Research Article

Extent of Women Participation in Agricultural Activities: A Case Study of Rain-Fed Area Pothohar, Pakistan

Naheed Zahra1*, Saira Batool1, Mubbashira Nazir1, Ghulam Akbar Malik2 and Iffat Batool3

1Social Science Division (SSD), Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC), Islamabad, Pakistan; 2PARC Institute of Advanced Studies in Agriculture, National Agricultural Research Centre, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad, Pakistan; 3Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan

Received | March 09, 2022; Accepted | May 23, 2022; Published | June 28, 2022

*Correspondence | Naheed Zahra, Social Science Division (SSD), Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC), Islamabad, Pakistan; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Zahra, N., S. Batool, M. Nazir, G.A. Malik and I. Batool. 2022. Extent of women participation in agricultural activities: A case study of rain-fed area of Pothohar, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, 35(2): 404-409.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjar/2022/35.2.404.409

Keywords | Agriculture, Female, Participation, Pothohar, Rain-fed

Copyright: 2022 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Introduction

Male and female both are equally responsible for the feeding of world by performing the farming activities in a good spirit. Globally, women have primary and exclusive responsibility for the agricultural sector and being an active member in farms they are playing an important role in rural cultures. According to FAO estimates for the year 2017 almost 79% of females and 61% of males are working (directly or indirectly) in agricultural activities in Pakistan (FAO, 2017).

Women in rural areas have a significant role in agriculture, livestock and agro-based enterprises in Pakistan. They work from dawn to dust to fulfill their responsibilities (Ahmad and Hussain, 2004; Habib et al., 2022). Women had frequently required more time to devote for agricultural operations than men. Their involvement in food processing and storage, in particular, has far higher because they perform these duties in addition to their regular household duties (Habib et al., 2022; Shreve, 2000).

Generally, Female’s common responsibilities include caring for family members by doing household chores like housework, cleaning, food preparation, fetching drinking water, collecting fuel, in addition, working for wages as agricultural labors in field and taking care of animals (Luqman et al., 2011). In rural areas of Pakistan, nobody acknowledges women’s enormous contribution and doing their tasks as unpaid workers. The situation of the unpaid women labour force in rural areas of Pakistan is very alarming as about 60 % of their work is being utilized as unpaid (Kaleem, 2018).

Pakistan is a developing nation with a largely agricultural socioeconomic structure. According to published statistics in developing countries about 43.6 %, and in developed countries 36.7%, of women are working in the female labour force in agriculture. Pakistan has the 9th largest labour force in the (GoP, 2020). In Pakistan, almost 38.5 % of the labour force is employed in the agricultural sector (GoP, 2021).

Women are heavily involved in agricultural production, particularly rice, pulses, Wheat, cotton, and vegetables. In rural Pakistan, about 50 % of the female labour force participates in agricultural activities directly (Rashdi, 2002; Batool et al., 2019; Amin et al., 2009; Agarwal, 2018; Clement et al., 2019). Females perform their duties by participating in the rearing of animals and harvesting crops along with their household activities. However, recent study by (Mohiuddin et al., 2020) brought a new aspect that mechanization is replacing female as well as hired male labour force.

Pothohar’s rain-fed zone is one of the most vulnerable and food-insecure areas. Pothohar has a population of more than two million people, with 70 % of them living in rural areas and the bulk of them being small farmers with less than 5 hectares of land. Because of the inconsistency and scarcity of rain, the majority of male farmers have shifted to off-farm occupations, primarily in the public sector, to support their families. As a result, women are responsible for crop and livestock production (Zahra et al., 2017; Khan et al., 1999, 2012; Habib, 2021). Women are involved in all aspects of grain cultivation and animal management, with the exception of a few jobs such as ploughing the fields and threshing. In this paper it has been trying to report the female participation and involvement in different farming activities and livestock in the rain-fed area.

Materials and Methods

Study area and data collection method

The study was conducted in the village Thatti Gujran located in Fateh Jang, district Attock, Punjab, Pakistan. Like other villages of Pakistan, the female farmers were the active part of the farming community. The female participation was found comparatively high (67.9%) as compared to males (28.4%) in rural areas of Pakistan (Labour Force Survey, 2020-21). The study is based on primary data collection from 80 randomly female farmers of selected village Thatti Gujran. To collect the data, a well-structured questionnaire was created. The sample respondents were interviewed by using a simple random sampling method.

Data and analysis

After collection of data by personal interviews with female farmers, the gathered information was compiled. The collected data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to extract the comments and responses of women farmers. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to obtain the best results.

Results and Discussion

Respondents socioeconomic characteristics

The average age of the respondents, according to the data was 44 years. The findings revealed that 22.5 % of respondents were between the ages of 20 and 30, and 17.5% were between the ages of 31 and 40. Similarly, 27.5% and 25.0% of those aged 41-50 and 51-60, respectively, and 7.5 % of those over 61 were documented. The average education of the respondents was about two years, which was very low and suggest that female literacy in the area was very low. Overall literacy rate in rural areas of Punjab was reported 58.8 %, the literacy level of females was found comparatively low (48.9 %) as compared to male (69.0 %) in rural areas of Punjab (GoP, 2020-21). With an average of 18 years of farming experience, 35.0 % ofthe majority of respondents were literate, with 65.0 % being illiterate (Table 1).

 

Table 1: Demographic Characteristic of the respondents.

Variable	Mean	Std. D
Age (years)	44.47	13.34
Education (years)	2.6	3.96
Experience in farming (years)	18.72	13.12

Source: field survey.

 

Steimann (2005) claimed that information about household size reveals the potential for future labor and income. According to the survey findings, the average household size of the sample respondents was seven persons. Male members on the farm averaged 1.15, whereas male members of non-farm averaged 0.95. On the other hand, female members on the farm were 1.5, while female members non-farm were 0.35. The community had a high prevalence of joint family systems (Table 2).

 

Table 2: Characteristics of families.

Variable	Mean	Std. D
Size of the household (number)	6.75	3.02
Male farm worker	1.15	0.948
Non-farm male member	0.95	0.875
Female farm worker	1.5	0.75
Non-farm female member	0.35	0.95

Source: field survey.

 

Land is regarded as a symbol of prosperity and status. Those who own land, according to Kafle (2008) and Nayaran (2000) have superior livelihood opportunities and power. The majority of farmers in the study area own one to two kanals of land, and roughly 42.5% of them labor as renters. On average, 37.5% of respondents were landowners, although their holdings were small, ranging from 2 to 3 kanals, with only 20.0 % being owner-occupants (Table 3).

 

Table 3: Distribution of respondents by tenancy status.

Land status	Frequency	%
Owner	30	37.5
Tanents	34	42.5
Owner cum tanents	16	20

Source: field survey.

 

Farming operations are run entirely by females, but their labor is undervalued and assumed to be unpaid. According to the survey, females were found to be involved in a wide range of agricultural activities. The majority of females were actively involved in farming, according to the data. Only 32.5 % of female respondents said farming is a part-time job, while 67.5 % of female respondents said it is full time activity. During the informal discussion, it was observed that females were working extremely hard and had a lot of potential to improve their livelihood (Table 4).

 

Table 4: Female participation in farming.

Participation status	Frequency	%
Full time	54	67.5
Part time	26	32.5

Source: field survey.

 

Female professional participation in Pakistan is multifaceted and multitasking and their contributions are influenced by socioeconomic factors and local norms (Tanzina et al., 2019; Abbasi et al., 2019). In Pakistan, approximately 43% of rural women worked in farm agriculture (from land preparation to crop harvest). Females were completely dedicated to all types of farming activities. Female’s contributions to agricultural activities in developing countries remain unnoticed; their efforts are neither acknowledged nor documented in economic and monetary terms. According to the Table 5, 37.5% of the females worked in wheat hoeing and 75.0 % worked in wheat harvesting in the targeted area. Because the area is mostly rain-fed, most households cultivated only wheat crops and leave the land fallow for the next wheat crop (Razia and Yasmeen, 2011; Anwar et al., 2016; Naheed et al., 2014). To supplement their income, a family with any type of irrigation system (e.g., a dug well or a space at home with easy access to water) cultivated some type of seasonal vegetable. As a result, better and more affordable irrigation facilities are desperately needed in that area.

 

Table 5: Female participation in various agricultural activities.

Activities	Yes		No
	Frequency	%	Frequency	%
Wheat hoeing	30	37.5	50	62.5
Wheat harvesting	60	75.0	20	25.0
Wheat threshing	40	50.0	40	50.0
Wheat storage	36	45.0	44	10.0
Vegetable growing	50	62.5	30	37.5

Source: field survey.

 

Animal husbandry is important in the rural economy. This sector is dominated by small and landless farmers in rain-fed farming systems, and it is closely related to cropping systems. Several studies had found that rural females are more involved in livestock production management than crop production. According to Taylor (1985), the livestock sector in Pakistan takes up to 35.0% of a village female’s time, and it’s difficult to walk through a hamlet without coming across herds of goats, sheep, cows, hens, and buffaloes, among other animals. Females are in charge of 60 % to 80 % of cattle feeding and milking (ESCAP, 1997). They also work in animal production, livestock marketing, by-products (ghee, yoghurt), water collection and animal cleaning (Katuwal, 1991). The investigation of this finding confirmed some of the earlier conclusions. The findings from Table 6 revealed that the majority of females in the study area were heavily involved in livestock practices ranging from animal stall feeding to animal dung collection. The majority of females were involved in livestock shed cleaning (87.5%), Milking (75%), Collecting animal dung and preparing dung cakes (75%), Farmyard manure (75%), Watering (70%) and grazing (25%).

 

Table 6: Female participation in various livestock activities.

Livestock activities	Yes		No
	Frequency	%	Frequency	%
Stall feeding	56	70	24	30.0
Grazing	20	25.0	60	75.0
Watering	56	70.0	24	30.0
Milking	60	75.0	20	25.0
Shed cleaning	70	87.5	10	12.5
FYM collection	60	75.0	20	25.0
Preparing dung cake	60	75.0	20	25.0

Source: field survey.

 

In the presence of men and under the sphere of their cultural norms, land ownership and decisions of crops are taken by male member of the family. Females assist them at each stage without considering their reward (Doss and Sofa Team, 2011).

Conclusions and Recommendations

Female’s productive roles in agriculture are often considered invisible or undervalued in many countries. Such misunderstandings must be addressed in order to clarify rural female’s position and importance in the agricultural sector. Females in the targeted area were so enthusiastic about agriculture that they actively participated in it. Respondent female’s emphasis on the importance of organizing training in the community.

Considering the importance of female participation in agricultural activities, the government should support them by establishment of district-level agricultural training to boost their productive capacity such as kitchen gardening and livestock management. Furthermore, it will lead to improve their knowledge, skills and productive ability for better livelihoods.

Novelty Statement

Study highlighted the female agricultural activities of Pothohar region and contributed in the literature regarding the female participation in the Pothohar’s agriculture.

Author’s Contribution

Naheed Zahra: Conceived research idea, carried out field survey and data collection.

Saira Batool: Data collection and analysis, draft preparation and incorporated the comments reviewers and finalized the article.

Mubbashira Nazir : Data analysis, reviewed the literature.

Ghulam Akbar Malik: Data collection and field management activities.

Iffat Batool: Provided technical inputs to the research at every step.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interst.

References

Abbasi, S.S., M.Z. Anwar, N. Habib., Q. Khan., and K. Waqar. 2019. Identifying gender vulnerabilities in context of climate change in Indus basin. Environ. Dev. (Elsevier), 31(2019): 34-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2018.12.005

Agarwal, B., 2018. Gender equality, food security and the sustainable development goals. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain., 34: 26-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2018.07.002

Ahmed, N., and A. Hussain. 2004. Women’s role in forestry: Pakistan Agriculture. Agriculture Foundation of Pakistan, Islamabad, pp. 79-81.

Amin, H., T. Ali, M. Ahmad and M.I. Zafar. 2009. Participation level of rural women in agricultural activities. Pak. J. Agric. Sci., 46(4): 294-301.

Anwar, M.Z., W. Chaudry and N. Habib. 2016. Changing rainfed agriculture: An empirical analysis of Pothohar Region of Punjab, Pakistan. Pak. J. Life Soc. Sci., 14(2): 70-76.

Batool, S., W. Akhter, N. Habib and M. Nazir. 2019. Compost adoption impact on vegetables production in district Chakwal Pakistan: A smallholders perspective. Sumerianz J. Agric. Vet., 2(12): 147-152.

Clement, F., M.C. Buisson, S. Leder, S. Balasubramanya, P. Saikia, R. Bastakoti, E. Karki, and B. Koppen. 2019. From women’s empowerment to food security: Revisiting global discourses through a cross-country analysis. Glob. Food Secur., 23: 160-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2019.05.003

Doss, C., and Sofa Team, 2011. The role of women in agriculture. ESA Working Paper No. 11-02. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Food Agric. Org. Agric. Dev. Econ. Div., pp. 47.

ESCAP, 1997. Women in Pakistan: A country profile. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. United Nations, New York.

FAO, 2017. The future of food and agriculture. Trends and challenges. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, 2017. http://www.fao.org/3/i6583e/i6583e.pdf

GOP, 2020. Economic survey of Pakistan (2019-20). Government of Pakistan, Finance Division, Economic Advisior’s Wing, Islamabad.

Habib, N., 2021. Climate change, livelihoods and gender dynamics of mountainous communities in Pakistan. Sarhad J. Agric., 37(4): 1269-1279. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2021/37.4.1269.1279

Habib, N., M. Alauddin, and R. Cramb. 2022. What defines livelihood vulnerability to climate change in rain-fed, rural regions? A qualitative study of men’s and women’s vulnerability to climate change in Pakistan’s Punjab. Cogent Soc. Sci., 8: 1. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2054152

Habib, N., M. Alauddin, R. Cramb and P. Rankin. 2022. A differential analysis for men and women’s determinants of livelihood diversification in rural rain-fed region of Pakistan: An ordered logit model (OLOGIT) approach. Soc. Sci. Hum. Open, 5(1): 100257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2022.100257

Kafle, M.R., 2008. Contribution of community forestry to user’s household income: A financial analysis, Master thesis. Inst. Forestry, Univ. Tribhuvan, Nepal. pp. 43.

Kaleem, M.F., 2018. 60 % of women working in agriculture fields remain unpaid. Daily Times July 20, 2018 online accessed from https://dailytimes.com.pk/270380/60-of-women-working-in-agriculture-fields-remain-unpaid/

Katuwal, S., 1991. The role of women in livestock production. World Agriculture Economics and Rural Sociology Abstract.

Khan, A.M., M.I. Khan, A.D. Sheikh, N.A. Khan and B. Tariq. 1999. Baseline survey of livestock management in the rainfed farming systems of Pothohar and Shakargarh, Punjab. Livest. Diary Dev. Dep. Punjab, Pakistan.

Khan, M., M. Sajjad, B. Hameed, M.N. Khan and A.U. Jan. 2012. Participation of women in agriculture activities in district Peshawar. Sarhad J. Agric., 28(1): 121-127.

GoP, 2021. Labour force survey of Pakistan (2020-21). Government of Pakistan, Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, Islamabad.

GoP, 2021. Economic survey of Pakistan (2020-21). Government of Pakistan, Finance Division, Economic Advisior’s Wing, Islamabad.

Luqman, M., E. Ashraf, S.W. Hassan and S. Ullah. 2011. Self-perceived needs of rural women for agricultural extension services. Pak. J. Sci., 63: 2.

Mohiuddin, I., M.A. Kamran, S.M. Jalilov, M.U.D. Ahmad, S.A. Adil, R. Ullah and T. Khaliq. 2020. Scale and drivers of female agricultural labor: Evidence from Pakistan. Sustainability, 12(16): 6633. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166633

Naheed, S., N. Habib, M.Z. Anwar, and S.S. Abbassi. 2014. Comparative economic benefits of different oat varities in rainfed areas of Pothohar, Pakistan. Res. J. Agric. For. Sci., 2(1): 1-4.

Narayan, D., and M. Woolcock. 2000. Social capital: Implications for development theory, research and policy. World Bank Res. Observer, 152: 225-250. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/15.2.225

Rashdi, M., 2002. Diary of gentlewomen farmers. Daily Dawn Karachi, Pakistan. 05, January.

Razia, B., and G. Yasmeen. 2011. Contribution of Pakistani women in agriculture: Productivity and constraints. Sarhad J. Agric., 27(4): 637-643.

Saqib, R., M. Luqman, I. Javed, A. Rehman, M. Yaseen, S. Ashraf, and M.Z. Majeed. 2019. Livelihood strategies of small-scale farmers in Pakistan in the scenario of climate change. Sarhad J. Agric., 35: 1298-1308. https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2019/35.4.1298.1308

Shreve, C., 2000. Women in China: A country profile-economic and social commission for Asia and the pacific statistical profiles No. 10, United Nations, New York, 1997, 92 pages, UN Sales No. E. 97. II. F. 17, ISBN 92-1-119754-6 (US $19.95). J. Gov. Inf., 27(1): 92-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-0237(99)00141-0

Steimann, B., 2005. Livelihood strategies in North-West Pakistan results from the sustainable livelihoods survey 2004, North-West Frontier Province. (Pakistan) IP6 Working Paper No. 5

Tanzina, D., M.P. Dwijen, B. Udas, G. Chanda, G.A. Prakash, G.G. Suruchi, M.Z. Anwar, N. Khandekar, S.M. Tanvir, N. Habib, S.S. Abbasi, and M.A. Rahman. 2019. Growing social vulnerability in the river basins: Evidence from the Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) Region. Environ. Dev. (Elsevier), 31(2019): 19-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2018.12.004

Taylor, D., 1985. Agriculture: Women a world report, Women in Agricultural Systems, A course reader for IMA management course for rural women in rural development, IMA publishers, UK. pp. 1–7.

Zahra, N., N. Akmal, N. Habib, S. Rani, M. Nazir, and I. Raza. 2017. Impact of climate change hostilities on livelihood strategies: A case study of rainfed Pothohar area of Pakistan. J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci., 7(11): 138-143.