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In vitro Efficacy Testing of Some Commercial Disinfectants against Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Different Poultry Farms

AAVS_10_10_2116-2123

Research Article

In vitro Efficacy Testing of Some Commercial Disinfectants against Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Different Poultry Farms

Hassan A. Aidaros, Eman M. Hafez, Halla E.K. El Bahgy*

Veterinary Hygiene and management Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Egypt.

Abstract | Proper management and hygiene are the keys for the poultry industry, profit mainly depends on efficient cleaning and disinfection. Disinfectants play an essential role in controlling pathogens in health care, animal production, and food-related industries. The effectiveness of a disinfectant is mainly dependent on the active compound chosen, its concentration, and the cleanliness of the surfaces to which it is applied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of some disinfectants (Prophyl 2000®, G7®, Pron-Tech®, Alkadox®, and Biodine®) at different concentrations and contact times at 20, 40, 60, and 90 minutes against field isolated serotypes of E. coli, Pasteurella multocida, Campylobacter jejuni, and Staphylococcus aureus from chicken and duck farms production at a titer of 3×106 CFU (Colony Forming Unit) /cm2 in the absence and presence of organic matter (O.M). The results showed that the efficiency of disinfectants was significantly increase with high concentration and long contact time. The Prophyl 2000® was the most powerful disinfectant against field pathogens, followed by G7®, Pron-Tech®, and Alkadox®, while Biodine® was the weakest disinfectant at the same conditions. Moreover, the organic matter hindered bactericidal power of many commercial disinfectants such as quaternary ammonium compounds (QUATS), halogen releasing agents including iodine, chlorine and its compounds, but some were not affected, such as glutaraldehyde. Finally, the success of the disinfection process in different poultry farms mainly depends on the selection of suitable disinfectants.

 

Keywords | Disinfectant, Poultry, E.coli, Pasteurella multocida, Campylobacter jejuni , Staphylococcus aureus.


Received | June 23, 2022; Accepted | August 05, 2022; Published | September 15, 2022

*Correspondence | Halla EK El Bahgy, Hygiene and Veterinary Care Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Moshtohor 13736, Egypt; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Aidaros HA, Hafez EM, El Bahgy HEK (2022). In vitro efficacy testing of some commercial disinfectants against pathogenic bacteria isolated from different poultry farms. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 10(10): 2116-2123.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2022/10.10.2116.2123

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316

 

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Copyright: 2022 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).



INTRODUCTION

Commercial poultry production around the world is one of the most successful sectors, mainly due to its high growth rate, short generation interval and low investment per unit. Unfortunately, its progress is not enough to meet the increased demand (Shoaib et al., 2018). Intensive poultry production leads to the transmission and spread of infectious diseases due to the presence of thousands of birds in an enclosed warm and dusty environment (Collins, 2007; Li et al., 2022).

Cleaning and disinfection are very important parts of farm hygiene management for prevention, control of contagious diseases and can impact on productivity, feed conversion and welfare (Luyckx et al., 2015; Gosling, 2018). An effective sanitation plan is based on the appropriate selection of ideal disinfectant , the type of contaminants present, and their sensitivity to the available disinfectants (Jiang et al., 2018).

High microorganism concentration, disinfectant concentration, presence of organic matter, pH (pressure of hydrogen ion concentration), temperature, contact time, and surface material type all affect disinfectant efficiency (Stringfellow et al., 2009; White et al., 2018). The commonly used chemical disinfectants for poultry farms are aldehydes, halogens (chlorines and iodophors), phenols, oxidizing agents, and quaternary ammonium compounds or combinations of more than one (Chidambaranathan and Balasubramanium, 2019).

Glutaraldehyde is a very strong disinfectant that directly acts on bacterial proteins, enzymes, and metabolism leading to bacterial death. Also, it prevents the release of dihydrochloride from the outer layer of the bacterial spores to prevent sporulation (Castro Burbarelli et al., 2017; Rhee et al., 2021). It has a broad bactericidal spectrum with a highly efficient killing capacity for bacteria and virus. In addition to that, it exhibits a strong effect on the spores generated by Clostridium, which can cause necrotic enteritis, and thus is commonly used for the disinfection of bacterial spores during epidemics. So, it is more frequently applied for disinfection process in poultry farms (Brantner et al., 2014).

Quaternary ammonium compounds are effective antimicrobial agents due to their significant biocide activity, compatibility with the environment, and long-term durability (Ramzi et al., 2020). It is a cationic surfactant whose bactericidal effect depends on lipophilicity, altering cell permeability and resulting in extravasation of the bacterial content. The gram-positive bacteria are more sensitive to quaternary ammonium; this is due to the presence of more lipids on the cell wall (Battersby et al., 2017; Belter et al., 2022). Dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride compound is among the earliest disinfectants within the QUATS family that have been widely used in various fields, such as food, medicine, oil field and industrial water treatment, owing to their broad antibacterial spectrum, good water solubility and environmental stability (Wang et al., 2022).

Halogen-liberating disinfectants exert their bactericidal effect by releasing active forms (iodine or chlorine) that have lethal effect on a wide range of microorganisms. The great problem of halogen releasing chemicals is related to their relatively high suppression by organic matter. The presence of chlorine as hypochlorite compounds acts as an oxidizing agent that destroys both the bacterial DNA and cell membrane (Qiao and Shao, 2010; Aksoy et al., 2020).

Chlorine containing disinfectants can effectively kill different microbes like Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Enterococcus and Enterobacter, even at a low concentration (Suwa et al., 2013). Currently, chlorine-releasing agents (sodium hypochlorite, bleaching powder, sodium dichloroisocyanurate, chlorine dioxide) are widely used as disinfectants on different poultry farms (Boxall et al., 2003; Byun et al., 2021).

The aim of the present in vitro study is to improve the performance of the cleaning and disinfection process by selection of the most powerful commercial disinfectant; decrease the cost of the disinfection process through determination of the minimum concentration that has a high bactericidal effect; and avoid exposure of microorganisms to sub-inhibitory concentrations that may facilitate decreased susceptibility and the evolution of bacterial resistance.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Preparation of tested strain

The standardized stable suspensions of tested isolated field strains from different chicken and duck farms production were E. coli (O114: K 90), Pasteurella multocida ( A:1) , Campylobacter jejuni and Staphylococcus aureus, that were prepared by seed-lot culture maintenance techniques (seed-lot systems) according to (Kamal et al., 2019) to obtain 3x106 CFU/ 0.1 mL suspension concentration by growing the tested strains on buffered peptone water broth at 37°C for 24 hours expect Campylobacter jejuni at 42°C for 24 hours in presence of 10% CO2 and 5% O2 then cultured them on EMB (eosine methylene blue) , blood agar media, Campylobacter selective media and paired parker media, respectively. The separated colony picked up and inoculated in peptone water broth. The suspensions were measured via making serial dilutions, then the plate counts were done using plate count agar media at 37°C for 24 hours expect Campylobacter jejuni at 42°C for 24 hours which are suitable media for all microorganism and choose suspensions of concentration 3×106 CFU/ 0.1 mL as working suspensions.

Preparation of disinfectant agents

Commercial disinfectants were prepared according to manufacturer procedure or supplier guideline. The different concentrations of commercial disinfectant were prepared by using distilled water according to (Aksoy et al., 2020; Drauch et al., 2020).

Tested disinfectants

Prophyl 2000 ®

It consists of glutraldehyde (0.13%), alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (0.1%) and chloro 4 methyl 3 phenol (0.05%). It manufactures by Laboratoire Meriel – France company. The recommended dose is at concentration of 0.4% - 2%.

G 7 ®

It contains of glutaraldhyde, 7 quaternary ammonium chloride 12%. It manufactures by Alpha trade company for chemical. The recommended dose is 0.5%. concentration.

Prontech ®

It consists of N-Alkyl (60% C14, 30% C16, 5% C18), dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride 40%, urea (inert carrier) 60%. It manufactures by United promotion ink company. The recommended dose is at 0.2% (high dose), 0.1% (low dose).

Alkadox®

It contains a sodium hypochlorite and sodium carbonate. It manufactures by Chemi-care, A.R.E company. The recommended dose is at concentration of 1%.

Biodine 2.8 ®

It consists of iodine (2.8%), phosphoric acid, alcohol ethoxylate and dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid. It manufactures by Biolink – Egypt company. The recommended dose is at concentration of 0.5% - 1%.

The surface challenge test was performed in vitro

Accurately, large squares (20cm×20cm) of the surfaces area were used for application of these disinfectants at various dilutions at room temperature in the absence of organic matter and in the presence of such matter by using calf serum. Each large square was divided into small squares of 4 cm x 4 cm and were artificially contaminated with the cultured broth for 24 hours of the tested microorganisms and acts as the initial bacterial counts of the tested pathogens and were counted before disinfectants application. Further, 1ml of calf serum was separately applied. Application of each disinfectant preparation at certain concentrations that differ from type to other at intervals of 20, 40, 60 and 90 minutes was performed, using sterile swabs for picking up the viable microorganisms from previously contaminated small squares. Whole swabs were directly transferred into sterile cotton plugged test tubes that contain 10 ml nutrient broth and 1 ml of the neutralizer of the applied preparation was added and then incubated at 37C for 24 hours after every contact time. The used neutralizer was prepared according to the protocol recommended by (Douglas and Kampf, 2011). Accurately, the used neutralizer is composed of combination of 3% Tween 80, 0.3% Lethcin, 1% Histidine, 0.5% Sodium thiosulphate and 3% Saponine in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Any detectable bacterial growth was confirmed by culturing on specific agar plates. The bacterial count for each dilution should be read then multiplied its average by the reciprocal of the same dilution level according to (Drauch et al ., 2020). All previous steps were repeated in absence of organic matter.

Statistical Analysis

The statistical analysis was carried out using two-way ANOVA using SPSS, ver. 25 (IBM Corp. Released 2013). Data were treated as a complete randomization design. Multiple comparisons were carried out applying Duncun test. The significance level was set at < 0.05.

RESULTS

The Prophyl 2000® succeed to complete the reduction of tested E.coli at 2% conc. within 60 minutes in the absence of O.M and within 90 minutes contact time in the presence of O.M. Furthermore, the G7® could completely reduce the tested E.coli at conc. 1% within 60 minutes without O.M and within 90 minutes with the presence of O.M, followed by the Pron-Tech® at conc. 0.2% within 90 minutes and at conc. 0.5% within 90 minutes with the presence of O.M. Finally, the Alkadox® at conc. 1.5% within 90 minutes achieved 100% reduction of tested E.coli and 99.3% with the presence of O.M., whereas Biodine® only reduced bacterial count by 95% and 83.6% at conc. 1.5% within 90 minutes in absence and presence of O.M , respectively (Table 1).

Table 2 showed that the tested disinfectants that reduced tested Pasteurella multocida by 100 % were Prophyl 2000® at (2% conc. within 40 minutes without O.M and at 60 minutes contact time with the presence of O.M., G7® at (0.5% conc. within 60 minutes without O.M and at 90 minutes contact time with the presence of O.M.) , Pron-Tech® at (0.5% within 40 minutes without O.M. and at 60 minutes contact time with the presence of O.M), Alkadox® at (1.5% at 60 minutes without O.M and at 90 minutes with the presence of O.M.) and finally Biodine® achieved 100% reduction of the tested Pasteurella multocida only at 1.5% conc. within 90 minutes contact time without presence of O.M.

The Prophyl 2000® disinfectant completely reduced the number of tested Campylobacter jejuni at (4% conc. within 20 minutes, within 40 minutes at the same conc.), G7® at (.5% conc. within 40 minutes , 1% at the same time) , Pron-Tech® at (0.2% conc. within 40 minutes , 0.5% within 60 minutes), Alkadox® at (1% conc. within 60 minutes ,1.5% within 90 minutes) and Biodine® at (1% conc. within 60 minutes , 1.5 % within 90 minutes) in the absence and presence of O.M , respectively (Table 3).

The tested disinfectants that reduced the tested Staphylococcus aureus by 100 % were Prophyl 2000® at (4% conc. within 40 minutes, within 90 minutes at the same conc.), G7® at (.5 % conc. within 60 minutes , 1% at the same time), Pron-Tech® at (.5% conc. within 60 minutes , within 90 minutes at the same conc. and Alkadox® at (1% conc.

 

Table 1: Commercial disinfectants efficacy against E. coli (3.0×106 CFU/ cm2) in relation to the different concentrations and contact times.

Disinfectants

Concentration (%)

Reduction % in absence of organic matter

Reduction % in presence of organic matter

20 min 40 min 60 min 90 min 20 min 40 min 60 min 90 min
Prophyl 2000® 0.4

55.60fgD

73.70cdC

85.90bcB

98.10abA

39.80deD

61.00eC

70.80dB

82.10cA

2.0

71.20bC

88.40bB

100.00aA

100.00aA

53.30bC

79.70bB

98.50aA

100.00aA

4.0

79.80aC

94.30aB

100.00aA

100.00aA

62.90aC

84.00aB

100.00aA

100.00aA

G7®

 

0.25

43.50hD

60.20gC

72.60eB

84.70dA

32.10fgD

46.70hC

56.30fB

69.90eA

0.50

62.90deC

75.40cB

99.10aA

100.00aA

46.70cD

67.60dC

93.00bB

99.50abA

1.00

68.70bcC

85.90bB

100.00aA

100.00aA

57.10bC

74.40cB

98.90aA

100.00aA

Pron-Tech®

 

0.1

40.10hiD

54.90hC

67.50fB

78.00eA

29.60ghD

41.30iC

49.80gB

60.20fA

0.2

58.50efD

69.30deC

90.60bB

100.00aA

43.30cdD

60.00efC

82.70cB

97.40aA

0.5

65.00cdD

76.90cC

96.00aB

100.00aA

55.30bD

68.20dC

91.50bB

100.00aA

Alkadox® 0.5

37.90ijD

53.00hC

65.20fB

74.50eA

28.90ghD

37.00ijC

42.60hB

55.10gA

1.0

56.80fgD

68.00eC

83.40cdB

99.70abA

43.30cD

56.70fC

70.00dB

95.00bA

1.5

62.30deD

74.10cC

88.70bB

100.00aA

54.00bD

64.30deC

78.50cB

99.30abA

Biodine®

 

0.5

35.10jD

48.80iC

58.40gB

69.00fA

26.10hD

33.60jC

39.50iB

48.90hA

1.0

53.00gD

62.70fgC

74.90eB

91.20cA

36.70efD

50.00gC

63.30eB

77.00dA

1.5

58.60efD

66.90efC

80.30dB

95.00bcA

42.40cdD

56.00fC

69.10dB

83.60cA

a, b & c: There is significant difference (P=0.00) between any two means, within the same column have the different superscript letters.

A, B & C: There is significant difference (P=0.00) between any two means for the same attribute, within the same row have the different superscript letters.

 

Table 2: Commercial disinfectants efficacy against Pasteurella multocida (3.0×106 CFU/ cm2) in relation to the different concentrations and contact times.

Disinfectants

Concentration (%)

Reduction % in absence of organic matter

Reduction % in presence of organic matter

20 min 40 min 60 min 90 min 20 min 40 min 60 min 90 min
Prophyl 2000® 0.4

67.20gD

85.40dC

96.00aB

100.00aA

55.10fD

71.50efC

80.30eB

89.80bA

2.0

89.60bB

100.00aA

100.00aA

100.00aA

71.30cdB

97.80abA

100.00aA

100.00aA

4.0

96.90aB

100.00aA

100.00aA

100.00aA

82.70aB

100.00aA

100.00aA

100.00aA

G7®

 

0.25

56.20hD

73.80fC

82.90cB

95.60aA

47.10gD

63.00gC

68.20fB

78.50cA

0.50

80.50cdB

99.30aA

100.00aA

100.00aA

67.00deC

94.00bcB

98.10abA

100.00aA

1.00

91.30bB

100.00aA

100.00aA

100.00aA

79.20abB

99.20abA

100.00aA

100.00aA

Pron-Tech®

 

0.1

51.60hD

65.00gC

74.90dB

86.00bA

38.90hD

50.30hC

57.60gB

66.90dA

0.2

74.90efC

92.70bcB

100.00aA

100.00aA

63.30eD

83.00dC

96.90abcB

99.80aA

0.5

86.70bcB

100.00aA

100.00aA

100.00aA

74.60bcC

91.30cB

100.00aA

100.00aA

Alkadox® 0.5

45.60iD

58.80hC

69.10eB

78.90cA

33.10iD

41.90iC

48.70hB

60.40eA

1.0

69.80fgC

88.10cdB

100.00aA

100.00aA

56.70fD

72.00efC

94.10bcB

99.00aA

1.5

78.40deC

94.70bB

100.00aA

100.00aA

68.00deC

85.90dB

97.30abA

100.00aA

Biodine®

 

0.5

40.30jD

52.70iC

65.20eB

74.00cA

31.50iD

37.30iC

45.00hB

53.90fA

1.0

65.00gD

79.60eC

93.20bB

99.00aA

53.30fD

66.70fC

86.70dB

92.30bA

1.5

76.10eC

87.90cdB

99.60aA

100.00aA

64.70eD

76.20eC

92.00cB

98.80aA

a, b & c: There is significant difference (P=0.00) between any two means, within the same column have the different superscript letters.

A, B & C: There is significant difference (P=0.00) between any two means for the same attribute, within the same row have the different superscript letters.

 

Table 3: Commercial disinfectants efficacy against Campylobacter jejuni (3.0×106 CFU/ cm2) in relation to the different concentrations and contact times.

Disinfectants

Concentration (%)

Reduction % in absence of organic matter

Reduction % in presence of organic matter

20 min

40 min

60 min

90 min

20 min

40 min

60 min

90 min

Prophyl 2000®

0.4

75.90efD

92.30cC

98.90aB

100.00aA

62.50fgD

76.30gC

83.60cB

91.90bA

2.0

99.30aB

100.00aA

100.00aA

100.00aA

87.00aB

99.20abA

100.00aA

100.00aA

4.0

100.00aA

100.00aA

100.00aA

100.00aA

90.30aB

100.00aA

100.00aA

100.00aA

G7®

 

0.25

69.00gD

77.90eC

86.50bB

96.90aA

56.00hD

69.10gC

77.20dB

84.80cA

0.50

91.90bB

100.00aA

100.00aA

100.00aA

82.70bB

97.60abA

100.00aA

100.00aA

1.00

99.80aA

100.00aA

100.00aA

100.00aA

88.60aB

100.00aA

100.00aA

100.00aA

Pron-Tech®

 

0.1

62.50hD

71.80fC

80.40cB

88.70bA

47.90iD

58.50hC

68.10eB

75.30dA

0.2

86.10cB

100.00aA

100.00aA

100.00aA

71.60de

94.70bcB

98.60abA

100.00aA

0.5

93.90bB

100.00aA

100.00aA

100.00aA

79.10bc

95.00abcB

100.00aA

100.00aA

Alkadox®

0.5

53.70iD

60.90gC

72.30dB

81.80cA

40.00jD

46.90iC

59.20fB

67.00eA

1.0

77.20efC

95.80bcB

100.00aA

100.00aA

66.70efD

87.70deC

95.40abB

99.70aA

1.5

84.60cdB

99.50abA

100.00aA

100.00aA

75.20cdC

91.40cdB

99.60aA

100.00aA

Biodine®

 

0.5

45.10jD

54.90hC

68.70dB

76.90cA

36.20jD

44.10iC

53.80gB

61.40fA

1.0

73.00fgC

84.90dB

100.00aA

100.00aA

60.00ghD

81.60fC

93.70bB

97.00aA

1.5

79.90deC

92.00cB

100.00aA

100.00aA

71.50deD

83.90efC

96.10abB

100.00aA

a, b & c: There is significant difference (P=0.00) between any two means, within the same column have the different superscript letters.

A, B & C: There is significant difference (P=0.00) between any two means for the same attribute, within the same row have the different superscript letters.

 

Table 4: Commercial disinfectants efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus (3.0×106 CFU/ cm2) in relation to the different concentrations and contact times.

Disinfectants

Concentration (%)

Reduction % in absence of organic matter

Reduction % in presence of organic matter

20 min 40 min 60 min 90 min 20 min 40 min 60 min 90 min
Prophyl 2000® 0.4

59.20fgD

78.10efC

89.50cB

100.00A

44.30eD

67.80deC

75.20eB

86.40bA

2.0

75.80bcB

97.80abA

100.00aA

100.00A

56.70bcC

93.30abB

99.70aA

100.00aA

4.0

87.60aB

100.00aA

100.00aA

100.00A

69.10aB

98.00aA

100.00aA

100.00aA

G7®

 

0.25

49.50hD

64.70iC

77.10B

89.10A

34.90fD

57.70fC

64.20fB

75.40cA

0.50

67.10deC

79.00efB

100.00aA

100.00A

53.30cdD

82.30cC

96.70abB

99.90aA

1.00

80.40bC

92.60bcB

100.00aA

100.00A

70.00aC

89.50bB

100.00aA

100.00aA

Pron-Tech®

 

0.1

46.20hiD

58.50jC

70.90eB

82.00A

31.60fgD

45.30gC

52.90gB

63.10dA

0.2

61.90efD

74.20fgC

93.80bB

100.00A

53.30cdD

70.30dC

91.30bcB

98.60aA

0.5

78.10bC

92.30cB

100.00aA

100.00A

67.10aB

81.20cC

96.00abB

100.00aA

Alkadox® 0.5

41.40ij

55.70jk

66.90eB

77.10A

30.20fgD

39.50hC

45.20hB

57.80eA

1.0

58.50fgD

71.30ghC

89.90cB

100.00A

50.00dD

63.30eC

87.30cB

97.50aA

1.5

69.70deD

85.20dC

97.50abB

100.00A

59.30bD

72.00dC

91.90bcB

100.00aA

Biodine®

 

0.5

37.60jD

51.00kC

60.90fB

70.80A

28.50gD

34.90hC

42.20hB

50.40fA

1.0

56.00gD

66.80hC

83.70dB

95.00A

43.30eD

56.70fC

76.00eB

88.70bA

1.5

70.80cdD

81.40deC

92.30bcB

100.00A

54.70bcdD

67.40deC

81.50dB

94.10aA

a, b & c: There is significant difference (P=0.00) between any two means, within the same column have the different superscript letters.

A, B & C: There is significant difference (P=0.00) between any two means for the same attribute, within the same row have the different superscript letters.

within 90 minutes ,1.5% at the same time) in the absence and presence of O.M , respectively. The Biodine® disinfectant completely reduced the tested Staphylococcus aureus only at conc. 1.5% within 90 minutes without presence of O.M (Table 4).

DISCUSSION

Preventive medicine is essential to combat poultry infectious diseases as biosecurity. As part of biosecurity strategies, effective cleaning and disinfection protocols are required to prevent disease transmission among farms (Gómez-García et al., 2022) The disinfection process is the most critical point in biosecurity plan of poultry farms and plays a key role in control of diseases and achievement of profit. The implementation of effective disinfection process at poultry production sites is of great importance for consumers and for public health, so it is important to evaluate the effectiveness of commonly used disinfectants on some pathogenic bacteria and determine the suitable state for their application to achieve the maximum benefit by determining the most powerful disinfectants and the lowest effective concentration.

Our results summarized that Prophyl 2000® is a very effective disinfectant against tested strains of E. coli, Pasteurella multocida, Campylobacter jejuni, and Staphylococcus aureus within 60 minutes’ contact time in the absence and presence of organic matter. This is due to its aldehyde-based disinfectants that are considered one of the most powerful disinfectants and affect a wide range of bacteria and their spore through alkylation of hydroxyl, carbonyl and amino groups, which affect DNA, RNA and protein synthesis and also less affected by organic matter (Gosling, 2018; Drauch et al., 2020; Abdel-Latef and Mohammed, 2021). In addition, the G7® disinfectant is the combination of glutaraldehyde and quaternary ammonium compounds that is strong and very effective complex but less powerful than Prophyl 2000® due to the quaternary ammonium compound, which is one of the disinfectants affected by the presence of organic matter (Battersby et al., 2017; Figueroa et al., 2017; Drauch et al., 2020). Additionally, the Pron-Tech® that contains dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride compound within the QUATS family is probably one of the best chemicals to inhibit microbial germination by penetrating the bacterial cell membrane by electrostatic gravity to cause the internal substances to leak out, which eventually results in cell lysis and death (Abdel-Latef and Mohammed, 2021; Wang et al ., 2022).

Alkadox® disinfectant contains sodium hypochlorite (chlorine releasing agent) that has destructive action on bacterial cell membranes and oxidative action on irreversible bacterial enzymes, but are considered less stable disinfectant and less effective in the presence of organic matter (Guastalli et al., 2016). Moreover, the Biodine® is an iodine compound disinfectant that exhibits a broad range of microbicidal activity against bacteria by iodination of lipids and oxidation of cytoplasmic membrane compounds but couldn’t completely eliminate the tested microorganisms within 90 minutes expect at high concentration and only minimized the bacterial count at low concentration, that is the least effective tested disinfectants that highly affected by the presence of organic matter (Aksoy et al., 2020).

There is a highly significant difference between bacterial efficacy of tested disinfectants at same contact time and concentration of tested disinfectant in presence and absence of O.M as remaining organic material in poultry farms is known to decrease the efficacy of disinfectants. This negative effect was also reported from the field once to focus on the importance of proper cleaning procedures before applying disinfectants (Drauch et al., 2020). Furthermore, the efficiency of disinfectants was significantly increase with high concentration and long contact time that clearly affect the reduction percentage of disinfection to pathogens (Wales et al., 2021).

Finally, our results summarized that Prophyl 2000® was the most effective disinfectant against E. coli, Pasteurella multocida, Campylobacter jejuni and Staphylococcus aureus, while the Biodine® was the weakest one. In addition, the organic matter is one of the most serious factors affecting the bactericidal power of some commercial disinfectants (Sato et al., 2019; Saadatpour and Mohammadipanah, 2022).

CONCLUSION

However, there are various types of disinfectants furthermore; the selection of the most effective one is not easy decision. So, the evaluation process of commercial disinfectants helps the poultry producer to put their hand on the most powerful one that can achieve the most successful sanitation plan.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors wish to express their gratitude to Faculty of Veterinary Medicine / Benha University for supporting this work.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

novelty statement

This study is the first in Egypt to evaluate G7® and Pron-Tech® commercial disinfectants against field pathogenic serotypes of E. coli, Pasteurella multocida, Campylobacter jejuni, and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from chicken and duck.

authors contribution

HAA and HEKE designed the concept for this research and scientific paper. EMH had sampled and HEKE and EMH had analyzed the data and interpreted the results. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

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