First Taxonomic Note on Rodolia ruficollis Mulsant (Noviini: Coccinellidae) and its Predatory Role against Scale Insect Pest, Icerya aegyptiaca (Dgl.) from Sindh, Pakistan

Muhammad Ali1*, Rukhsana Perveen2, Khalil Ahmed3, Ghulam Raza1, Muhammad Akbar1, Maisoor Ahmed Nafees3 and Muhammad Ayub4

1Department of Biological Science, University of Baltistan, Skardu, Pakistan

2Department of Zoology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan

3Department of Animal Sciences, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan

4PARC, Skardu, Pakistan

ABSTRACT

The coccinellid predator, Rodolia ruficollis Mulsant is treated taxonomically for the first time from Sindh Province of Pakistan. This may be a unique contribution to the genus Rodolia with the description of this species on the basis of important diagnostic characters including male and female genitalia. It is an important predator of scale insect pest, Icerya aegyptiaca (Douglas, 1890) which is dangerous insect pest upon different fruit trees including date palm, mango, mulberry and other important fruit trees in this region. This study also investigates the predatory role both adults and 4th instar larvae of this coccinellid predator in the biological control of I. aegyptiaca comparatively in the laboratory and under field conditions. The 4th instar larvae were found to be more voracious than adults.

Article Information

Received 30 January 2022

Revised 02 March 2022

Accepted 19 March 2022

Available online 30 June 2022

(early access)

Published 12 July 2023

Authors’ Contribution

This paper is a part of Ph.D thesis of

M Ali. RP, KA, GR, M Akbar, MAN and M Ayub contributed in the

composing, formatting and proof

reading of the manuscript.

Key words

Taxonomy, Ladybirds, IPM, Date palm, Insect pest, Predator, Karachi

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/20220130110151

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

0030-9923/2023/0004-1873 $ 9.00/0

Copyright 2023 by the authors. Licensee Zoological Societ of Pakistan.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Introduction

The genus Rodolia of tribe Noviini Mulsant, 1846 was first time established with R. ruficollis Mulsant as the type species (Mulsant,1850). The constant generic changing of Rodolia of Mulsant (1850) and Weise (1895) were briefed and included the tribe Noviini within subfamily Coccidulinae and divided it into three genera Anovia Casey, Novius Mulsant and Rodolia (Mulsant) (Gordon, 1972). The two Rodolia and Anovia were reported virtually indistinguishable in the adult stage, but can be differentiated based on number of larval antennomeres and proposed that some species which placed in Novius must be transferred to Rodolia (Gordon, 1985). The Australian species were transferred from the genus Novius to Rodolia of the tribe Noviini under the subfamily Coccinellinae (Ślipiński, 2007). A new classification was proposed based on the cladistic analysis and synonymized the Anovia and Novius in the genus Rodolia (Mulsant) and as a result, this tribe is now comprised of the single genus Rodolia in subfamily Coccidulinae and now the genus Rodolia comprises 46 species world widely (Forrester, 2008). Recently R. shuiro (Kitano) was reported as a new species from Japan (Kitano, 2014). Five species were reported from West Bengal (Chakraborty et al., 1996).

From Pakistan only three species have been reported, viz., R guerini Korschefsky, 1931, R. fumida Mulsant, 1850 and R. ruficollis Mulsant, 1850 by (Rasheed et al., 986; Poorani, 2002; Rafi et al., 2005; Hayat and Khan, 2013; Ali et al., 2014; Hayat et al., 2017). A comprehensive taxonomic study on 29 species of the family Coccinellidae, was made possible for the first time from Sindh province of Pakistan including the species R. ruficollis Mulsant, 1850 feeding upon I. aegyptiaca on date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), Parkinsonia aculeata and rose (Rosa indica) (Ali et al., 2014, 2018).

I. aegyptiaca (Douglas) is a highly dangerous polyphagous and widespread scale insect. According to the scale insect database, Scale Net (Ben-Dov and Gibson, 2009), this insect pest is found in the Afro-tropical, Australasian, Indo-Malayan and Palearctic regions, and it has been reporting feeding upon 123 species of plants belonging to 49 families. I. aegyptiaca was originally described in the genus Crossotosoma Douglas as C. aegyptiacum Douglas, 1890, and later on it was transferred by Riley and Howard (1890) to the genus Icerya as I. aegyptiacum (Douglas). Maskell (1893) changed the name as I. aegyptiaca (Douglas). The genus Icerya comprise 35 species worldwide that are commonly known as fluted scales due to the fluted appearance of the ovisac. The Egyptian fluted mealybug, I. aegyptiaca (Douglas) (Hemiptera: Monophlebidea) is considered as a cosmopolitan inest pest with numerous host plants. It is commonly known as Egyptian Icerya, because it was originally described from Egypt. Egyptian fluted mealybug, I. aegyptiaca (Douglas) was reported as a serious insect pest of navel orange trees, Mangifera indica, citrus tree and tropical fruit trees and causes a severely considerable damage (El-Sobky, 2020; Moghaddam et al., 2015). Body of adult female is orange-red, antennae and legs black, covered in white wax, the margin covered with a fringe of elongate waxy processes, giving the ovisac to a fluted appearance. I. aegyptiaca has 2 pairs abdominal spiracles, while I. purchasi has 3 pairs abdominal spiracles. From Pakistan, I. aegyptiaca (Dgl.) was reported from Karachi and Thatta infesting date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), Parkinsonia aculeata, rose (Rosa indica), mulberry (Morus alba) and Erythrina sp., citrus, mango, guava, Ficus benghalensis and F. religiosa (Muzaffar, 1970).

Biological Control, especially using insects to control other insects, is an ancient pest control strategy (Parra, 2014). Biological control method effectively begun in 1888, when Australian vedalia ladybeetle, R. cardinalis (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) was introduced to control I. purchasi Maskell (Hemiptera: Monophlebidae) infesting orchards in California, USA. Impressive results for pest control were being obtained already by 1889, through the participation of entomologists from the University of California’s Berkeley and Riverside campi in the form of a symposium in Riverside, CA, USA to celebrate the centenary anniversary of biological control, entitled “Vedalia symposium of biological control: A century of success” (Leppla and Williams, 1992). Predaceous coccinellid beetles feed on various soft bodied insect pests, viz., aphids, scale-insects, mealy bugs, mites, white flies, thrips, etc. and are considered as potential important biocontrol agents (Omkar and Pervez, 2002a). Over the last 120 years, R. cardinalis (Mulsant) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) has successfully and effectively suppressed populations of I. purchasi in many countries (Caltagirone and Doutt, 1989).

From Pakistan the parasite Tetrastichus sp. and the predator Scymnus (Pullus) coccivora Ram. Ayyar were found at both localities whereas the predator R. ruficollis Muls. and the parasite Cryptochetum grandicorne Rond. at Karachi only; Tetrastichus and Scymnus were found on all the food-plants except Parkinsonia, and the other two natural enemies on Erythrina, Morus, Phoenix and Rosa. In spite of their considerable activity, Icerya infestation was still heavy on some of its food-plants in the coastal region (Muzaffar, 1970).

Collection, identification and ecological studies are prerequisites to their augmentative release (Pervez, 2004). To seek natural enemies or transfer from one region to another in biological control programmes, the correct identification of both the pest and the natural enemy species is of great importance (Narendran, 2003). In biological control, workers may commit several mistakes without the help of taxonomists (Schauff and LaSalle, 1998; Narendran, 2001, 2003, 2006).

The present investigation aims to present a detailed taxonomic study upon the coccinellid predator, R. ruficollis and exploring its important role in the biological control of I. aegyptiaca. The another aim of this study is to reflect the importance and impact of the taxonomy of coccinellid predator (R. ruficollis) upon its valid and authentic role as biocontrol agent of I. aegyptiaca. The last focus of the study to divert the potential of entomologists in Pakistan mainly upon the taxonomy with reference to their role as predators in the field of biological control necessary according to future perspectives related with the economy, agribusiness and bright future of agriculturists in Pakistan.

Materials and Methods

Study area

The study area of the present study includes Thatta, Sajawal, Landi, Malir, Korangi and different research fields of University of Karachi. This study was conducted during 2009-2013 in the laboratory of Department of Zoology, University of Karachi, Karachi.

Collection

The ladybird specimens were collected with the help of insect nets and hand picking methods whereas the specimens of I. aegyptiaca by using camel brushes of different size. Collection was done during morning and evening time because in heavy sunlight they hide themselves under stones and shading parts of plants. The ladybird specimens were collected from date palm trees feeding upon the scale insect pest, I. aegyptiaca and shifted into plastic jars of different size. Collected specimens were brought to the laboratory for mounting, pinning and identification.

Identification

The specimens were identified by the author following the checklists, descriptions, terminologies and keys given by Innayatullah (1980), Gordon (1985), Poorani (2002), Rafi et al. (2005) and Forrester (2008) and with the help of the following websites: Atlas of ladybirds (Coccinellidae) of Russia, Bug Guide, Coccinellidae of Indian Subcontinent, CSIRO, NBAII and NIDP. Identifications of ladybird was confirmed by Dr. Claudio Canepari, an authority on the family Coccinellidae from Italy, Mealybugs were identified and confirmed by Dr Gillian Watson, Senior Insect Biosystematist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Plant Pest Diagnostic Center, Sacramento, U.S.A for holotypes, lectotypes and distribution of taxa, the checklist made by Poorani (2004), book written by Rafi et al. (2005) were followed.

Stereoscope binocular microscope was used for specimen study during identification. Micro-millimeter scale was used for the measurement of the body and various body structures using at least five males and five females of the taxon.

For the study of external morphology of head, thorax and abdomen, the entire specimen was boiled in 10% KOH for about 15 min then washed in to tap water, later all the parts of head, thorax and abdomen were dissected and drawn where necessary. At the end of the taxonomic study and drawings, these dissected parts were preserved in microvial with glycerine.

For the study of male and female genitalia, the whole abdomen was removed from the base and warmed in to 10% KOH on an electric heater for about 5 to 10 min. The whole male and female genitalia were detached from the terminal segments of abdomen very carefully and then dissected out in water. Before the examination of structures of genitalia, the genitalial parts were washed out in 70% Ethanol and then the structures of genitalia were examined in a drop of glycerin sometime a piece of cotton dipped in glycerin to avoid the movement. After the examination of these structures, both male and female genitalia were illustrated and then dissected parts were preserved in microvial with a drop of glycerine, pinned with specimens.

For the study of predatory potential of predatory Coccinellids, the fourth instar larvae and adults of R. ruficollis were selected for experimentations against the scale insect pest, I. aegyptiaca in the laboratory as well as under field conditions. The fresh ladybird specimens were collected and reared in laboratory by providing the specific pests with their host plant leaves. For laboratory experimentations, Petri dishes were used separately for both fourth instar larvae and adults. For field experimentations, a group of ten adults and a group of ten 4th instar larvae were released on date palm trees repeatedly for ten days for 24 h. The numbers of dead and alive pests were counted and collected data on daily basis. The predatory potentials of both larvae and adult in the laboratory and under field conditions were studied comparatively. The obtained results were showed in the form of tabulations and histograms for both the laboratory and under field conditions. Eview 6 Qauntitative Micro software was used for the common statistical analysis.

Genus Rodolia Mulsant

Rodolia Mulsant, 1850: 901, 902; Crotch, 1874: 280; Kapur, 1949: 531; 1950: 1-7; Gordon, 1985; Rafi et al., 2005.

Type species. Rodolia ruficollis Mulsant, 1850.

Diagnosis

Dorsum pubescent; black to redish-brown, sometimes with spots. Adult length 4–5mm; width 3–4mm; oval to nearly rounded, broadly convex. Antennae with first segment broadly lobed, second segment globose, third cylindrical and about twice as long as wide, fourth and fifth progressively shorter and each wider apically than the preceding, sixth to eighth forming club, eighth rounded at apex; mandible moderate. Prosternal process with carinae; mesosternum never notched anteriorly; elytral outer margin narrow, abruptly reflexed; epipleura concave, strongly descending externally and not foveate; tibial spurs absen; claws sexually dimorphic, split (male) or with a broad basal tooth (female). Postcoxal line complete, sixth sternum in male with apical strong emargination.

Male genitalia

Sipho mostly thick, terminally broadly to strongly sharped, siphonal capsule adjacent arm mostly elongated than opposite arm; median lobe mostly longer than paramere; trabes longer but sometime very short.

Female genitalia

Genital plates elongated and triangular; spermatheca without nodulus, ramus but cornu narrow to broadly thick; infundibulum absent; sperm duct short moderate.

Rodolia ruficollis Mulsant

(Fig. 1)

Rodolia ruficollis Mulsant, 1850: 903; Korschefsky, 1931: 102; Kapur, 1949: 535; Poorani, 2004; Rafi et al., 2005. Vedalia ruficollis: Crotch, 1874: 281.

 

Diagnosis

Dorsal surface pubescent, uniformly reddish brown to brown except the margin of elytra; head, pronotum, legs and lower part of body densely covered with yellow hairs; eyes black. Adult length 4mm-5mm; width 3mm-3.66mm; elongately oval. Eyes small with minute facets, ligula with straight anterior margin, labial; gula broader than long; submentum with anterior margin broader. Prosternum bifurcated anteriorly; prosternal process with carinae not clear; scuto-scutellar suture broader, less sclerotized anteriorly whereas narrow, highly sclerotized posteriorly; epipleuron with inner margin deeply concave. Postcoxal line broadly curved meeting the anterior margin of first sternite; terminal sternite bearing small hairs throughout.

Male genitalia

Sipho terminally much narrow and thread like; siphonal capsule with an elongated adjacent arm whereas a short, curved slight pointed opposite arm; median lobe elongated, straight, narrowed anteriorly, slightly expanded medially, deeply pointed apically parameres distinctly elongated, narrowed anteriorly, broader, inwarded distally; trabes narrow proximally while expanded, curved distally.

Female genitalia

Genital plates elongated, trisngulsr, sharped distally; lateral plates elongated with slightly curved mesad; spermatheca with cornu ball-shaped, nodulus narrow, elongated, bent while ramus totally absent.

Holotype

BMNH

Material examined

5 males, 6 females, Pakistan; Sindh: Tandojam, Sukkar, Mirpur Khas, Hyderabad, Karachi, Punjab: Jhang, Lyalpur, 13.7.2009; 4. 9.2008 on I. aegyptiaca from cocconut, other wild plants, leg., Khan, M.I and Ali, M, lodged at Natural History Museum, Department of Zoology, University of Karachi.

Comparative note

This species resembles with R. fumida in size and shape but differs due to uniformly reddish brown to brownish black, margin of elytra reddish brown; head, pronotum, legs and lower part of body densely covered with yellow hairs; eyes black.

Distribution

Hyderabad, Sukkhar, Larkana, Mirpur Khas, Karachi coastal area; Baluchistan: Gawadir coastal area.

Population abundance of I. aegyptiaca

The occurrence of I. aegyptiaca started from the June to November. The huge infestation on date palm tree was recorded in the month of September and October during which the temperature of Karachi remains moderate between 20°C to 30°C. During the hottest months from June to August, its population remains under control due the predation of R. ruficollis. When summer season gradually ends the ultimately its population also decreases (Fig. 2). Therefore, increase or decrease in the population of R. ruficollis is totally dependent upon the population of I. aegyptiaca.

 

Biological control

In the laboratory and under field conditions, the predatory potentials of 4th instar larvae (56.8±2.8, 37.2±4.3) of R. ruficollis were found to be higher than the predatory potentials of adults (34.5±3.5, 22±2.2) (41.8±4.4, 26.1±5.2) (Table I, Fig. 3). The experiments in the laboratory and under field were carried out at temperature 25 ± 3°C, 35 ± 5°C and humidity 62 ± 6% and 78± 4%.

 

Table I. Feeding potential of 4th instar larvae and adults of R. ruficollis on I. aegyptiaca on date palm fruit tree in the laboratory and under field conditions.

Conditions	Male	Female	4th instar
Laboratory	34.5 ± 3.5	41.8 ± 4.4	56.8 ± 2.8
Field	22 ± 2.2	26.1 ± 5.2	37.2 ± 4.3

 

DISCUSSION

For the first time nine species of the genus Rodolia Mulsant were described from India with a key to the species (Kapur, 1951) but still many deficiencies were present regarding at the genital level. In this study the whole genital parts were not described except only spermathecal capsule. Information about their role as predators was never mentioned. Therefore, many deficiencies specially about this species were found in this finding which were totally cleared by the present study.

Five species of this genus were reported from the coleopteran fauna of West Bengal (Chackraborty et al., 1996) but this study was limited with the distribution of Coccinellids including the species, R. ruficollis as compared to the detailed study of the present investigation regarding taxonomy and predatory role of the species.

The species of the tribe Noviini of the world were described in detail (Forrester, 2008) but no any information related with the systematics and predatory role of the species, R. ruficollis was mentioned in this study. This may be a type of systematic negligence instead the available of the previous literature.

Thirty-two species of the family Coccinellidae were described from Azad Jammu and Kashmir including the species R. ruficolis (Hayat et al., 2017) but this species has been misidentified which may be R. fumida according the male and female genital structures given by Kapur (1951) and Ali, 2013. Therefore, the present study contributed to correct the misidentification of the genus Rodolia done by Hayat et al. (2017).

From Pakistan the species R. ruficollis was first time brought under the observations of Muzaffar (1970) but was not confirmed based on any diagnostic character till the time of present study. The present study for the first time described this species based on taxonomic characters including male and female genitalia reporting from Sindh Province of Pakistan in a valid, authentic and scientific way. Therefore, the present study may only be a unique and creditable scientific contribution to the genus Rodolia from Pakistan.

Two species of the genus Rodolia viz., R. fumida and R. octoguttata, were treated taxonomically from Punjab Province of Pakistan (Iqbal, 2018) but the species R. fumida was misidentified. This species may be R. ruficollis again according the genital characters given by Kapur (1951).

The other works related with diversity and pest-predator relationship (Muzaffar, 1970; Rasheed et al., 1986; Omkar and Pervez, 1999; Rafi et al., 2005; Bhuiyan, 2015; Kundoo and Khan, 2017; Kibar et al., 2017; Hayat et al., 2017; Pathan et al., 2018) provided the basic information related to the biodiversity and the relationship of the species of the genus Rodolia with mealybugs and scale insect pests but the present study explore their predatory role in the biological control of I. aegyptiaca for the first time from Pakistan with reference to the adults and 4th instar larvae of R. ruficollis. The present study also gives directions regarding the use of developmental stages with high efficacy needed for a successful biological control program. This study can also predict that the species of the genus Rodolia may play important role in the biological control of different mealybug pests infesting different agricultural crops including fruits trees throughout Pakistan.

CONCLUSION

The coccinellid predator, R. ruficollis, is first time treated taxonomically as well as with the report as a predator of a Scale insect, I. aegyptiaca from Sindh Province of Pakistan. This study helps the future studies related with the taxonomy and biological control against mealybug pests in Pakistan.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Many regards to Dr Claudio Canepari, Italy, an Authority of the family Coccinellidae and Dr Gillian Watson, Senior Insect Biosystematist, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Plant Pest Diagnostic Center, Sacramento, U.S.A, for the identification of coccinellids and scale insects.

References

Ahmad, P., 2004. Predaceous coccinellids in India: Predator-prey catalogue (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Orient. Insects., 38: 27-61.

Ali, M., Perveen, R., Yusouf, M.J., Khawaja, S. and Amin, M., 2014a. Predatory potential of five coccinellids against cotton mealy bug Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley) from Sindh, Pakistan. Pak. Entomol., 36: 7–12.

Ali, M., Naqvi, A.N., Perveen, R., Ahmad, K. and Hussain, I., 2014b. First record of the tribe Bulaeini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) with generic and species descriptions from Pakistan. Pakistan J. Zool., 46: 1475–1478.

Ali, M., Perveen, R., Naqvi, A.N., Ahmed, K., Raza, G. and Hussain, I., 2015. The tribe Scymnini (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera) From Sindh Province, Pakistan. J. Insect. Sci., 15: 146.

Ali, M., Ahmed, K., Ali S., Raza, G., Hussain, I., Nafees, M.A. and Anjum, S.I., 2018a. An annotated checklist of Coccinellidae with four new records from Pakistan (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae). ZooKeys, 803: 93–120.

Ali, M., Raza, G., Ali, S., Anjum, S.I. and Hussain, I., 2018b. The Tribe Coccinellini Weise (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Sindh, Pakistan. Coleopt. Bull., 72: 629–638.

Ben-Dovy, M.D.R., and Gibson, G.A.P., 2009. Scale net: A database of the scale insects of the world (database on the internet) (Cited 1 Feb 2009) Available from http:// www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm

Bhuiyan, A.A., 2015. Life cycle of ladybird beetle (Rodolia sp.) and its predation effieciency on mango mealybug (Drosicha mangiferae). MS thesis, Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka.

Caltagirone, L.E. and Doutt, R.L., 1989. The history of the vedalia beetle importation to California and its impact on the development of biological control. Annu. Rev. Ent., 34: 1–16.

Chakraborty, S.K., Bhowmik, A.R. and Biswas, S., 1996. Fauna of west Bengal Coleoptera: Coccinellidae. Zool. Surv. Ind., 3: Part 6B: 449 493.

Douglas, J.W., 1890. Notes on some British and exotic Coccidae. Ent. Mon. Mag., 26: 79–81.

El-Sobky, H.F., 2020. Ecological studies on two mealybug species (Hemiptera) and their predator on navel orange trees at Qalubiya Governorate, Egypt. Egypt. J. Pl. Prot. Res. Inst., 3: 1067-1074.

Forrester, J.A., 2008. Sacred systematics: The Noviini of the world (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Ph.D. thesis, Graduate faculty, University of Georgia.

Forrester, J.A. and Vandenberg N.J., 2008. First Florida records for Anovia circumclusa (Gorham) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Noviini): A natural enemy of Icerya genistae Hempel (Hemiptera: Margarodidae). Zootaxa, 1720: 66-68.

Gordon, R.D., 1972. The tribe noviini in the new world (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). J. Wash. Acad. Sci., 62: 23-31.

Gordon R.D., 1985. The coccinellidae (Coleoptera) of America north of Mexico. J. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 93: 654-678.

Hayat, A. and Khan, M.R., 2013. Biodiversity and species composition of ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae; Coleoptera) from Mirpur Division of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Sarhad J. Agric., 30: 341-350.

Hayat A., Khan, M.R. and Naz, F., 2017. Subfamilies coccinellinae and coccidullinae (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera) with New Records from AJK, Pakistan. J. appl. environ. biol. Sci., 7: 12-66.

Kapur, A.P., 1951. Further notes on the Indian species of Rodolia Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Rec. Ind. Muse., 48: 1-7.

Kibar, A.K., Izzet, A.K.Ç.A. and Saruhan, I., 2017. Biological control of Icerya purchasi Maskell (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) with Rodolia cardinalis Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in a Cherry Laurel Orchard. Int. J. Agric. Innov. Res., 5: 1070 -1080.

Kitano, T., 2014. A new species of the genus Rodolia Mulsant, 1850 from Japan (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Ortaliinae). Stud. Reports. Taxon. Ser., 10: 109-111.

Korschefsky, R., 1931. Coleopterorum catalogus. Pars 118. Coccinellidae I. Berlin. pp. 224.

Kundoo, A.A. and Khan, A.A., 2017. Coccinellids as biological control agents of soft bodied insects: A review. J. Ent. Zool. Stud., 5: 1362-1373.

Inayatullah, C., 1980. Comparative skeletal anatomy of the thorax of Coccinella septumpunctata and Coccinella undecimpunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Pakistan J. Zool., 12: 225 – 237.

Iqbal, Z., Nasir., M.F., Bodlah, I. and Qureshi, R., 2018. A contribution to the genus Rodolia mulsant, 1850 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) from pothwar plateau of Pakistan. J. Anim. Pl. Sci., 28:1103-1111

Leppla, N.C. and Williams, D.W., 1992. Mass rearing beneficial insects and the renaissance of biological control. Pes. Agro. Bras., 27: 231-238.

Maskell, W.M., 1893. Further coccid notes with descriptions of new species from Australia, India, Sandwich Islands, Demerara, and South Pacific. Trans. Proc. N. Z. Inst., 25: 201–252.

Moghaddam, M., Esfandiari, M. and Khosravi., 2015. First record of Icerya aegyptiaca (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Monophlebidae) from Iran. 1st Iran Int. Cong. Ent., pp. 29–31.

Mulsant, M.E., 1846. Histoire Naturelle des Coléoptères de Frances. Col. Séc. Mai. Paris., pp. 280.

Mulsant, M.E., 1850. Species des Coléoptères trimères sécuripalpes. Annls Sci. Phys. Nat. Agric. Ind. Lyon, 2: 1-1104.

Mulsant, M.É., 1853. Supplément a la monographie des Coléoptères trimères sécuripalpes. Annls. Soc. Linn. Lyon, 1: 129-333.

Muzaffar, N., 1970. A note on the Monophlebid, Icerya aegyptiaca (Dgl.) and its natural enemies in West Pakistan. Tech. Bull. Commonw. Ins. Biol. Cont., 13: 91-93.

Narendran, T.C., 2001. Taxonomic entomology: Research and education in India. Curr. Sci., 8: 445-447.

Narendran, T.C., 2003. Role of taxonomy in biological control and in insect pest management in India. Biol. Cont. Ins. Pest., 1: 250–255.

Narendran, T.C., 2006. An introduction to taxonomy. Zoological Survey of India, Kokatta. Zool. Surv. India Publ., pp. 1-80.

Omkar and Pervez, A., 1999. New record of coccinellids from Uttar Pradesh. I. J. Advan. Zool., 20: 106-112.

Omkar and Pervez, A., 2002b. New record of coccineIIids from Uttar Pradesh III. J. Advan. Zool., 23: 63-65.

Pathan, N.P., Jaiman, J.S., Amin, A.U. and Prajapati, B.U., 2018. First report of Rodolia fumida Mulsant (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera) as a predator of scale insect (Perisopneumon ferox new stead) in aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) from Gujarat, India. J. Ent. Zool. Stud., 6: 91-93.

Pervez, A., 2005. Ecology of two-spotted ladybird, Adalia bipunctata: A review. J. appl. Ent., 129: 465-474.

Poorani, J., 2004. An annotated checklist of the Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) (excluding Epilachninae) of the Indian subregion. Orient. Insect, 36: 307-383.

Poorani, J., 2002. An annotated checklist of the Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) (excluding Epilachninae) of the Indian subregion. Orient. Insects, 36: 307-383.

Parra, J.R.P., 2014. Biological control in Brazil: An overview. Scien. Agric., 71: 345-355.

Rafi, M.A., Irshad, M. and Inayatullah, 2005. Predatory ladybird beetles of Pakistan. Roohani Art Press, Pakistan. pp. 105.

Rasheed, S., Mahmood, R. and Mohyuddin, A.I., 1986. Notes on biology and population trends of Sumnius renardi Weise and Rodolia fumida Muls. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and their potential as bio-control agents of Drosicha stebbingi Green (Homoptera: Margarodidae). Proc. Pakist. Congn. Zool., 6: 137-142.

Riley, C.V. and Howard, L.O., 1890. Some new icerya. Insect Life, 3: 92–106.

Schauffe, M.E. and La Sale, J., 1998. The Relevance of systematics to biocontrol: Protecting the investment in research. Pest management-future challenges (eds. M.P. Zalucki, R.W.I. Drew and G. White). Proc. Sixth. Aust. appl. Ent. Res. Conf. Bris., pp. 425-436.

Seago, A.E., Giorgi, J.A., Li, J. and Ślipinski, A., 2011. Phylogeny, classification and evolution of ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) based on simultaneous analysis of molecular and morphological data. Mol. Phyl. Evol., 60: 137-151.

Ślipinski, S.A. 2007. Australian ladybird beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): The biology and classification. Aust. biol. Res. Stud. 486.

Ślipinski, S.A. and Tomazewski, W., 2010. Coccinellidae Latreille, 1802. In: Handbook of Zoology. 2. Coleoptera (eds. R.A.B. Leschen, R.G. Beutel and J.F. Lawrence). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York. pp. 454-472.

Weise, J., 1885. Coccinellidae. II. Auflage. Mit Berücksichtigung der Arten aus dem nördlichen Asien. In: Bestimmungs tabellen der europäischen coleopteren (ed. E. Reitter). II. Heft. Büsing, Mödling. pp. 83.

Weise, J., 1892. Les Coccinellides du Chota-Nagapore. Ann. Soc. Ent. Bel., 36: 19-27.

Weise, J., 1895. Die mitüber Novius MULS., Verwandten Gattungen. Ann. Soc. Ent. Bel. Brux., 39: 147-150.

Weise, J., 1901. Coccinelliden aus Ceylon gesammelt von Horn. Deut. Ent. Z., 2: 417-445.

Weise, J., 1910. Verzeichniss von Coleopteren aus den Philippinen, nebst zwei neuen Arten aus Niederländisch Ostindien. Phil. J. Sci., 5: 139-148.

Weise, J., 1912. Über Hispinen und Coccinelliden. Arch. Nat., 12: 101-120.