Efficacy of Two Entomopathogenic Fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, Isolated from Eastern Saudi Arabia against the House Fly, Musca domestica

Ramy S. Yehia 1,3, Essam A. Shaalan2* and Hashem M. Al-Sheikh1

1Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia.

2Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt.

3Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, 12613 Giza, Egypt.

ABSTRACT

The house fly, Musca domestica, is not only a cosmopolitan but also a medically important insect acting as vector of some diseases. Entomopathogenic fungi, particularly Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae, and botanical oils have shown potential as synthetic insecticides alternative for house fly control. In the present work, local isolates from both fungi as well as their mixtures with essential oils were evaluated against house fly larvae under laboratory conditions. Batches of house fly larvae (25 individuals per replicate and 4 replicates per dose of fungi) were subjected to five doses from each fungus (101, 103, 105, 107 and 109 conidia/ml) in plastic cups for one min then transferred to a clean one. Both test and control cups were incubated for 7 days to determine LC50, 90 and EI50, 90. Joint action of these fungi with three botanical oils (celery, ginger and sesame) as well as influence of sublethal dose from both fungi on the larval development were also evaluated. B. bassiana was more potent than M. anisopliae in both larvicidal activity and inhibition of flies’ emergence. Blends from fungi and essential oils exhibited synergistic effect but fungi mixture produced antagonistic effect. The development of M. domestica larvae was affected by sublethal dose from fungi. In conclusion, M. anisopliae is more efficient than B. bassiana and could be easily mixed with essential oils to either enhance larvicidal activity or utilize in integrated pest management. Furthermore, research on field evaluation and deleterious effects of environmental conditions on fungi capacity is required.

Article Information

Received 04 February 2019

Revised 14 October 2020

Accepted 20 November 2020

Available online 29 July 2021

(early access)

Published 01 March 2022

Authors’ Contribution

EAS and HMA conceived and designed the project. RSY collected fungi and prepared culture. EAS performed laboratory Bioassays, analyzed data and wrote the article. HMA and RSY reviewed the manuscript.

Key words

Entomopathogenic fungi, House fly larvae, Botanical oils

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/20190204010222

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

0030-9923/2022/0003-1405 $ 9.00/0

Copyright 2022 Zoological Society of Pakistan

INTRODUCTION

The house fly, Musca domestica, is a worldwide insect causing annoyance, irritation and food spoilage. Furthermore, it is important vector transmitting many pathogenic diseases including anthrax, bacillary dysentery, cholera, infantile diarrhea, tuberculosis and typhoid to both human and animals (Lecuona et al., 2005; Förster et al., 2009; Barin et al., 2010). Accordingly, controlling this fly is crucial to avoid the previously mentioned diseases.

Synthetic insecticides were used to control the house fly (Cao et al., 2006) but due to extensive use of these chemicals, insecticide resistance as well as environmental and health hazards were evolved (Bell et al., 2010; Yadav, 2010). Globally, houseflies’ resistance to synthetic insecticides became a big problem (Farooq and Freed, 2016) and directed the attention of the researchers to another safer alternatives exhibiting capacity in control such as entomopathogenic fungi (Zimmermann, 2007; Geden, 2012; Gul et al., 2014). Among the entomopathogenic fungi, both Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae are the most promising insecticides alternatives against both agricultural and medically important insects in addition to some important arthropods particularly ticks and mites which are human and animals ectoparasites (Immediato et al., 2015; Perinotto et al., 2017).

In addition to their environmental safety and lower̸ negligible mammalian toxicity, entomopathogenic fungi showed great capacity in controlling house flies (Mishra et al., 2011; Khan et al., 2012; Acharya et al., 2015). Both B. bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., M. anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok, were the most common fungi used in houseflies’ management and produced rapid killing and high infection rates (Barson et al., 1994; Kaufman et al., 2005; Sharififard et al., 2011). Moreover, botanical derivatives could be also introducing another alternative to synthetic insecticides. Farooq and Freed (2016) mentioned that they exhibited capacity in repelling or controlling house fly whilst several other studies shown that they could be used against all the developmental stages of the house fly (Malik et al., 2007).

Recent studies have shown that botanicals could be added to entomopathogenic fungi in mixtures to synergize their potential for house fly eradication (Farooq and Freed, 2016). Ahmad et al. (2017) observed significant difference in larval mortality of M. domestica due to mixture of fungi and botanical oils except for mixtures of lower level of sub lethal doses (LC10 of fungi and LC10 of botanicals).

Unlike other bio insecticides, literatures revealed that data on the influence of sublethal doses of fungi on larval duration, pupal duration, pupation percentage, emergence percentage of flies and growth index are limited. The only study that was conducted by Ahmad et al. (2017) but for mixtures of fungi and botanical oils not for fungi alone.

Research is still in progress to find out which local isolates of the entomopathogenic fungi work effectively and can compete with synthetic insecticides. In accordance with the importance of housefly as medically and veterinary vector, the current study was carried out to investigate the efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungi B. bassiana and M. anisopliae isolated from Saudi Arabia against housefly larvae. Moreover, evaluating the effect of binary mixture from such fungi and some botanical oils as well as the effect of sublethal dose from both fungi on the development of larval stage.

MAERIALS AND METHODS

Collection, isolation, identification and purification of the entomopathogenic fungi

Both B. bassiana and M. anisopliae were the entomopathogenic fungi used in the present study. Soil samples were collected from Al-Ahsaa local livestock market during the month of August, 2017. The samples were collected in sterile glass tube for isolating the native strains of both entomopathogenic fungi in the laboratory based on morphological analysis. The fungus culture was purified by single conidia culture on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and subsequently sub-culturing was done according to method described by Dhingra and Sinclair (1995). Conidia were grown on PDA at 25 C in dark in standard Petri-dishes (90 mm diameter) for 10 days.

Spores’ harvesting and suspension

The pure fungal culture was multiplied on PDA medium for 10 days. Spores were harvested by washing the dishes with pure water; subsequently the spore suspension was filtered through several layers of cheesecloth to remove mycelium. Spore concentration was determined with a haemocytometer under light microscope and adjusted to 1X101 - 1X 103 - 1X105 - 1X107 - 1X109 spore/ ml.

House fly maintenance

The M. domestica flies were collected by flying insects net from livestock farms at King Faisal University, Al-Ahsaa, Eastern Saudi Arabia. Flies were transferred to insectary in Zoology department, College of Science, King Faisal University. Flies were reared in plastic cages (Collapsible insect rearing cages , Bug Dorm-1, from Bugdorm USA) measured 30× 30×30 cm3 under laboratory conditions. Adults were feed on 10% glucose solution, while a soluble diet made from wheat bran and milk powder (1:2) soaked in white cotton inside colorless plastic jars 300 ml capacity was for egg laying and larval development. The colony was maintained at 28±2 °C, 70 ± 10 % relative humidity and photoperiod of 14L: 10D h.

Larvicidal bioassays

Immersion method was used to evaluate the infectivity of two entomopathogenic fungi, B. bassiana and M. anisopliae, against larvae of M domestica as mentioned by Farooq and Freed (2016).

Batches of 25 newly emerged fourth instar larvae were immersed for 1 min in 1 ml of the conidial at the desired concentration (1 × 106, 1 × 107, 1 × 108 spores/mL) of the fungi inside 20 ml plastic cups. The control group was dipped in distilled water only. Excess water was removed by Pasteur plastic pipettes. Larvae were supplied with food (dried milk, wheat barn and water in white cotton balls) and incubated at 30 ± 2◦C, based on preliminary experiment, for 7 days. All treatments replicated 4 times for each concentration. Mortalities were recorded after the 7th day and larvae that were immobile and did not respond to the needles counted as dead. Abbott’s Formula (1925) was used for correcting observed mortalities in treatments if mortalities in control set exceeded 5% up to 10%.

Combined effect of fungi and essential oils

Three commercial botanical oils (celery, ginger and sesame) were used in the present results. A concentration of 10 % was freshly prepared from each oil before starting the experiments. One ml from desired oil was mixed in 10 ml distilled water and checked for one min whilst a concentration of 1x103 conidia ̸ ml from fungi was selected for preparing the mixture. The mixtures from both oils and fungi were prepared on bases of volume to volume whereas 4 ml from both oils and fungi were mixed together in a separate glass bottle and used in the treatments.

Same procedures used for the larvicidal bioassays were followed except that each group of larvae received 2ml from the mixture rather than 1 ml. larvae were incubated at 30 ± 2◦C and mortalities were recorded daily up to 7 days.

To estimate the expected synergetic effect of fungl-oil mixture, the following formula (Farenhorst et al., 2010) was used:

Me = Mf + Mo (1 - Mf/100)

Where Me is expected mortality, Mf and Mo were the observed mortality percentage caused by the fungus and the oil separately. Positive Mfo - Me (observed mortality % for mixtures – expected mortality %) values were considered synergistic (Koppenhöfer and Kaya, 1998). This formula comparing mortality rates produced by fungal-oil mixture (observed) with the sum of mortalities produced by fungi and oils individually (expected).

Effect of sublethal dose of the fungi on the development of M. domestica larvae

Methodology used for determining the larvicidal activity was adopted to investigate the influence of both fungi on some biological parameters including larval duration, pupal duration, pupation percentage, pupal mortality, adult emergence percentage and growth index. One concentration, 4.5x104 conidia/ml, was used from each fungus whilst control set received distilled water. The mortalities of both larval and pupal stages as well as emerged individuals were recorded on daily bases until the emergence of the last fly or the death of the last either larva or pupa.

Larval duration was estimated as the number of days since the starting of the experiment until they all reached the pupal stage whilst the pupal duration was estimated from pupal stage to adult emergence (Martinez-Tomas et al., 2009).

Growth index was calculated according to Saxena and Sumithra (1985).

Growth Index (GI) = percentage adult emergence / average developmental period (days).

The average developmental period is the sumition of larval duration and pupal duration.

Statistical analysis

Probit analysis was used to determine both LC50 and LC90 values whilst one-way ANOVA and the Tukey HSD post-hoc test were used for other data analysis at significance level of 5%. SPSS statistical package ver. 16 was used to perform statistical analyses.

RESULTS

Based on LC50 and LC90 of the tested entomopathogenic fungi against M. domestica larvae (Table I), larvicidal activity of these fungi could be arranged in the following descending order: B. bassiana (LC50 = 8.6 x108; LC90 = 8.9 x1012 conidia/ml) > M. anisopliae (LC50 = 1.7 x109; LC90 = 6.9 x1016 conidia/ml). Similarly, B. bassiana (IE50 = 1.5 x108; IE90 = 2.1 x1011conidia/ml) was more potent than M. anisopliae (IE50 = 1.6 x109; IE90 = 5.08 x1013 conidia/ml) in inhibiting flies emergence as has been shown in Table II.

 

Table I. LC50 and LC90 of fungi tested against newly moulted 4th instar larvae of Musca domestica.

Fungi	LC50 Conidia/ml	LC90 Conidia/ml	Chi square
Beauveria bassiana	8.6 x108	8.9 x1012	113.99
Metarhizium anisopliae	1.7 x109	6.9 x1016	82. 72

 

Table II. IE50 and IE 90 of fungi tested against newly moulted 4th instar larvae of Musca domestica.

Fungi	IE 50 Conidia/ml	IE 90 Conidia/ml	Chi square
Beauveria bassiana	1.5 x108	2.1 x1011	105.15
Metarhizium anisopliae	1.6 x109	5.08 x1013	47.07

 

Table III. Synergistic effect of mixtures from fungi and essential oils against newly moulted 4th instar larvae of Musca domestica.

Mixtures/ Oils	Observed mortality Mean±SE	Expected mortality Mean±SE	Synergistic value Mean±SE
Beauveria bassiana
Celery	94 ± 3.83	72.12 ± 6.24*	21.88 ± 9.6
Ginger	100 ± 0.0	69.04 ± 7.95*	30.96 ± 7.95
Sesame	100 ± 0.0	74.36 ± 8.74*	25.64 ± 8.74
Metarhizium anisopliae
Celery	96 ± 4	77.08 ± 6.5*	18.92 ± 9.85
Ginger	96 ± 4	74.36 ± 8.06*	21.64 ± 11.06
Sesame	100 ± 0.0	79.76 ± 6ot.47*	20.24 ± 6.47
Beauveria bassiana + Metarhizium anisopliae
	33 ± 5.7**	88.68±5.26*	-55.68±4.27**

 

*, In the same column means no statistical significance (P > 0.05); **, Significantly different from all other mixtures (P ˂ 0.05) in the same column whilst no significant difference was found among mixtures of both fungi and oils (P > 0.05).

 

Data of blends from fungi and essential oils against 4th instar larvae revealed synergistic effect whilst antagonistic effect was produced when both fungi mixed together (Table III). The statistical analysis Tukey HSD post-hoc test indicated that synergism produced by fungal-oil blends was significantly different from synergism produced by fungal blends (F=12.377; df=6; P < 0.05). Based on synergistic value (Table III), ginger oil come in the first order in synergistic action followed by sesame oil then celery oil and all oils exhibited better synergistic action when mixed with B. bassiana compared with M. anisopliae.

Results in Table IV indicated that the sublethal dose (4.5x104 conidia/ml) of both fungi influenced the development of M. domestica larvae. The influence of the sublethal dose of both B. bassiana and M. anisopliae on the larval mortality percentage of M. domestica was not statistically significant (F=3.838; df=2; P > 0.05). Contrarily, both fungi significantly influenced larval duration (F=7.929; df=2; P < 0.05), pupal mortality (F=13.972; df=2; P < 0.05), pupal duration (F=12.214; df=2; P ˂ 0.05), average developmental period (F=11.870; df=2; P ˂ 0.05), adult emergence (F=6.499; df=2; P < 0.05) and growth index (F=10.794; df=2; P < 0.05) compared to control.

 

Table IV. Effect of sublethal dose (4.5x104 conidia/ml) on the development of Musca domestica larvae.

	Control	Beauveria bassiana	Metarhizium anisopliae
Larval duration	4.25 ± 0.25ab	5.25 ± 0.47a	6 ± 0.0ab
Larval mortality %	1a	18 ± 3.46a	12.75 ± 6.79a
Pupal duration	6.25 ± 0.25ab	4.25 ± 0.25b	6 ± 0.40ab
Pupal mortality %	3 ± 1.0ab	8 ± 2.3ab	55.75 ± 13.25b
Average developmental period	10.5 ± 0.28a	9.25 ± 0.47ab	12 ± 0.40ab
Adult emergence %	96 ± 1.6ab	75 ± 3.4a	55 ± 13.4ab
Growth index	9.16ab ± 0.3	8.05 ± 0.51ab	4.51b ± 1.1

 

aSimilar letters in the same row means no statistical significance (P > 0.05); bSignificantly different (P ˂ 0.05).

 

DISCUSSION

Present results revealed that the fungus B. bassiana is more potent larvicide (LC50 = 8.6 x108; LC90 = 8.9 x1012 conidia/ml) against M. domestica larvae than M. anisopliae (LC50 = 1.7 x109; LC90 = 6.9 x1016 conidia/ml). Present findings for B. bassiana and M. anisopliae isolated from Saudi Arabia are better than findings of Ibrahim et al. (2016) who found that the same fungi isolated from Egypt produced 7.5 and 1.25 larval mortality, respectively at a concentration of 1012. These results indicate that the present Saudi fungal isolate is more potent and efficient than the Egyptian one. Contrarily to present findings, Mwamburi et al. (2010) stated that LC50 of B. bassiana isolates ranged between 103-105 conidia/ml and Mishra et al. (2011) indicated that M. anisopliae was more effective larvicide (LC50 = 4.1×108 conidia/ml) than B. bassiana (LC50 = 3.31×109 conidia/ml). Consequently, fungal strains may be responsible for differences in observed mortalities among house fly larvae (Weeks et al., 2017). Differences in findings among these studies could be due to adopting different methods (dipping or immersing and bait techniques) for evaluating capacity of these fungi against house fly larvae ̸ adults (Weeks et al., 2017).

All mixtures produced significant larval mortalities compared with any of the agents acting alone but insignificant better synergistic action was produced by oils mixed with B. bassiana than M. anisopliae. Other similar investigations revealed the same synergistic action for blends of these fungi and some other botanical oils (Farooq and Freed, 2016; Ahmed et al., 2017). The high mortality percentage recorded after 24 h of utilizing mixtures could be due to the high synergism between these oils and fungi. Ahmad et al. (2017) reported that the synergistic action of these mixtures, entomopathogenic fungi with botanicals, could be exploited for integrated pest management (IPM) programs. In addition to their synergistic effect, it is advisable to use binary mixtures of fungal conidia with either mineral or botanical emulsified oils to avoid the deleterious effects of the environmental physical factors (Su et al., 2010; Mola and Afkari, 2012; Oliveira et al., 2018) because they protecting the conidia from such deleterious effects. In addition to their synergistic action, botanical oils can do other services for fungi. Out of seven vegetable oils, sesame showed highest effects on storage of B. bassiana conidia (Mola and Afkari, 2012). Corn oil was superior to sunflower and cotton seed oils in thermo tolerance of B. bassiana conidia (Su et al., 2010). Oliveira et al. (2018) mentioned that Oil-based formulations protect conidia from heat stress in water. They also protect entomopathogenic conidia from chemical fungicides and this advantage is being especially relevant for IPM programs whereas mycopesticides and chemicals are simultaneously sprayed (Lopes et al., 2011). Vegetable oils are also influencing the storage duration of entomopathogenic conidia (Mola and Afkari, 2012). Faria et al. (2009) reported that formulation of conidia of entomopathogenic fungi in pure (non-emulsifiable) paraffinic oil provided considerable protection from imbibitional damage.

From the present results, it is appeared that, both fungi particularly M. anisopliae have deleterious effects on the larvae when treated by sublethal dose nearly equal to half of the LC50. Such deleterious effects included pupal mortality, the average developmental period, adult emergence and growth index. Unfortunately, literatures revealed that studies in this aspect are very rare. Only one study mentioned the pupicdal activity of these fungi. B. bassiana and M. anisopliae caused pupal mortality percentages of 73.5 and 60.0 % at the highest concentration1012 Spores/ml (Ibrahim et al., 2016). Compared to the present study, present findings are better particularly M. anisopliae that produced pupal mortality percentages of 55.75 but at lower dose by approximately two thirds which again means the strong activity of the present strain of Saudi fungal isolates.

CONCLUSION

From these results it could be concluded that the fungus M. anisopliae is more efficient than B. bassiana and could be easily mixed with essential oils in order to either enhance their larvicidal activity or to be used in integrated pest management programs. Although these, a huge room for more research on many other disciplines are required including field evaluation and influence of environmental conditions on capacity of the entomopathogenic fungi either alone or in blends. Additionally, delivery mode in the field is another challenge. It needs more work to find convenient and more applicable mode that matches regulatory approval before commercialization.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors acknowledge the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Faisal University for the financial support under the annual research project (Grant No. 150148). Authors are also gratitude to Mr. Youssif Al-Gassim, Biological sciences department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia for his assistance in collecting house flies and during the work.

Statement of conflict of interest

The authors declare that they do not have conflict of interest.

REFERENCES

Abbott, W.S., 1925. A method for computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J. econ. Ent., 18: 265-267. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/18.2.265a

Acharya, N., Rajotte, E.G., Jenkins, N.E. and Thomas, M.B., 2015. Potential for bio-control of house flies, Musca domestica, using fungal bio pesticides. Biocont. Sci. Technol., 25: 513-524. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2014.992862

Ahmed, K.W., Freed, F. and Shoukat, R.F., 2017. Efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi and botanicals on development of Musca domestica. J. Ent. Zool. Stud., 5: 593-599.

Barin, A., Arabkhazzeli, F., Rahbari, S. and Madani, S.A., 2010. The house fly, Musca domestica, as a possible mechanical vector of Newcastle disease virus in the laboratory and filed. Med. Vet. Ent., 24: 88-90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2915.2009.00859.x

Barson, G., Renn, N. and Bywater, A.F., 1994. Laboratory evaluation of six species of entomopathogenic fungi for control of house fly, Musca domestica L., a pest of intensive animal units. J. Inverteb. Pathol., 64: 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1006/jipa.1994.1078

Bell, H.A., Robinson, K.A. and Weaver, R.J., 2010. First report of cyromazine resistance in a population of UK house fly (M, usca domestica) associated with intensive livestock production. Pest Manage. Sci., 66: 693-695. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.1945

Cao, X.M., Song, F.L., Zhao, T.Y., Dong, Y.D., Sun, C.X. and Lu, B.L., 2006. Survey of Deltamethrin resistance in houseflies (Musca domestica) from urban garbage dumps in Northern China. Environ. Ent., 35: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1603/0046-225X-35.1.1

Dhingra, O.D. and Sinclair, J.B., 1995. Basic plant pathology methods. 2nd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton FL.

Farenhorst, M., Knols, B.G.J., Thomas, M.B., Howard, A.F.V., Takken, W., Rowland, M. and Guessan, R., 2010. Synergy in efficacy of fungal entomopathogens and permethrin against West African insecticide-resistant Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. PLoS One, 5: e12081. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012081

Faria, M., Hajek, A.E. and Wraight, S.P., 2009. Imbibitional damage in conidia of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium acridum, and Metarhizium anisopliae. Biol. Contr., 51: 346-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2009.06.012

Farooq, M. and Freed, S., 2016. Infectivity of housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) to different entomopathogenic fungi. Braz. J. Microbiol., 47: 807-816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjm.2016.06.002

Förster, M., Klimpel, S. and Sievert, K., 2009. The house fly (Musca domestica) as a potential vector of metazoan parasites caught in a pig-pen in Germany. Vet. Parasitol., 160: 163-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.10.087

Geden, C.J., 2012. Status of biopesticides for control of house flies. J. Biopest., 5(Supplementary): 1-11.

Gul, H.T., Saeed, S. and Khan, F.Z.A., 2014. Entomopathogenic fungi as effective insect pest management tactic: A review. Appl. Sci. Bus. Econ., 1: 10-18.

Ibrahim, A.A., Hassan, M.I., Hasaballah, A.I., Fouda, M.A. and Omar, G.M., 2016. Evaluation of some entomopathogenic fungi against larvae, pupae and adults of house fly, Musca domestica L. J. Nucl. Tech. appl. Sci., 4l: 103-112.

Immediato, D., Camarda, A., Iatta, R., Puttilli, M.R., Ramos, R.A.N., Di Paola, G., Giangaspero, A., Otarnto, D. and Cafarchia, C., 2015. Laboratory evaluation of a native strain of Beauveria bassiana for controlling Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778) (Acari: Dermanyssidae). Vet. Parasitol., 212: 478-482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.07.004

Kaufman, P.E., Reasor, C., Rutz, D.A., Ketzis, J.K. and Arends, J.J., 2005. Evaluation of Beauveria bassiana applications against adult house fly, Musca domestica, in commercial caged-layer poultry facilities in New York State. Biol. Contr., 33: 360-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.03.011

Khan, S., Guo, L.H., Maimaiti, Y., Mijit, M. and Qiu, D.W., 2012. Entomopathogenic fungi as microbial biocontrol agent. Mol. Pl. Breed., 3: 63-79. https://doi.org/10.5376/mpb.2012.03.0007

Koppenhöfer, A.M. and Kaya, H.K., 1998. Synergism of imidacloprid and entomopathogenic nematodes: A novel approach to white grub control in turf grass. J. econ. Ent., 91: 618-623. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/91.3.618

Lecuona, R.E., Turica, M., Tarocco, F. and Crespo, D.C., 2005. Microbial control of Musca domestica (Diptera: Musciadae) with selected strains of Beauveria bassiana. J. med. Ent., 42: 332-336. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/42.3.332

Lopes, R.B., Pauli, G., Mascarin, G.M. and Faria, M., 2011. Protection of entomopathogenic conidia against chemical fungicides afforded by an oil-based formulation. Biocont. Sci. Technol., 21: 125-137. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2010.534548

Malik, A., Singh, N. and Satya, S., 2007. House fly (Musca domestica): A review of control strategies for a challenging pest. J. environ. Sci. Hlth. [B], 42: 453-469. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601230701316481

Martinez-Tomas, S.H., Perez-Pacheco, R., Rodriguze-Hernandez, C., Ramirez-Vaverde, G. and BRuiz-Vega, J., 2009. Effects of an aqueous extract of Azadirachta indica on the growth of larvae and development of pupae of Culex quinquefasciatus. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 8: 4245-4350.

Mishra, S., Kumar, P., Malik, A. and Satya, S., 2011. Adulticidal and larvicidal activity of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae against housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), in laboratory and simulated field bioassays. Parasitol. Res., 108: 148-1492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-010-2203-5

Mola, F.L. and Afkari, R., 2012. Effects of different vegetable oils formulations on temperature tolerance and storage duration of Beauveria bassiana conidia. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res., 6: 4707-4711. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR11.1372

Mwamburi, L.A., Laing, M.D. and Miller, R.M., 2010. Laboratory screening of insecticidal activities of Beauveria bassiana and Paecilomyces lilacinus against larval and adult house fly (Musca domestica L.). Afr. Entomol., 18: 38-46. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.018.0106

Oliveira, D.G.P., Lopes, R.B., Rezende, J.M. and Delalibera, I.Jr., 2018. Increased tolerance of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopale condidia to high temperature provided by oils-based formulations. J. Inverteb. Pathol., 151: 151-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2017.11.012

Perinotto, W.M.S., Angelo, I.C., Golo, P.S., Camargo, M.G., Quinelato, S., Sá, F.A., Coutinho Rodrigues, C.J.B., Marciano, A.F., Monteiro, C.M.O. and Bittencourt, V.R.E.P., 2017. In vitro pathogenicity of different Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. isolates in oil formulations against Rhipicephalus microplus. Biocont. Sci. Technol., 27: 338-347. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583157.2017.1289151

Saxena, S.C. and Sumithra, L., 1985. Laboratory evaluation of leaf extract of a new plant to suppress the population of malaria vector Anopheles stephensi Liston (Diptera: Culicidae). Curr. Sci., 54: 201-202.

Sharififard, M., Mossadegh, M.S., Vazirianzadeh, B. and Zarei Mahmoudabadi, A., 2011. Laboratory evaluation of pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch.) Sorok. to larvae and adults of the house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). Asian J. biol. Sci., 4: 128-137. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2011.128.137

Su, K.J., Skinner, M. and Parker, B.L., 2010. Plant oils for improving thermotolerance of Beauveria bassiana. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 20: 1348-1350. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1005.05023

Watson, D.W., Geden, C.J., Long, S.J. and Rutz, D.A., 1995. Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana for controlling the house fly and stable fly (Diptera: Musciadae). Biol. Contr., 5: 405-411. https://doi.org/10.1006/bcon.1995.1048

Weeks, E.N.I., Machtinger, E.T., Gezan, S.A., Kaufmani, P.E. and Geden, C.J., 2017. Effects of four commercial fungal formulations on mortality and sporulation in house flies (Musca domestica) and stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans). Med. Vet. Ent., 31: 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/mve.12201

Yadav, S.K., 2010. Pesticide applications-threat to ecosystems. J. Hum. Ecol., 32: 37-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/09709274.2010.11906319

Zimmermann, G., 2007. Review on safety of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Biocont. Sci. Technol., 17: 879-920. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583150701593963