Research Article

Production of Biodiesel from Jatropha curcas by Using Homogenous Catalyst

Jaffar Hussain1*, Zeenat M. Ali1 and Syed Farman Ali Shah2

1Department of Chemical Engineering, MUET Jamshoro, Pakistan; 2Register, University of Sufism and Modron Sciences Bhitshah, Pakistan.

Received | February 07, 2022; Accepted | November 25, 2022; Published | February 09, 2023

*Correspondence | Jaffar Hussain, Department of Chemical Engineering, MUET Jamshoro, Pakistan; Email: jafarkhosa72@yahoo.com

Citation | Hussain, J., Z.M. Ali and S.F.A. Shah. 2023. Production of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas by using homogenous catalyst. Journal of Innovative Sciences, 9(1): 18-23.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.jis/2023/9.1.18.23

Keywords | Jatropha, Biodiesel, Blended, Catalysts, NaoH, Renewable

Copyright: 2023 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

1. Introduction

The massive quantity of petroleum products lead to increase the global warming and green house gases emission in the world (Indu et al., 2020). The majority of researcher were working on environmental sustainability and energy crisis to find out new sources (Haris et al., 2022). Presently the reduction of fossil fuel and climate change the researchers are trying to find alternative sources of energy (Krishna et al., 2020). Biodiesel is a combination of fatty acid methy easter (Reddy et al., 2016). It is renewable, biodegradable, environmental eco-friendly and non-toxic (Ranjitha et al., 2019). It is produce from edible oils seed, non-edible oil, animal fats, waste cooking oil and algae (Verma et al., 2016). Source of fatty acid can produce biodiesel (Rummi Devi Saini, 2017). Homogenous, heterogeneous and enzymes catalysts are used for the production of biodiesel. Strong acid and strong base are used as a catalyst in homogenous catalysis. The major of homogenous catalyst are destructive nature, incapable of recycling, non-eco-friendly and generate huge amount of effluent (Baskar and Ravi, 2015). Heterogeneous catalyst easy to separate, regenerate, re-used and production cost reduced. Slowdown the reaction rate when used enzymatic catalyst and production cost increase (Gurunathan and Ravi, 2015). Adriana et al. (2022) studies about the production of Biodiesel from Jatropha seed plant at room temperature by using Potassium ferrate obtained yield 98%. The selection of raw materials for the production of biodiesel is around 70-95% and production cost can be reducing 60 to 70% by using low cost materials (Azocar et al., 2010).

Jatropha curcas is belong to Euphoribiacease family many years ago used for medicine treatment. It is non edible feed stock having high oil content up to 40% and can grows everywhere like as sand, gravelly or saline soil. The production of seed can be achieved in 12 to 15 month after cultivation 2 or 3 times in a year. Now a days many researchers are working to produce biodiesel from jatrpha seed to overcome on energy crisis for economical way. Therefore, it is expected in next few years 1 to 2 millions hectars jatropha plant planted in the world.

Cupper zinc oxide to use for biodiesel yield obtained was 97.7% (Sandhya et al., 2018). biodiesel yield, up to 73% in the first cycle and 64% in the second one by using CaO-ZnO catalyst having size average size of 2 μm (Javier et al., 2019). There are many nano catalyst used for biodiesel production with different yield 83.2 to 99 on different condition like that reaction time, molal ratio, feed stock and catalyst used (Mandana et al., 2014). maximum biodiesel yield of 97.71% by using CZO nanocomposite on these factor 12% (w/w) nanocatalyst concentration, 1:8 (v/v) O/M ratio, 55°C temperature and 50 min of reaction time (Gurunathn and Ravi, 2015). 1.5 Zn/Mg-γAl2O3 used for castor oil to produce 99% yield (Marisa et al., 2020). ZnO/TiO2 is a best conversion of biodiesel of soya bean oil (Mbala-Mukenga, 2012).

The different equipments are used to characterization of the catalysts some of them are Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscope, Scanning electron microscope, EDS, UV, ZETA POTIONAL, X-Ray diffraction and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

1.1 Composition of Jatropha oil

The composition of Jatropha oil was determined by gas chromatography which shows that composition of acid presented in oil sample. These acid values were representing in Table 1.

2. Materials and Methods

If the fatty acid valve is more than 2 the estrifaction process was used for the production of biodiesel, in this reaction sulfuric acid react with methanol which conveted free fatty acid to easter. A common method was used for the production of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas called transestrification, it is also called three steps method. The transesterification reaction was carried out with ratio v/v methanol-to-oil ratio, In transestrification reaction the triglyceride react with methanol, from this reaction to produce the triglyceride which converted to monoglycerides when further reaction with methanol. After that monoglycerides react with methanol to produce methyl ester and by product glycerine. Any material having easter is called Biodiesel. In the transestrification process these factors effecting on the production of biodieselfrom Jatropha curcas were catalyst concentration (g),

 

Table 1: Raw materials for production of biodiesel.

Edible oil	Nonedible oil	Animal fats	Waste and algae
Palm, peanut, rice bran, soybean, canola, coconut, palm, o live, grape seed, rapseed, sorghum, safflower, barley, groundnut and many more.	Jatropha, karajaer, neem, jojoba, linseed, tobacco seed oil, mahua, pongamia, sea mango,	Tallow, yellow grease, chicken fat and by product of the refining vegetable oils.	Waste cooking oil and algae

 

Table 2: Production of oil from different seed.

S #	Plants seed name	Oil % in seed	Yield of oil tons/ha/year	Seed yield ton/ year x 106	Reference
1	Linseed	35 to 40	0.5 to 1.0	0.15	May et al., 2011
2	Mahua	35 to 40	1.0 to 4.0	0.20
3	caster	45 to 50	0.5 to 1.0	0.25
4	Jatropha	50 to 60	2.0 to 3.0	0.2
5	Karanja	30 to 40	2.0 to 4.0	0.06

 

Table 3: Fatty acid formation of jatropha curcas oil.

Fatty acid	Composition wt%
Palmitic	14.1 to 15.3
Stearic	3.9 to9.8
Eicosenic	0.160
Behinic	0.183
Polmitolic	0.499
Arachidic	0.3
Oleic	41.39
Linoleic	37.95
Gamma. Linolenic	0.307
Myristic	0.1

 

Mureed et al., 2016.

 

 

reaction temperature, oil to methanol molar ratio, reaction time, mixing rpm, pH and composition of fatty acid in oil raw material. Oil was obtained from jatropha seed plant and purchased from Kh herbals which deal all kind of essential oil, herbal extracted and cold press oil from Lahore. The extracted oil have some dark brown colour. In this experiment NaoH used as a catalysts. NaoH was manufactured by duksan company and purchased from Khan associate Lahore. Methanol is used with oil in different molar ratio on specific reaction time. Three (3) gm NaoH used as a catalyst with 10ml of methanol in 100 ml jatropha oil at 65 oC temperature, agitate it for reaction time was 1 to 2 hr for better result and leave for settle down of oil and glycerine, in previous research the reaction time consider from 45 minutes to 24 hr at different temperature 25 to 65 oC. Magnetic stair was used for proper mixing at 500 rpm for some time mixed it for good reaction and leave it for 4 to 5 hours to settle down. Two layers was obtained upper layer is biodiesel and lower glycerine, filtrate it with the help of filter paper. Remove glycerine and some other properties distilled water was used in when oil and water layer were formed oil separated from water easily. In this experiment 84% oil was obtained previous research have a result 90 to 98%, process performed at different temperature and methanol to oil ratio with reaction time.

 

Table 4: Production of Jatropha Oil by using different catalyst.

S. #	Type of catalyst	Methanol /oil molar ratio	Reaction temp (oC)	Reaction time (Min)	Catalyst loading	Yield %	Reference	Reference by
1	KOH	6:1	50	120	1.0% w/w	97	Berchman et al., 2010	Ching et al., 2011; Shuit et al., 2009
2	KNO3/AL2O3	12:1	70	360	6 wt%	87	Vyas et al., 2009
3	H2SO4	6:1	60	60	15% wt	99.8	Shuit et al., 2009
4	NaoH	9:1	45	30	0.8 %w/w	96	Tapanes et al., 2008
5	NaoH	24:1	250	28	0.8% w/w	90.5	Tang et al., 2007
6	Cao	9:1	70	150	15% wt	93	Zhu et al., 2006
7	NaoH	5.6:1	60	90	1.0%w/w	98	Chitra et al., 2005

 

2.1 Homogenous catalysts

The different homogenous catalysts with their catalytic activity shown in table with Biodiesel yield%. The factors effecting on the production of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas were catalyst concentration (g), reaction temperature, oil to methanol molar ratio, reaction time, mixing rpm, pH and composition of fatty acid in oil raw material.

2.2 Properties of jatropha oil

The most desired properties of the materials, products and industrial process are sustainability, eco-friendly and industrial ecology. The main properties of Biodiesel from Jatropha oil represent in Table 2.

 

Table 5: Biodiesel from Jatropha seed properties.

Property	Unit	Jatropha
Calorific value	Mj/kg	39.2
Flash point	oC	135
Pour point	oC	2
Cloud point	oC	--
Cetane num	--	61
Viscosity	Mm2/s	2.37
Density	Kg/m3	880
Carbon residue	Wt%	0.20
Sulfur	Ppm	--
Water	%	0.025

 

Conclusions and Recommendation

Energy requirement, fuel prices, global warming, emission of greenhouse gases and decrease the sources of fossil fuel are the major problems of these days. There are many sources in the world to overcome the crisis of energy, Jatropha seed plant is one of them to produce energy. Jatropha oil was purchased from Kh herbals and used for purifaction, for this purpose transestrfaction method was used to separate glycerine from oil, in this purpose NaoH used as catalyst. Homogenous catalyst like as NaoH applied for the production of biodiesel from jatropha oil seed maximum recovery was 85%, reaction time 1 to 2 hr at 65 oC temperature. Government must support the researchers to find new sources of energy for their requirement.

Novelty Statement

To find Local energy Sources to meet the country demand.Biodisel blanded with diesel to decrese the price of petroleum products.Biofuels are environmental suntainable.

Author’s Contribution

All authors contributed equally.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

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