Research Article

Prevalence of Parasitic Contaminations in Raw Vegetables in District Narowal

Syed Shakeel Shah1, Ayesha Jameel1, Sabila Afzal1*, Muhammad Zubair2, Iram Fatima Bokhari1

1Department of Zoology, University of Narowal, Narowal, Pakistan; 2Department of Wildlife and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.

Received | April 06, 2023; Accepted | May 29, 2023; Published | June 28, 2023

*Correspondence | Sabila Afzal, Department of Zoology, University of Narowal, Narowal, Pakistan; Email: sabila.afzalAuon.edu.pk

Citation | Shah, S.S., A. Jameel, S. Afzal, M. Zubair, I.F. Bokhari. 2023. Prevalence of parasitic contaminations in raw vegetables in district Narowal. Biologia (Lahore), 69(1): 20-27.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.Biologia/2023/69.1.20.27

Keywords | Parasitic infections, Parasitic prevalence, Raw vegetables

Copyright: 2023 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Introduction

Over two billion individuals and more than half of the population in the world are suffering from intestinal parasites (Brooker, 2010). Food is becoming an important source for parasitic infections due to contamination during handling or processing. Vegetables are a necessary part of the human diet (Ebrahimzadeh et al., 2013). Many raw fruits and vegetables are the sources of parasitic infections (Shahnazi and Jafar, 2010). Vegetables are beneficial, primarily involved in delivering nutrients, vitamins and minerals, protein and fibers to the human body and preventing various ailments through their ingestion (Abougrain et al., 2010).

In addition to their nutritional value, contaminated vegetables can transfer parasites to humans (Shaddel et al., 2018). The high prevalence of parasitic infections is the main ground for identifying the sources of parasitic infections, transmission and prevention from contaminated sources (Idahosa, 2011) and vegetables can serve as a vital source of a parasitic contamination. The parasitic contamination of vegetables plays an epidemiological role in parasitic transmission in humans worldwide. Studies have shown that parasitic diseases are common in people where wastewater is used to irrigate vegetables or they are used without proper washing (Damen et al., 2007). Various parasitic stages can contaminate vegetables through manure, sewage wastewater from livestock, processing and transport (Pires et al., 2012; Said, 2012). Eating raw and improperly washed vegetables can infect humans with various parasites, including Trichuris trichiura, Toxocara, Taenia, Enterobius vermicularis, Hymenolepis, Giardia lamblia, Fasciola, Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica, Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworms (Kozan et al., 2007; Eraky et al., 2014). Traditional washing of vegetables with tap water decreases parasite infection (32.6 to 1.3%) but fails to eliminate parasites from vegetables completely (Fallah et al. 2012). Therefore, to eliminate parasites, vegetables must be thoroughly washed using traditional techniques, such as calcium hypochlorite and an automatic fruit-vegetable washer (Fallah et al. 2012).

The eggs of roundworms are sticky and are carried by hand to mouth by consumers and food handlers. The world’s one-sixth population is affected by these intestinal parasites like Trichuris trichiura and hookworm (Harhay et al., 2010). 1.2 billion infections are caused by A. lumbricoides , hookworm is responsible for 740 million and T. trichiura accounts for 795 million infections worldwide (Alum et al., 2010). E. histolytica and Giardia lamblia are the most dominant protozoans causing intestinal diseases (Hailegebriel, 2017). These intestinal parasites can cause retarded growth, anemia and many mental and physical health issues (WHO, 2005), causing approximately 2 lac deaths each year (Wakid, 2009; Alemu et al., 2019). Standard stages of intestinal parasites contaminating vegetables are cysts, eggs, or larvae. Untreated sewage for irrigation and wastewater are the most common ways for parasites to contaminate crops (Johannessen et al., 2005). Contamination is also due to naturally composted manure and feces of grazing animals (Doyle and Erickson, 2008). Transport and processing, sprinkling contaminated water to keep vegetables fresh (Olyaei and Hajivandi, 2013), poor sanitation and unhygienic handling (Tefera et al., 2014) are also causes of vegetable contamination. The use of wastewater for irrigation of vegetables in developing countries can also be responsible for the high level of pollution (Mahvi and Kia, 2006). Slightly cooked vegetables, which protect heat-sensitive nutrients, make vegetables more susceptible to intestinal parasites (Fallah et al., 2012). The intricacy of surface structure and porosity of surfaces of most vegetables are the main reasons for pathogens attachment and survival on vegetables which can cause contamination of vegetables, and serve as an essential means of transmission of many infectious parasites (Kniel et al., 2002). Regions, where people eat raw vegetables have high rates of parasitic infections, showing that vegetables are an essential means of transmission of infection (Abdalla et al., 2013). Lack of proper health system and analysis of foodborne pathogens, most of the infections caused by contaminated vegetables remain undetected in developing countries (Yusof et al., 2017). Prevention of parasitic disease associated with the use of contaminated vegetables is possible by practical and unfailing detection methods for checking this contamination (Jaykus, 1997; Said, 2012). Existing literature shows a limited number of studies in Pakistan and no previous studies in district Narowal regarding parasitic contamination of raw vegetables have been undertaken, the present study investigates the prevalence of parasitic contamination in raw vegetables in district Narowal, Pakistan.

Materials and Methods

Study area

The district of Narowal is situated between 31° 55’ and 32° 30’ north latitude and 74° 35’ and 75° 21’ east longitude in Pakistan’s Punjab province. Narowal, at 32°21′N and 74°54′ E, Shakargarh, at 32°15′46′′ N and 75°9′30′′ E, and Zafarwal, at 32°21′0 N and 74°54′0 E, are the three tehsils that make up this district (Zereen et al., 2018). The area is primarily flat, with only the Ravi River and a few drainage ditches to break up the monotony (Ahmad et al., 2014).

Sample collection

From December 2020 to March 2021, 145 samples of fresh vegetables were collected from three diverse sites; shops, wholesale markets and vendors. 200g of every sample of 5 different vegetables were taken to confirm parasitic contamination, including coriander (Corriandum sativum), spinach (Spinacia oleracea), mint (Mentha viridus), green chili (Capsicum annum) and carrot (Davcus carota). Rotten vegetables and vegetables with excessive dirt were not included in the sample. Vegetable samples were collected in sterilized plastic bags to transfer to the laboratory of the University of Narowal for further processing within 2 hours after collection.

Sample processing

Sedimentation method: 200 grams of each vegetable was taken into a sterile plastic jar and shaken well with 0.2% saline solution to remove parasitic ova, larva, or cyst, resultant washout was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 3 minutes (El-Bakri et al., 2020). Supernatant was collected and placed 10-11 hours for sedimentation without using a centrifuge to concentrate parasitic stages (Abougrain et al., 2010). After removing the supernatant, a drop of sediment was used to observe parasitic stages at 10X and 40X of the microscope according to Down’s description (Al-Binali et al., 2006).

Floatation method: 200-250 g of sample of each vegetable were washed in distilled water for the removal of ova and/or cysts of parasites. Undesireable materials were removed by straining the suspension through a sterile sieve. For 5 min, the filtrate was centrifuged at 5000 rpm. The supernatant was discarded and the sediment was resuspended in concentrated NaCl floatation fluid. The solution was kept for 20-25 minutes for floatation without a centrifuge. NaCl was filled to the rim of test tubes and a coverslip was placed on it. After the desired time, coverslips were carefully placed on slides to observe under 10X and 40X, as Soulsby (1982) explained.

Statistical analysis

The chi-square test was performed by using SPSS 22.0 to find out the relationship between parasitic contamination and vegetables found in various markets. P-value <0.005 was considered as significant.

Results and Discussion

Out of 145 analyzed vegetable samples, 69 were found contaminated with 12 different genera of parasites. The overall prevalence of contaminated raw vegetables was 47.58%. Coriander was the most contaminated with 51.42% of the vegetables, and carrot was the lowest contaminated with 40% of total samples.

Table 1 shows the prevalence of parasitic contaminations and the respective collection site, the number of samples of vegetables analyzed, and the number of samples found positive. Twelve genera of parasites are reported in this study. Taenia, Hymenolepis, Ascaris, Toxocara, Toxoplasma, hookworm, Isospora belli, Trichuris, Trichostrongyloids, Giardia, Fasciola, Entamoeba and mites were observed in vegetable samples see Figure 1, 2 and 3.

 

Table 1: Prevalence of parasites in vegetables along with the site of collection.

Vegetables	Sites of collection						Total	Positive % age
	Shops		Wholesale market		Vendors
	Total (n)	Positive (%age)	Total (n)	Positive (%age)	Total (n)	Positive (%age)
Coriander	15	7(46.6%)	10	6(60%)	10	5(50%)	35	18(51.42%)
Mint	15	9(60%)	10	5(50%)	10	3(30%)	35	17(48.57%)
Spinach	10	5(50%)	8	4(50%)	7	3(42.85%)	25	12(48%)
Carrot	8	3(37.5%)	6	3(50%)	6	2(33.33%)	20	8(40%)
Green chili	10	4(40%)	10	6(60%)	10	4(40%)	30	14(46.66%)
Total	58	21(36.20%)	44	24(54.54%)	43	17(39.53%)	145	69(47.58%)

 

 

 

Overall, Taenia (25.28%) was found to be the most prevelant parasite in the vegetable samples. Ascaris (21.83%) was the second most prevalent parasite in the vegetables examined. These were followed by Hymenolepis and Toxocara i.e. 9.91% each. Whereas Toxoplasma, Entamoeba, and hookworm were 4.59% prevalent, followed by Trichuris, Giardia, and Fasciola were 3.44% prevelant. Isospora belli and Trichostongyloids (2.29%) were found to be the least prevelant among all parasites found.

Table 2 shows the frequency of parasitic attacks on vegetables and the respective collection site. The prevalence of each parasite genera is also mentioned. 15 (21.73%) out of 69 positive samples were contaminated with more than one type of parasite. Mites (5.75%) were also observed in this study.

 

Vegetables are a vital part of our daily diet and are an essential source of many minerals and micronutrients. The parasitic contamination of vegetables can affect human health adversely. Intestinal parasitic infections are high due to encouraging climate, unhygienic routine, and sanitary or wastewater in agriculture. In addition, the use of animal excreta as fertilizer has increased the contamination rate (Alemu et al., 2019). Microscopic examination revealed that 69 (47.58%) samples were contaminated with different parasites’ eggs, cysts and larvae. The high contamination rate of mint (48.57%) and coriander (51.42%) may be attributed to their cultivation near the ground where the fecal waste of animals, contaminated soil, water are in direct contact with these vegetables. In addition, the thick vegetation and shrubbery appearance of mint and coriander offer an encouraging site for eggs and cysts and safeguard them from sunlight, wind and desiccation (Idrissa et al., 2010; Bouhoum and Amahmid, 2002). The broad leafy spinach (48%) and carrot (40%) with small pits on the surface make these vegetables more suitable for deposition of parasite eggs and cysts, which can attach to rough surfaces of vegetables easily (Avcioglu et al., 2011). 46.66% of green chilli samples were found contaminated in this study. In a study by Maqbool et al. (2014), only 8% of chili were found contaminated. 12 genera of parasites were observed in this study and similar results were also reported from Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan by Maqbool et al. (2014). Taenia was reported as the most prevalent parasite with 25.28%, which lines with the study conducted by Kozan et al. (2005) in Ankara, Turkey, due to its high environmental resistance. The significant prevalence of Taenia in unwashed raw vegetables suggests that unwashed raw vegetables play a significant role in the epidemiology of Taenia infections. The high prevalence of Ascaris (21.83%) was consistent with the study in Vietnam (Uga et al., 2009), which reported 21% contamination of vegetables with Ascaris. These findings are also supported by Anwar and Mckenr (2012) and Ensink et al. (2007). Ascaris eggs are adhesive and can easily stick to vegetable surfaces and other utensils. Ascaris eggs and cysts are found in sewage water and soil contaminated with human feces (Cotruvo et al., 2004).

The percentage of Trichostongyloids, Fasciola, Isospora belli and Giardia was less than 5%, aligning with study in Nigeria (Amaechi et al., 2016). The parasite prevalence is low; still, it is possible that consuming just one embryonated helminth egg is enough source of infection (Cotruvo et al., 2004; Hajjami et al., 2013). The high prevalence of these parasites could be attributed to favorable meteorological and climatic conditions, such as temperature and humidity. High resistance of the eggs and cysts of Ascaris and Taenia in the environment is a significant reason for their high contamination as they can survive and persist and are sustainable for several months and years in soil (Roepstorff et al., 2001; Jiang et al., 2002; Ogden et al., 2002). In this study, there was variation in contamination of vegetable samples collected from the whole sale market, shops, and vendors. 54.54% of samples collected from the wholesale market of Narowal were reported positive, which lines with the results of a study conducted by Ojemudia (2011), who reported 56.25% contamination of vegetable samples collected from markets of Jos. The roaming animals and displaying vegetables on the ground are the main factors contributing to high contamination. Samples collected from shops and vendors were 36.20% and 39.53% positive, respectively. Umoh et al. (2001) stated that food contamination relies on the cleanliness in a specific location and hygienic practices of the public handling the vegetables. 15 (21.73%) out of 69 samples were polluted with more than a single kind of parasite, which lines with evaluation in Ethiopia by Alemu et al. (2019), who reported that 61 (70.1%) and 26 (29.9%) of positive samples were contaminated with single and dual parasite species, respectively. The presence of more than one parasite in a sample in this study indicates the likelihood of poly fecal contamination of vegetable samples, which would most likely result in poly parasitic infection in humans.

Conclusions and Recommendations

The vegetable cannot be avoided from daily intake but can be omitted from the chain of transmission and dispersion of parasites. This can be accomplished by maintaining individual and environmental hygiene by vendors, wholesalers, shopkeepers, transporters and consumers. In avoiding untreated human and animal wastes as manure in agriculture, proper sewage and sanitation treatment can play an essential role in this regard. In addition, health providers must check the practices of vegetable transport and handling to lessen the risk of parasitic transmission.

Acknowledgement

We would like to acknowledge the University of Narowal for providing research support.

Novelty Statement

This manuscript is the original work and has not been published elsewhere. In this study, we are reporting the parasitic prevalence in raw vegetables first time in district Narowal.

Author’s Contribution

SSS, AJ and SA: Data analysis, Manuscript writing AJ, MZ and IFB: Data collection, Experimentation.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

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