premix to a group of high-producing dairy cows could increase their milk production capacity but not their fat quality or protein. Fatty acids can degrade milk protein because a decrease in microbial protein yield makes less protein absorbed and available for milk protein synthesis (Jenkins, 2000). Increasing the extraction efficiency of essential amino acids, milk blood flow, and glucose absorption are directly proportional to the increase in protein synthesis (Mackle et al., 2000). Amino acids absorbed by the mammary glands from the blood are the primary nitrogen source for milk protein synthesis. Some amino acids also produce glucose and form volatile fatty acids (VFA) as a glucose source in lactose formation. The more lactose is synthesized, the more milk produced (Syafri et al., 2014).

The feed supplement provided contains macrominerals to increase the productivity of dairy cows (Sumartono et al., 2023). Based on research by Rabiee et al. (2021), supplementing minerals to dairy cows can significantly increase milk production by 0.93 kg/day, milk fat production by 0.04 kg/day, and milk protein production by 0.03 kg/day. Apart from that, Protelis® feed also contains probiotics. Parakkasi (1999) stated that probiotics can increase rumen microbes so that they will produce free fatty acids such as propionic acid. This propionic acid can be converted into glucose and then circulates in the blood, becoming a precursor to milk lactose. About 80% of milk lactose is synthesized from glucose, while 12% comes from amino acid gluconeogenesis. Premix combines several ingredients and micronutrient sources formulated in supplement form. The principle of a good ration formulation system for livestock is the addition of supplements that consider balanced main food substances such as energy, protein, calcium, and phosphorus.

Utami et al. (2014) reported that feed containing lots of forages would cause high milk fat levels. According to Mutamimah et al. (2013), fat content is influenced by acetic acid, which comes from forages, while the acetic acid precursor comes from crude fiber, which is fermented in the rumen so that it turns into volatile fatty acid (VFA), which consists of acetate, butyrate, and propionate. The main ingredients of fat are acetic and butyric acid; the higher the crude fiber content of the feed, the higher the acetic and butyric acid levels from the results of microbial breakdown in the rumen. Novianto and Sarwiyono (2013) stated that VFA is a precursor component of milk fat. Low milk fat levels will reduce the nutritional value contained therein so that the benefits provided by milk are reduced. The acetic acid resulting from fermentation digestion will enter the secretory cells of the udder and become milk fat (Musnandar, 2011). This study showed that fat content was in the range of 0.4–1.1%, lower compared to Syafri et al. (2014), who reported 3.28–3.51%. There is no significant difference in fat content after treatment between groups caused by the crude fiber contained in the ration being relatively the same. According to Laryska and Nurhajati (2013), dairy cows that are fed large amounts of concentrate and a smaller proportion of forage will have decreased result saliva production, resulting in lower rumen pH, resulting in reduced acetic acid production, as it is known that acetic acid formed in the rumen is the primary precursor for the formation of milk fat (Setyaningtias et al., 2014). Thus, the three experimental cow groups will have relatively balanced milk fat levels if the production of acetic acid in the rumen is balanced.

SNF is the dry material that remains after the milk fat is removed. The increased SNF levels are caused by the fat content not included in this section, so the total remaining protein and lactose can influence the high percentage produced (Christi and Rohayati, 2017). Mutamimah et al. (2013) stated that the higher the protein and lactose, the higher the SNF. Feed protein consumption has a linear relationship with milk lactose, and milk lactose also has a linear relationship with milk production. Imanto et al. (2018) stated that milk lactose is the main carbohydrate in milk influenced by feed carbohydrates, which will be converted into glucose and then distributed by the blood, which will be carried to the udder to convert the absorbed glucose into high milk lactose. The level of milk production is influenced by the quality of feed (Sumartono et al., 2023).

 

Table 6: Milk quality (protein, fat, lactose, SNF, and TS) before and after treatment.

Milk content	Group I		Group II		Group III
	Before	After	Before	After	Before	After
Protein (%)	3.13a	3.16a	3.18a	3.02a	3.19a	3.58a
Fat (%)	0.57a	0.41a	1.11a	1.24a	0.39a	1.15a
Lactose (%)	4.58a	4.62a	4.56a	4.41a	4.68a	4.69a
Solid non fat (%)	8.51a	8.59a	8.64a	8.30a	8.67a	8.73a
Total solid (%)	10.44a	10.36	10.77a	10.75a	10.61a	11.12a

 

a,b numbers with different superscripts on the same row and in the same group indicate a significant difference at the 95% confidence level (p<0.05) based on the paired-sample t-test.

 

The primary components composing total milk solids are fat, protein, and lactose (Saputra, 2018). According to the study’s findings, the range of lactose concentration in milk was 4.4–4.6% (Table 6). The lactose levels observed in the present study were found to be higher compared to those reported by Syafri et al. (2014), who reported a lactose content of 4.10%. Christi and Rohayati (2017) stated that lactose is a composite of glucose and galactose. Suhendra et al. (2015) propose that propionic acid, which is produced by the ruminal fermentation of crude fiber, is the source of milk lactose.

CONCLUSIONS and Recommendations

The improvement in feed protein value by supplementing Protelis® concentrate containing 18% crude protein in Group III increased milk yield and milk quality for dairy cows after FMD infection. The best feed formulation in Group III because it could provide better nutrients (DM, CP, and TDN) that produced more milk and quantity than the other treatment groups. This study’s increase in milk production and quality proved that the combination of basal feed, supplementary concentrate, and premix met the dairy cows’ needs, recovering productivity after FMD infection.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We want to thank the authors and wish to be grateful to the Directorate General of Livestock and Animal Health Services Ministry of Agriculture and Disease Investigation Center in Wates, Indonesia.

NOVELTY STATEMENT

This research article provides preliminary information on a combination of basal feed, supplementary concentrate, and premix met the dairy cows’ needs, recovering productivity after FMD infection and increasing milk production.

AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTION

NS contributed to the acquisition of data and statistical analyses of data. NS and SHI contributed to the design of the manuscript. All authors contributed to drafting the manuscript, revising the manuscript, and preparing the manuscript for publication.

Ethical approval

The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Commission Team, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, No. 70/EC-FKH/Eks/2023.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

REFERENCES

Adli DN, Sadarman S, Irawan A, Jayanegara A, Wardiny TM, Priambodo TR, Nayohan S, Permata D, Sholikin MM, Yekti APA (2023). Effects of oligosaccharides on performance, egg quality, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant status, and immunity of laying hens: A meta-analysis. Ital. J. Anim. Sci., 22(1): 594-604. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2023.2223211

Akhdiat T, Widjaya N, Permana H, Christi RF, Suherna A (2021). Pengaruh pemberian premix dalam ransum terhadap produksi dan kualitas susu sapi perah Friesian Holstein. Zootec, 41(2): 355–363.

Barasa M, Catley A, Machuchu D, Laqua H, Puot E, Kot DT, Ikiror D (2008). Foot-and-mouth disease vaccination in South Sudan: benefit–cost analysis and livelihoods impact. Transbound. Emerg. Dis., 55(8): 339-351. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2008.01042.x

Bayissa B, Ayelet G, Kyule M, Jibril Y, Gelaye E (2011). Study on seroprevalence, risk factors, and economic impact of foot-and-mouth disease in Borena pastoral and agro-pastoral system, southern Ethiopia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 43(4): 759–766. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-010-9728-6

Bradley GK (2020). Cunningham’s textbook of veterinary physiology 6th. Elsevier, Inc.

Christi RF, Indrijani H, Tasripin DS, Suharwanto D (2021). Evaluasi produksi susu sapi perah friesian holstein pada berbagai laktasi di BPPIBTSP Bunikasih Cianjur. Agrivet, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.31602/zmip.v47i2.7136

Christi RF, Rohayati T (2017). Kadar protein, laktosa, dan bahan kering tanpa lemak susu kambing peranakan ettawa yang diberi konsentrat terfermentasi. J. Ilmu Pet., 1(2): 19–27. https://doi.org/10.52434/janhus.v1i2.243

Ditjen PKH (2023). Informasi penanggulangan dan tindakan pencegahan wabah PMK. https://siagapmk.crisis-center.id/index.php.

Field TG (2007). Beef production and management decisions-fifth edition.

Harvartinet KJ, Allen MS (2002). The effect of production level on feed intake, milk yield, and endocrine responses to two fatty acid supplements in lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci., 88: 4018–4027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022- 0302(05)73088-5

Imanto NY, Harjanti DW, Hartanto R (2018). Kadar glukosa darah dan laktosa susu pada sapi perah dengan pemberian suplemen herbal dan mineral proteinat. J. Riset. Agric. Pet., 3(2): 16–21.

Indriani AP, Muktiani A, Pangestu E (2013). Konsumsi dan produksi protein susu sapi perah laktasi yang diberi suplemen temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) dan seng proteinat. J. Anim. Agric., 2(1): 128–135.

Ismail I, Indarjulianto S, Yusuf S, Purba FY (2023). Clinical examination of foot and mouth disease of dairy cows in Sukamurni, Cilawu, Garut, West Java, Indonesia. IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. IOP Publ., 1174(1): 012005. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1174/1/012005

Jenkins T (2000). Feeding oleamide to lactating jersey cows. Effects on lactation performance and milk fatty acid composition. J. Dairy Sci., 83(2): 332–337. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)74883-1

Laryska B, Nurhajati T (2013). Peningkatan kadar lemak susu sapi perah dengan pemberian pakan konsentrat komesil dibandingkan dengan ampas tahu. Agroveteriner, 1(2): 79–87.

Lestari DA, Abdullah L, Despal (2015). Comparative study of milk production and feed efficiency based on farmers best practices and national research council. Media Peternakan, 38(2): 110–117. https://doi.org/10.5398/medpet.2015.38.2.110

Lyons NA, Alexander N, Stärk KD, Dulu TD, Sumption KJ, James AD, Rushton J, Fine PE (2015). Impact of foot and mouth disease on milk production on a large-scale dairy farm in Kenya. Prevent. Vet. Med., 120(2): 177–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.04.004

Mackle TR, Dwyer DA, Ingvartsen KL, Chouinard PY, Ross DA, Bauman DE (2000). Effects of insulin and postruminal supply of protein on use of amino acids by the mammary gland for milk protein synthesis. J. Dairy Sci., 83: 93–105. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)74860-0

Makin M, Suharwanto D (2012). Performa sifat-sifat produksi susu dan reproduksi sapi perah Fries Holland di Jawa Barat. J. Ilmu Ternak, 12(2): 39–44.

Mariyono RE (2007). Petunjuk teknis teknologi inovasi pakan murah untuk usaha pembibitan sapi potong. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan. Pasuruan.

Mariyono, Romjali E (2007). Petunjuk Teknis Teknologi Inovasi Pakan Murah untuk Usaha Pembibitan Sapi Potong. Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Peternakan. Pasuruan.

Mastopan TM, Hanafi ND (2014). Kecernaan lemak kasar dan tdn (total digestible nutrient) ransum yang mengandung pelepah daun kelapa sawit dengan perlakuan fisik, kimia, biologis dan kombinasinya pada domba. J. Pet. Integratif, 3(1): 37–45. https://doi.org/10.32734/jpi.v3i1.2743

Moran J (2005). Tropical dairy farming: Feeding management for small holder daiy farmers in the humid tropics. Landlinks press. Melbourne, AU. https://doi.org/10.1071/9780643093133

Musnandar E (2011). Efisiensi energi pada sapi perah Holstein yang diberi berbagai imbangan rumput dan konsentrat. J. Penelitian Univ. Jambi Ser. Sains, 13: 53–58.

Mutamimah L, Utami S, Sudewo ATA (2013). Kajian kadar lemak dan bahan kering tanpa lemak susu kambing sapera di Cilacap dan Bogor. J. Ilmu Pet., 1(3): 874–880.

Nakano H, Matoba K, Togamura Y (2018). An estimation for total digestible nutrient in fresh herbage from a perennial ryegrass-white clover mixed pasture. JARQ, 52(2): 155-161. https://doi.org/10.6090/jarq.52.155

Novianto WA, Sarwiyono E (2013). Setyowati. penampilan produksi, kadar protein dan kadar lemak susu sapi perah peranakan Friesian Holstein yang diberi pakan tambahan probiotik. J. Fak. Pet. Univ. Brawijaya, 2013. https://fapet.ub.ac.id/Repository

NRC, 2001. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle: Seventh revised edition. National Academy Press. Washington DC, USA.

Nugraha BK, Salman LB, Hernawan E (2016). Kajian kadar lemak, protein dan bahan kering tanpa lemak susu sapi perah Fries Holland pada Pemerahan Pagi dan Sore di KPSBU Lembang. J. Univ. Padjajaran.

Onono JO, Wieland B, Rushton J (2013). Constraints to cattle production in a semiarid pastoral system in Kenya. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 45(6): 1415–1422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-013-0379-2

Parakkasi A (1999). Ilmu Nutrisi dan Makanan Ternak Ruminan. Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia Press.

Pasaribu A, Firmansyah IN (2015). Analisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi produksi susu sapi perah di Kabupaten Karo Provinsi Sumatera. J. Ilmu Pet., 18(1): 28–35. https://doi.org/10.22437/jiiip.v18i1.2656

Rabiee A, Lean J, Stevenson M, Socha M (2021). Effects of feeding organic trace minerals on milk production and reproductive perforrmance in lactating dairy cows: A Meta-analysis. J. Dairy Sci., 2021: 4239–4251. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3058

Ranjan R, Biswal JK, Sharma GK, Pattnaik (2016). A review on foot-and-mouth disease: pathology, diagnosis and its management. Indian J. Vet. Pathol., 40(2): 105–115. https://doi.org/10.5958/0973-970X.2016.00025.0

Retnani Y, Permana IG, Purba LC (2014). Physical characteristic and palatability of biscuit biosupplement of dairy goat. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 17(5): 725–729. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2014.725.729

Rokhayati UA (2010). Pengaruh suplementasi energi dan undegrated protein terhadap produksi susu sapi perah Friesian Holstein. Inovasi, 7(2): 33–43.

Saputra FT (2018). Evaluation of the total solid fresh milk of tawang argo farmers based on indonesian national standards. J. Trop. Lives, 19(1): 22–26. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtapro.2018.019.01.3

Sarah S, Suprayogi TH, Sudjatmogo (2015). Kecernaan protein ransum dan kandungan protein susu sapi perah akibat pemberian imbangan hijauan dan konsentrat ransum yang berbeda. Anim. Agric. J., 4(2): 229–233.

Şentürk B, Yalçin C (2008). Production losses due to endemic foot-and-mouth disease in cattle in Turkey. Turkish J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 32(6): 433–440. https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/veterinary/vol32/iss6/6.

Setianingtyas RW, Sudjatmogo, Suprayogi TH (2014). Tampilan lemak dan bahan kering tanpa lemak pada susu sapi perah akibat pemberian ransum dengan imbangan hijauan dan konsentrat yang berbeda. Anim. Agri. J., 3(2): 121–129.

Sigit M, Putri WR, Pratama JWA (2021). Perbandingan kadar lemak, protein, dan bahan kering tanpa lemak (BKTL) pada susu sapi segar di Kota Kediri dan Kabupaten Kediri. J. Ilmiah Fillia Cendekia, 6(1): 31–35.

Suhendra D, Anggiati GT, Sarah S, Nasrullah AF, Thimoty A, Utama DWC (2015). Tampilan kualitas susu sapi perah akibat imbangan konsentrat dan hijauan yang berbeda. J. Ilmu Pet., 25(1): 42–46. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiip.2015.025.01.06

Sumartono WAP, Hidanah S, Yudaniayanti IS, Paramita W, Al-Arif MA, Mustofa I (2023). Milk production and business analysis on dairy cattle affected by PMK in “kampoeng ternak” Sidoarjo livestock: A literature review. Sibatik J., 2(5): 1473–1482. https://doi.org/10.54443/sibatik.v2i5.811

Suryahadi, Bachtiar B, Amrullah (2004). Efek penambahan metan inhibitor, defaunating agent dan probiotik lokal dalam feed block supplement (FBS) terhadap produksi dan kualitas susu sapi perah. Seminar Nasional Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, Bogor.

Suwignyo B, Agus A, Utomo R (2004). Efektivitas penggunaan complete feed berbasis jerami padi fermentasi pada ternak Australian commercial cross. Proseding Seminar Nasional Pengembangan Usaha Peternakan Berdaya Saing di Lahan Kering. LUSTRUM VII Fak. Peternakan UGM, Yogyakarta. pp. 74–80.

Syafri A, Harjanti DW, Santoso SAB (2014). Hubungan antara konsumsi protein pakan dengan produksi, kandungan protein dan laktosa susu sapi perah di Kota Salatiga. Anim. Agric. J., 3(3): 450–456.

Utami KB, Radiati LE, Surjowardojo P (2014). Kajian kualitas susu sapi perah PFH (studi kasus pada anggota Koperasi Agro Niaga di Kecamatan Jabung Kabupaten Malang). J. Ilmu Pet., 24(2): 58–66. http://jiip.ub.ac.id/.

Utomo B, Pertiwi MD (2010). Tampilan produksi susu sapi perah yang mendapat perbaikan manajeman pemeliharaan. J. Caraka Tani, 25(1): 21–25. https://doi.org/10.20961/carakatani.v25i1.15528

Yusuf R (2010). Kandungan protein susu sapi perah friesian holstein akibat pemberian pakan yang mengandung tepung katu (Sauropus androgynus (L.) merr) yang berbeda. J. Tek. Pertanian, 6(1): 1–6.