Research Article

Population Densities of Melon Fruit Fly Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) in Vegetables Agro-Ecosystem in District Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan

Zain-ul-Aabdin Abro1*, Naheed Baloch1, Niaz Hussain Khuhro2, Waseem Akbar Qazi2, Noor Abid Saeed3

1Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan; 2Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, Tando Jam, Sindh, Pakistan; 3Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology, Pakistan.

Received | February 27, 2017; Accepted | June 15, 2017; Published | June 25, 2017

*Correspondence | Zain-ul-Aabdin Abro, Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Abro, Z.A., N. Baloch, N.H. Khuhro, W.A. Qazi and N.A. Saeed. 2017. Population densities of melon fruit fly Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) in vegetables agro-ecosystem in District Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 33(2): 331-337.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2017/33.2.331.337

Keywords | Population densities, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Lagenaria siceraria, Abiotic factors, Cue-lure.

Introduction

Insect pests are the most important factors, and are responsible for the low yield and poor quality of vegetables. Among them fruit flies are the serious pests of different vegetables and fruits. The Dipterian fruit flies belong to family Tephritidae, consists of more than 4,000 species, of which nearly 700 species belonging to Dacine fruit flies (Fischer and Busch, 1989). Among them Melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coq.) is a fruit fly that infects up to 125 species of plants, mostly belong to the Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae (Bezzi, 1913; Jain et al., 2008). Melon flies causes loss of 8 to 10 million US dollars to growers annually. Moreover, it confines the development of agriculture in many countries because of the quarrying business strict restrictions to prevent the spread of this noxious pest (Dhillon et al., 2005).

Vegetables are a major source of protein and minerals necessary for human nutrition and vitamins. Pakistan produced 8478.8 tons of vegetables on 611.7 hectares during 2013-14 and earned 12.039 billion worth. Improve productivity and quality of vegetables enhances food security, employment, as well as business opportunities. In Pakistan, vegetable growers randomly use a mixture of toxins/pesticides on vegetables to suppress fruit flies. Repeated application of pesticides has resulted in losses havoc on human health and the environment, soil, water and wildlife (GoP, 2013-14).

A number of fruit fly species has been documented including Bactrocera cucurbitae which is the most harmful pests of pumpkin, sponge gourd, bitter gourd, Indian pumpkin and other fleshy vegetables. This species causes direct damage to vegetables that can lead to up to 90-100% yield loss. In addition to direct losses, and the incidence of this type could reduce the value of the trading and export opportunities due to the strict quarantine regulations (Naqvi, 2005)

Pheromone and para-pheromone traps are efficaciously used to investigate population magnitude of fruit flies in different regions of the world (Marwat and Baloch, 1986; Gillani et al., 2002). Cue lure traps provide a casual and effective way to study population densities of B. cucurbitae which is important for the successful anti-pest program (Alyokhun et al., 2000).

Various sex attractant mixtures such as pheromones and lures used to attract male fruit flies (Tephritidae) are signifying the potential importance of sex (male) attractants (Liu and Lin, 1993). Naturally one on one sex ratio of the fruit flies present; however, partial variation in B. cucurbitae sex ratio (male and female) population has been documented throughout different time spells (Bhagat and Koul, 1999). It is estimated that every male fly removed from the population of wild fly by the attractant will represent one female unmated (Sapkota et al., 2010). From years, for the checking and estimating fruit flies population densities the pheromones and lures has been used to attract adult male fruit flies hence proved effective as compared to food temptation (Jang et al., 2007). Additionally for detecting and mass capturing of melon flies cue-lure traps are successfully used in vegetables agro-ecosystem worldwide (Pawar et al., 1991; Nath and Bhusan, 2006). The environmental factors (such as temperature, humidity and rainfall) directly associated with population densities of melon fruit fly were obtained using cue lure baited traps. Fruit fly species captured using cue-lure tempted traps positively related with weather parameters such as temperature, humidity, rainfall (Lee et al., 1997; Jha et al., 2007).

Keeping in view the commercial significance of cucurbit vegetables and the losses sustained by Melon fruit fly incursion, it is imperative to study for the population fluctuation of melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae and impact of ecological factors on its capture to obtain sustainable pest management strategy against its invasion in cucurbit agro-ecosystem.

Materials and Methods

The field experiment was conducted for monitoring the population abundance of melon fruit fly Bactrocera cucurbitae on cucurbit crops of district Hyderabad. The experiment was conducted on bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) and ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula) grown, at Jeay Shah and Dehli farm. Effect of abiotic factors (temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) on melon fly were also recorded. The total areas of 5 acres were selected on each crop at discrete location for observing the B. cucurbitae population densities. Experiment was designed in Randomized Complete Design (RCD) having five replications with plant spacing (hill x row) of 0.5x2 m.

Male lure “Steiner Type traps” were made of plastic Jars that measured 20 cm in length and 8 cm in diameter were used for fly trapping. These traps had two holes on each side to allow the flies to enter inside. Male lure were suspended inside each trap, near the center, consisted of a small cotton wick soaked with 4 ml Cue-lure [4-(pacetoxyphenyl)-2-butanone] (CL) having 5% (Pyramid 10% AS) insecticide.

The traps were baited with Cue-lure and insecticide deployed at three meter height in all selected locations from 01.01.2015 to 31.12.2015. Male flies were attracted to lure, and quickly killed by the insecticide on the cotton wick. The captured male flies were collected and counted on weekly basis and cue lure was replenished at fortnightly interval.

Meteorological Data and Statistical Analysis

Meteorological data used in this study were provided by Regional AGRO-MET Centre Tando Jam, Sindh, Pakistan.

All statistical analyses were done with the help of Statistix® Version 8.1, Analytical Software, Inc., and Tallahassee, FL, USA.

Statistical analysis was calculated using two-ways analysis of variance ANOVA for different parameters Followed by Tukey’s Post Hoc HSD Test for the significance of data.

The Melon fruit fly (B. cucurbitae) was found to be the most prominent pest of cucurbit crops and observed in maximum number in vegetables agro-ecosystem of District Hyderabad. The investigations on population densities of melon fruit fly in different cucurbit crops were conducted at various locations of District Hyderabad throughout the year 2015 by using Cue-lure traps (Table 1, 2 and 3). The overall highest mean number of melon flies were recorded on L. acutangula (124.86), followed by M. charantia and L. siceraria (114.11, 104.73), respectively, on all cucurbit crops in District Hyderabad. The present investigations on population fluctuation of B. cucurbitae in different cucurbit crops of District Hyderabad revealed that weekly lowest mean population of flies recorded on L. siceraria (7.6±1.72) at Jeay Shah site during first week of January 2015 (Table 1). The maximum and statistical significant incursion of B. cucurbitae was recorded from First week of May to second week of June 2015 in selected vegetables at discrete locations of District Hyderabad (Table 2). However, the higher number of Melon fruit flies were recorded during 4rth week of May on Luffa acutangula at Dehli Farm, but this peak was non-significant within the different species and location. Again the increased number of B. cucurbitae was recorded during first week of October on Luffa acutangula at Dehli Farm and gradually declined through December, 2015 (Table 3). Further variation in the infestation levels of the B. cucurbitae were influenced by fruit availability and weather factors (Figure 1, 2 and 3).

The significantly positive correlation was recorded between temperature (minimum and maximum) and B. cucurbitae population. Whereas, rainfall (mm) positively correlates with fruit fly capture at all experimental sites in District Hyderabad. The relative humidity (%) negatively correlates with melon flies population throughout the year (Table 4).

Table 4: Showing Pearson’s correlation between weather parameters (Temperature, Humidity and Rainfall) and B. cucurbitae population on cucurbit crops in district Hyderabad.

The present study was designed to investigate the population densities of B. cucurbitae in vegetables agro-ecosystem in District Hyderabad. Our studies confirmed that population densities of B. cucurbitae fluctuated due to several reasons throughout the year among them ecological factors (for instance, temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) and availability of food (vegetation and alternative host plants) during cropping season and off season played vital role in the occurrence of melon fruit fly. This study shows the occurrence of B. cucurbitae species activities throughout the year. However, maximum number of the fly species was recorded during mid-May to mid-June 2015. The population variations of adult male B. cucurbitae species were significantly different between the locations and within the different species cucurbit agro-ecosystem of district Hyderabad. We observed that the population abundance of melon fly started to increase from 1st week of May and reached to their peak during second week of June than gradually started to decline after 4th week of October at Dehli farm and Jeay Shah commercial vegetable growing areas. Our experimental results were partially similar with the findings of Lee et al. (1992) and Mahmood and Mishkatullah (2007) who reported increased population of B. cucurbitae from July to October. Ye (2001) also reported that high abundance of B. cucurbitae occurs only from May through November each year in Yunnan Province of China.

In this study we observed that ecological aspects such as temperature, humidity and rainfall were positively as well as negatively associated with population dynamics of melon flies. The high temperature significantly positively co-related with the B. cucurbitae population while humidity has negative effect on it. When correlation between rainfall and melon fly captures were observed for the studied areas exhibited a temperately positive relationship with the melon fly capture in vegetables agro-ecosystem in district Hyderabad. Similar results were reported by Syed (1971), Ye (2001) and Vargas et al. (2003) stated that maximum number of B. cucurbitae was recorded in the warm months of each year whereas relative humidity was observed as a crucial factor which impacts B. cucurbitae incidence.

Our findings documented that with favourable climatic conditions Melon flies activity amplified to distinct peaks during different months of the year. Similarly, Ramsamy et al. (1987) and Liu and Lin (1993) observed the crucial commotion of B. cucurbitae when the prevailing climatic condition was favourable during different months of the year. In another study Kawashita et al. (2004) investigated the peak population of melon flies from April to July and mid-June to mid-November. The fruit fly population abundance using cue-lure baited traps in our study also matches with the studies carried out by Ramsamy (1989) and Joshi et al. (1995) who observed the inactive period of B. cucurbitae during January. Interestingly our results are similar with that of Khan et al. (1993), who obtained the same adult population trend per trap in bottle gourd crop in a field study in Pakistan.

Conclusion

In present studies Luffa acutangula was observed more susceptible host for B. cucurbitae in terms of infestation. Initially high population of B. cucurbitae started from the first week of March on L. acutangula followed by M. charantia and L. siceraria, respectively and gradually increased during winter season while reached to its highest peak from May to mid-June on selected locations in vegetables agro-ecosystem in district Hyderabad. It was observed that high temperature encourage the population build-up of B. cucurbitae in vegetables agro-ecosystem. Further rainfall also positively affected the population of melon fruit fly while relative humidity had negative affect on it. Thus, it was concluded that high temperature enhances the insect activity.

Author’ Contribution

ZAA conducted experiments, analyzed the data and wrote the article. NB designed and supervised the entire work. NHK conceived and designed study. WAQ assisted in experiments. NAS interpreted the results.

Conflict of Interests

Authors have declared no conflict of interests.

References

Alyokhun, A.V., R.H. Messing and J.J. Duan. 2000. Visual and olfactory stimuli affect trap captures of oriental fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 93(30): 644-649. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-0493-93.3.644

Bezzi, M. 1913. Indian Tephritids (fruit flies) in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta. Mem. Indian Mus. 25 (3): 153-175.

Bhagat, K.C., and V.K. Koul. 1999. Seasonal biology of melon fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae Coq. J. Appl. ZooI. Res. 10(2): 128-129.

Dhillon, M.K., R. Singh, J.S. Naresh and H.C. Sharma. 2005. The melon fruit fly Bactrocera cucurbitae: A review of its biology and management. J. Instr. Sci. 40: 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1093/jis/5.1.40

Fischer, C.P., and P.E. Busch. 1989. Pest status of fruit flies their biology, natural enemies and control in temperate Europe and west Asia. In World Crop Pests. 3(A): 91-99.

Gillani, W.A., T. Bashir and M. Ilyas. 2002. Studies on population dynamics of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in guava and nectrin orchards in Islamabad. Pakistan J. Biol. Sci. 5(4): 452-454.

GoP. 2013-14. The economic situation in Pakistan 2013-14. Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan.

Gupta, D., A.K. Verma and G. Divender. 1992. Population fluctuation of the maggots of fruit flies, Dacus cucurbitae and Dacus infesting cucurbitaceous crops. Adv. Plant Sci. 5(2): 518-523.

Jang, E.B., V.C. Giner and J.E. Oliver. 2007. Field captures of wild melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) with an improved male attractant raspberry ketone formate. Int. J. Farm. Allied Sci. 2(2): 42-47.

Jain, H., J.L. Zhang, F. Nardi and R.J. Zhang. 2008. Generation structure of melon fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae) from China and South Asia. Insect Sci. 12: 387-392.

Jha, S., M.R. Khan, S. Sahoo and S. Das. 2007. Infestation of fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) on pointed gourd (Trichosanthes dioica). Sashya Surakhya. 4: 12-13.

Joshi, V.R., D.B. Pawar and K.E. Lawande. 1995. Effects of different training systems and planting seasons on incidence of fruit flies in bitter gourd. J. Mahara Agric. Univ. 20(2): 190-291.

Kawashita, T., G.B.J.P. Rajapakse and K. Tsuruta. 2004. Population survey of Bactrocera fruit flies by lure trap in Sri Lanka. Res. Bull. Plant Prot. Serv. Japan. 40: 297–299.

Khan, L., M. Haq, C. Inayatullah and A. Mohsan. 1993. Biology and behavior of melon fruit fly, Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett. (Diptera: Tephritidae). Pakistan J. Zool. 25(3): 203-208.

Lee, U.Y., V.R. Hwang, C.C. Cheng and J.C. Chang. 1997. Population fluctuation of the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae in Northern Taiwan. Chinese J. Ent. 12(4): 285-297.

Lee, L.W.Y., Y.B. Hwang, C.C. Cheng and J.C. Chang. 1992. Population fluctuation of the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae, in northeastern Taiwan. Chinese J. Ent. 12: 285-292.

Liu, Y.C., and J.S. Lin. 1993. The response of melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett to the attraction of 10% MC. Plant Prot. Bull. Taipei. 35: 79-88.

Mahmood, K., and Mishkatullah. 2007. Population dynamics of three species of Bactrocera (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) in BARI, Chakwal (Punjab). Pakistan J. Zool. 39(2): 123-126.

Marwat, N.K., and U.K. Baloch. 1986. Methyl eugenol, a male fruit fly sex- attractant. Pak. J. Agric. Res. 7: 228-234.

Naqvi, M.H. 2005. Management and quality assurance of fruits and vegetables for export needs for product to market approach. Use of Irradiation for Quarantine Treatment of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables. Pp. 14-24.

Nath, P., and S. Bhusan. 2006. Evaluation of poison bait traps for trapping adult fruit fly. Ann. Plant Prot. Sci. 14: 297–299.

Pawar, D.B., U.N. Mote and K.E. Lawande. 1991. Monitoring of fruit fly population in bitter gourd crop with the help of lure trap. J. Res. Mahara. Agric. Univ. 18(6): 281.

Ramsamy, M.P., T. Rawanansham and A. Joomaye. 1987. Studies on the control of D. cucurbitae Coquillett and Dacus demmerezi Bezzi (Diptera: Tephritidae) by male annihilation. Rev. Agricol Sucrie de ltle Mauriee. 66: 1-3.

Ramsamy, M.P. 1989. A survey of three main tephritids and their hosts in Mauritius and some studies on their control with attractive chemical traps. Insect Sci. Applic. 10(3): 1017-1030. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1742758400003647

Sapkota, R., K.C. Dahal and R.B. Thapa. 2010. Damage assessment and management of cucurbit fruit files in spring-summer squash. J. Ent. Nematol. 2(1): 7-12.

Syed, R.A. 1971. Studies on tephritids and their natural enemies in Pakistan. V. Dacus (Strumete) Cucurbita Coq. Tech. Bull. Commonw. Inst. Biol. Contr. 14: 63-75.

Vargas, R.I., N.W. Miller, and J.D. Stark. 2003. Field trials of spinosad as a replacement for naled ddvp, and Malathion in methyl eugenol and cue-lure bucket traps to attract and kill male oriental fruit flies and melon flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Hawaii. J. of Econom. Ent. 96: 1780-1785. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/96.6.1780

Vargas, R.I., R.F.L. Mau, E.B. Jang, R.M. Faust and L. Wong. 2008. The Hawaii fruit fly area wide pest management program. Area-wide IPM. Theory to Implementation. CABI International. Pp. 300-325.

Ye, H. 2001. Distribution of the melon fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Yunnan province. Entomol. Sin. 8: 175-182.

Zaman, M. 1995. Assessment of the male population of the fruit flies through kairomone baited traps and the association of the abundance levels with the environmental factors. Sarhad J Agric. 11: 657-670.