Diet Composition and Feeding Strategy of Butis koilomatodon Inhabiting the Estuarine Regions in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Quang Minh Dinh1*, Tran Thi Huyen Lam2,3, Y Thi Nha Nguyen4, Thanh Minh Nguyen1 and Tien Thi Kieu Nguyen5

1Department of Biology, School of Education, Can Tho University, Xuan Khanh Ward, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho 900000, Vietnam

2Biotechnology Research and Development Institute, Can Tho University, Xuan Khanh Ward, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho 900000, Vietnam

3­Institute of High Quality Biotechnology-Food Technology, University of Cuu Long, Phu Quoi Ward, Long Ho District, Vinh Long 890000, Vietnam

4Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Can Tho University, Xuan Khanh Ward, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho 900000, Vietnam

5An Khanh High School, An Khanh Ward, Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho 900000, Vietnam

ABSTRACT

Understanding the fish’s food and feeding habits is essential in aquaculture and research on invasive species. Butis koilomatodon is one of the potential candidates for aquaculture in the Mekong Delta because it can survive in a wide range of water temperature (26–36 °C) and salinity (3.8-37.25%), but data on this fish species’ food and feeding habit are still fragmented and deficient. Consequently, this research aims at supplying necessary data related to diet compositions and feeding activity of Butis koilomatodon collected in six estuarine areas of Mekong delta from April 2019 to March 2020. A total number of 1,227 specimens of Butis koilomatodon (891 males and 336 females) were analyzed diet composition and feeding strategy based on the kinds of food they consumed. The results show that four main food categories were shrimps, small fish, Polychaeta, and detritus, of which the highest frequency of prey is shrimp while the lowest one is Polychaeta. The gender and fish size do not affect this species’ dietary constituent; however, the changes in seasons and sampling sites impact on the diet composition of these species. The shrimps, small fish, and detritus contribute to regulating the food composition of Butis koilomatodon between two seasons and among the six sampling sites. In combination with the modified Costello graphic, all fish specimens’ gut fullness suggested that Butis koilomatodon is a predator with high feeding intensity. The findings can supply the fundamental knowledge about the nutrient biology of Butis koilomatodon and be useful for artificial cultivating this fish.

Article Information

Received 08 November 2020

Revised 10 January 2022

Accepted 04 February 2022

Available online 22 April 2022

(early access)

Published 30 December 2022

Authors’ Contribution

QMD, TTHL and YTNN conceived and developed the study. QMD, YTNN and TMN conducted fieldwork and contributed to data collection. QMD, TTHL and TTKN performed the analysis. QMD and TTHL wrote the manuscript. QMD, TTHL, YTNN and TTKN contributed to editing the manuscript.

Key words

Butis koilomatodon, Estuarine areas, Feeding activity, Food composition, Predator, mud-sleeper

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/20201108111148

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

0030-9923/2023/0002-783 $ 9.00/0

Copyright 2023 by the authors. Licensee Zoological Society of Pakistan.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

INTRODUCTION

The mud-sleeper Butis koilomatodon (Bleeker, 1849) (Perciformes: Butidae) is considered an indigenous species in the Indo- Pacific estuaries. Both Miller et al. (1989) and Contente et al. (2016) show that this species can live in a wide of water temperature (26–36 °C) and salinity (3.8–37.0%). The mud sleeper has a limited capacity for long-distance swimming and an inactive lifestyle with a carnivorous diet consisting of native fishes and crustaceans (Contente et al., 2016). Butis koilomatodon is considered an invasive species that can strive with local goby species in nutrition and natural surroundings (Macieira et al., 2012). Butis genus has a high economic value (Nguyen, 2005) is often found in the estuarine areas of the Mekong Delta (Dinh, 2011; Tran et al., 2013; Dinh et al., 2018a, 2020b; Nguyen et al., 2020; Tran et al., 2020, 2021c).

In order to understand the basics of fish activities in a specific aquatic system, the species’ food and foraging habits need to be analyzed (Brodeur and Pearcy, 1992; Wootton, 1996; Blaber, 2000). This information is a useful measure to select the type of fishes that are more beneficial for aquaculture (Azadi et al., 2009; Manon and Hossain, 2013). The diet composition changes depending on fish sizes, seasons, and habitats (Aarnio and Bonsdor, 1993; Carman et al., 2006; Brush et al., 2012). The change is majorly due to the fish’s foraging behavior and the availability of food (Dinh et al., 2017b). In the Mekong Delta, this goby faces the risks of habitat destruction, loss of species (Vedra and Ocampo, 2014), and overfishing (Trinh and Tran, 2012; Diep et al., 2014; Dinh et al., 2020a). So far, morphometric characteristics, habitat conditions, growth pattern and reproductive biology have been studied and published (Yokoo et al., 2006; Bonfim et al., 2017; Lam and Dinh, 2020, 2021; Dinh et al., 2021; Lam et al., 2021); conversely, there is inadequate knowledge on the diet and the feeding ecology. Hence, our study aimed to understand the diet and feeding ecology of B. koilomatodon based on the differences of sexes, sizes, seasons, and habitats in the Mekong Delta’s estuarine regions. This information would be the reference for further studies and help assess fish and population conservation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study sites

The fish sample collection took place from April 2019 to March 2020 in six sites along with the coastal areas, including Duyen Hai (Tra Vinh province), Cu Lao Dung and Tran De (Soc Trang province), Hoa Binh and Dong Hai (Bac Lieu province), and Dam Doi (Ca Mau province) (Fig. 1). Avicennia marna (Forssk.) Vierh. and Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) A. Engl. were two types of dominant vegetation. These estuaries had predominantly semidiurnal tides, and the tidal flat was tremendous. The diverse marine ecosystem, such as estuaries, is a habit of valuable seafood species and a place where fishing activities occur regularly (Tran et al., 2008). The sampling areas climate was tropical monsoon with a dry season lasting for five months from January to May

 

(very little rainfall) and the remaining seven months in the wet season (a monthly rainfall about 400 mm). The average annual temperature is about 27oC (Le et al., 2006).

Fish collection

The fish sample collection was taken every month from April 2019 to March 2020 by bottom gill nets. The net length was 5m, the mesh size in the cod-end was 1.0 cm, and in the mouth was 2.5 cm. When the tide was at the highest level, gill nets were set up near the mangrove’s edge. When the tide receded after 2-3 h, fishes were collected and classified using the external description of Tran et al. (2013). To distinguish B. koilomatodon from its congeners, the immature fish samples were classified according to the definition of Yokoo et al. (2006) and basing on the length at first mature of fish. Specimens were preserved in formalin buffer solution 5% before transporting to the laboratory. The fish sexes were differentiated based on urogenital papilla, e.g., the genital papilla was round in females but triangle in males (Dinh et al., 2020c). The fish genders were determined again by observing the gonads after dissection.

Diet composition analysis

The specimens of B. koilomatodon (891 males and 336 females) were examined to quantify the diet composition and feeding intensity (Table I). In the laboratory, B. koilomatodon was measured total length (nearest 0.1 cm) and weight (nearest 0.01 g). The digestive tracts were separated and weighed (nearest 0.0001 g) content of prey items (afterward dissected to take food). Prey items were enumerated and categorized according to the lowest practical taxon. The equation % Oi = 100 × Oi/N (where Oi is the number of fish consuming prey i and N is the total number of fish examined) was used to quantify the existence of the type of prey in the fish stomach (Hynes, 1950) and the gravimetric method (%Wi = 100 × Wi/Wtotal, where, Wi is weight of prey i, Wtotal is the total weight of all prey individuals) (Hyslop, 1980). The combined analysis of prey occurrence and weight was used to quantify diet composition, known as biovolume, preponderance index, or point of prey. Biovolume was calculated as %Vi = (100 × Oi × Wi)/Σ(Oi × Wi), where Vi, Oi and Wi are the percentage of biovolume, occurrence and weight of prey ­i, respectively. The impact of sexes, fish sizes, seasons, and sites on the biovolume value of food was also quantified (Natarajan and Jhingran, 1961; Hyslop, 1980).

Feeding strategy analysis

The graphical method of Costello (1990) was used to graph the relationship between the percentage of biovolume and the frequent appearance of prey. The role of prey and feeding strategy were determined based on this graph. Accordingly, the graph was divided into four areas (quarters). Next to the upper right quarter, the items were the principal prey components. The prey items were essential but had a low number located near the top left quarter. Conversely, next to the low left corner, the prey items were the least important and the less essential prey item with a more significant number was closer to the low right corner.

Data analysis

The combination of PRIMER v.6.1.11 (Clarke and Gorley, 2006) and PERMANOVA+ v.1.0.1 add-on package (Anderson et al., 2008) was used to analyze the biovolume of all food items. The above analysis was then used to compare diet composition according to sex, size, season, and site variables (Baeck et al., 2013). In case of any differences in the above groups’ diet composition, non-parametric tests were used to confirm what types of prey caused the variation (Dinh et al., 2017b). The Mann-Whitney U was used to quantify which food item caused mainly the intraspecific variation of food composition related to genders and seasons, whereas Kruskal-Wallis H was used to test which prey caused a spatial change of food composition.

Fish size was divided into two groups (immature and mature) based on the length at first mature of fish in each sampling site (length at first mature of males and females were 7.0 and 4.8 cm in Duyen Hai; 8.6 and 6.7 cm in Cu Lao Dung; 6.93 and 5.5 cm in Tran De; 5.09 and 5.4 cm in Hoa Binh; 5.1 and 5.5 cm in Dong Hai; and 5.3 and 4.9 cm in Dam Doi; Dinh et al., 2021). All of these above tests were considered the statistical significance when the p-value was less than 0.05.

RESULTS

General diet composition of B. koilomatodon

Table I shows the number of males and females obtained from six sampling sites. Among them, 760 individuals (557 males and 203 females) possessed gut with food accounting for 61.94%, whereas 467 fishes had empty stomachs accounting for 38.06%. Gut content analysis indicated that shrimp, small fish, Polychaeta, and detritus were essential food items. Moreover, there were two rare kinds of food detected in some samples. The first food item was snail (aquatic species) seen in one male individual in August in Hoa Binh, Bac Lieu. The second food item of exceptional food was small crabs found in four males (three in the dry season and one in the wet season) in Tran De, Soc Trang, and one female in the dry season in Hoa Binh, Bac Lieu. The shrimp and small fish occurred in the highest relative frequency of 79.68% and 26.25%, respectively, while detritus and Polychaeta showed the lowest occurrence at 12.14% and 1.85%, respectively. Referring to the prey weight ratio, the shrimp continuously accounts for the largest percentage (72.07%). The small fish weight also made up the second position with 24.32%, and the smallest ratio was Polychaeta (1.43%). The rest weight percent was detritus (2.17%). Regarding the biovolume, the goby ingested predominantly shrimp (89.62%), followed by small fish (9.93%). The remaining 0.5% consisted of Polychaeta and detritus.

 

 

Table II. Percentage of the frequency of occurrence, weight, and biovolume of food items of Butis koilomatodon according to gender and fish size.

Category	Gender/ Fish size	Food items				PERM ANOVA
		Shrimp	Small fish	Polychaeta	Detritus	Pseudo F	p
Occurrence	Male	78.82	26.75	1.62	13.46	1.934	0.152
	Female	82.09	24.88	2.49	8.46
Weight	Male	71.16	25.03	1.74	2.07
	Female	75.18	21.92	0.39	2.51
Biovolume	Male	89.25	10.31	0.05	0.39
	Female	90.83	8.7	0.01	0.46
Occurrence	Immature	79.2	20.8	3.1	12.83	0.579	0.48
	Mature	79.96	28.46	1.31	11.8
Weight	Immature	13.31	3.90	0.87	0.69
	Mature	44.68	15.57	0.27	1.05
Biovolume	Immature	90.44	8.71	0.14	0.71
	Mature	89.43	10.24	0.01	0.32

 

Table III. Percentage of the frequency of occurrence, weight, and biovolume of food items of Butis koilomatodon according to two seasons and six studied sites.

Category	Gender/ Fish size	Food items				PERMANOVA
		Shrimp	Small fish	Polychaeta	Detritus	Pseudo-F	p
Occurrence	Dry season	76.76	30.02	3.15	14.53	3.014	0.048
	Wet season	83.29	21.61	0.29	9.22
Weight	Dry season	70.89	24.24	2.14	2.73
	Wet season	74.33	24.24	0.22	1.2
Biovolume	Dry season	89.38	10.03	0.06	0.52
	Wet season	90.12	9.65	0.01	0.22
Mann-Whitney U test	U	5.03	0.218	0.62	2.144
	p	0.000	0.827	0.535	0.032
Occurrence	DHTV	88.1	22.22	1.59	7	4.439	0.001
	CLDST	61.82	23.64	10.91	20
	TDST	72	24	0	14.67
	VHBL	71.84	25.86	2.87	20.69
	DHBL	80.87	29.57	0.87	5.22
	DDCM	87.91	28.37	0	9.77
Weight	DHTV	77.16	21.27	1.01	0.56
	CLDST	54.49	28.19	14.21	3.11
	TDST	70.4	26.25	0	3.35
	VHBL	69.74	26.36	0.66	3.24
	DHBL	66.57	31.52	1.53	0.38
	DDCM	74.72	22.25	0	3.03
Biovolume	DHTV	91.58	8.29	0.03	0.1
	CLDST	84.42	14.34	0.51	0.73
	TDST	88.52	10.84	0	0.64
	VHBL	88.39	10.97	0.02	0.62
	DHBL	86.44	13.44	0.05	0.08
	DDCM	90.58	8.86	0	0.56
Kruskal Wallis H test	χ2	83.22	29.80	5.08	36.32
	p	0.00	0.00	0.166	0.00

 

Note: DHTV: Duyen Hai, Tra Vinh; CLDST: Cu Lao Dung, Soc Trang; TDST: Tran De, Soc Trang; HBBL: Hoa Binh, Bac Lieu; DHBL: Dong Hai, Bac Lieu; DDCM: Dam Doi, Ca Mau.

 

Diet composition in males and females of different sizes, seasons, and study sites

The occurrence, weight, and biovolume of food items in different sexes, sizes, seasons, and sampling sites of B. koilomatodon were analyzed (Tables II and III). Despite being different in all of the above parameters, the principal prey was still shrimp, followed by small fish, detritus, and Polychaeta. Table III showed that the diet constituent of B. koilomatodon changed remarkably between dry and wet seasons (PERMANOVA, Pseudo-F = 3.014, p = 0.048) and six sampling sites (Pseudo-F = 4.439, p = 0.001). Contrary, this diet composition was independent upon genders and fish sizes (Pseudo-FGender = 1.934, Pseudo-FFishsize = 0.579, p >0.05, Table II). In addition, it was impacted by the interaction between seasons and sites (Pseudo-F = 4.164, p = 0.001), but not for other interactions like genders x fish sizes, seasons x fish sizes and sites x fish sizes (Pseudo-FGender×Fishsize = 0.258, Pseudo-FSeason×Fishsize = 0.322, Pseudo-FGender×Fishsize = 1.011, p >0.05).

The Mann-Whitney U test analysis revealed that shrimp (Mann-Whitney U, U= 5.030, p<0.01) and detritus (U= 2.144, p= 0.032) were the main reasons for the variation of diet composition in Butis koilomaton between dry and wet seasons. Inversely, small fish and polychaeta did not affect B. koilomatodon diet between the two seasons. Three prey items, including shrimp, small fish, and detritus, contributed to the regulation of the changes of their diet composition (Kruskal Wallis H, χ2shrimp = 83.220, χ2Fish = 29.80, χ2Detritus = 36.320, p<0.01) among different regions.

Feeding strategy

Figure 2, the Costello graphic, illustrates the feeding strategy of B. koilomatodon according to seasons and sampling sites. These two factors significantly influenced the frequency of food appearance. This graph proved that B. koilomatodon was carnivorous, consuming chiefly shrimp, followed by small fish, detritus, and Polychaeta, respectively. The Costello graphics of B. koilomatodon according to gender and fish sizes also showed a similar feeding strategy.

DISCUSSION

The Mekong Delta is well known for the dense system of rivers and canals, a favorable condition for growth, and aquatic fauna and flora (Tran et al., 2008). Six sampling sites belong to the Mekong Delta’s estuarine regions, which supplied habitats for hundreds of brackish and saltwater taxa such as shrimp, crabs, oysters, and snails, turtles, snakes, and mollusks (Vu et al., 2015). Due to the abundant and diverse food source, the estuary is an ideal habitat for the fish assemblages, including B. koilomatodon, and key important factor determining fish species’ adaption and survival is feeding strategy (Chaudhuri et al., 2014). Food composition of B. koilomatodon in this study comprised shrimp, small fish, Polychaeta, and detritus, in which the shrimp was the most priority prey with the highest occurrence, weight, and biovolume. The same prey composition is found in other localities along the Brazilian coast, where B. koilomatodon preyed on several species of crustaceans and small native fishes (Macieira et al., 2012). Similarly, in Brazil, B. koilomatodon in the mangrove forest is a mysterious predatory fish, which ravens for crustaceans and mini size fish (Corrêa and Uieda, 2007), while in the Amazon coastal zone, mollusk (13.33%) and crustacean (53.33%) are detected in the gastrointestinal tract of B. koilomatodon specimens (Soares et al., 2012). Clearly, the food composition of B. koilomatodon depended on the availability of the food in the environment. In our research, the number of fishes with full stomachs was greater than fishes with empty stomachs, indicating that the species was an active feeder.

 

According to Amundsen et al. (1996), the prey in the highest right corner symbolizes the differentiation of the carnivorous population. Shrimp was found in this position meant that shrimp was the most priority prey of B. koilomatodon population in this study’s scope. For Butis butis collected from mudflats of Indian Sundarban estuaries, prey items consist of decapods crabs, decapods shrimps and juvenile fishes found to be common amongst the major portions of the stomach (Chaudhuri et al., 2012). For the Eleotris vittata (Dumѐril, 1861) in the lower Cross River of Nigeria, the dominant food items are crustaceans (Callinectes sp. and Macrobrachium sp.) (74.40%) while the lowest are macrophytes (2.63%), pisces (unidentified fish), mollusks (Tympanotonus fuscatus and Pomecia palludosa) and nematodes having index of food dominance of 18.88%, 7.29% and 4.42%, respectively. The rests are macrophytes (plant roots, seeds and leaves). The round goby Neogobius melanostomus in the Trent River, Ontario ingestes benthos, zooplankton, amphipods, chironomids, and dreissenids (the most heavily consumed) (Ekpo et al., 2015a).

According to Parker (1992), female size depends on fecundity while the male size is affected by male-male combat, which could drive male size beyond that of females. In this study, B. koilomatodon male did not change prey items than female fishes, although males were larger than females. Research about the effect of gender on the diet of goby species inhabiting in the mangrove ecosystem has different outcomes. For instance, Ravi (2013) indicates that the gut contents of B. boddarti male from Pichavaram mangroves, southeast coast of India, was different from females. As for P. barbarus male (Linnaeus, 1766) from the Imo estuary, Nigeria consumes more cyanobacteria, Coscinodiscus spp. and Sesarma spp., than females (Udo, 2002a). Furthermore, fish’s hunting activity and feeding process can change by the difference in fish’s body shape. The mature fish with a complete caudal fin increases propulsion efficiency more than immature fish for hunting (Behzadi et al., 2018). The diet composition of immature (group 1) and mature (group 2) of B. koilomatodon’s individuals were similar. B. koilomatodon is a carnivore with moderate body size and a sedentary lifestyle (Contente et al., 2016), so the modification in body structure did not drive the variation clearly in feeding strategy. The reverse result shows that round goby’s diet composition in the lake’s nearshore region in Ontario varied by fish size. The river mid-sized (70-85 mm) round gobies ate mostly zebra mussels and for the laboratory, the small gobies (55-69 mm) consumed few mussels, while larger gobies (85-103 mm) ingested more (Johnson et al., 2008). Besides, B. boddarti adult living in Pichavaram mangroves, southeast coast of India, reduces the consumption in diatoms and increases in nematodes and polychaetes compared to juveniles (Ravi, 2013). The goby P. barbarus living in the mangroves of Imo River estuary, Nigeria (Udo, 2002b) and Rumuolumeni Creek, Niger Delta, Nigeria (Bob-Manuel, 2011) had diet composition depended on fish size. In the mangrove estuary of the Urauchi River on Iriomote Island, Southern Japan, the favorite prey of P. argentilineatus mature was Uca spp., while polychaetes were predominated prey in the diet of immature fish (Nanjo et al., 2008). Briefly, the feeding behavior and the favorite prey (shrimp) of B. koilomatodon were not affected by both gender and fish size.

There was a difference in the diet of B. koilomaton between the dry and the wet season. Shrimps and detritus were the leading causes of this change. In the wet season, the rainfall is higher and more concentrated than the dry season, which caused changes in detritus input (Nedeco, 1993). Detritus, along with suspended sediment or other particulate materials, supplies abundant food resources (Stoner, 2004) for this mud sleeper dwelling in the mud bottom. Thus, wet season has been considered the main feeding and growing period for nearly all species in the tropics’ seasonal flood plain rivers (Chukwu and Kuton, 2001). Furthermore, the density and distribution of prey items in B. koilomatodon food constituent might vary with the water salinity difference between wet and dry seasons. Similarly, the main dietary component of small round gobies in the St. Clair River, Michigan changed from ephemeropterans in the summer to trichopterans in the fall (French III and Jude, 2001). For B. dussumieri (Valenciennes, 1837) collected from the Ulhas River estuary in northwestern India, fish eggs are predominant prey, while they are replaced with nematodes pre-monsoon stage postmonsoon (Mutsaddi and Bal, 1969). Rathod and Patil (2009) show that diatoms are the main food item for B. dussumieri during the pre-monsoon periods and shifted to nematodes as an alternate food item in post-monsoon. In the New Calabar River mangroves, the significant increase of unidentified crabs, annelids, nematodes and Penaeus sp. in the gut content of P. barbarus is the main reason for the seasonal change of its diet composition (Chukwu and Deekae, 2013). Crustaceans, followed by Pisces and mollusks occurs in guts of all bigmouth sleeper, Eleotris vittata (Dumѐril, 1861) (Pisces: Eleotridae) in the lower Cross River, Nigeria during sampling months. However, Pisces and mollusks do not occur in the guts of the fish in June and September (Ekpo et al., 2015b). The present outcomes revealed that different sampling sites also regulated the diet of mud sleeper goby with different sample sizes. Amongst six sampling sites, Dam Doi has a tidal flat consisted inter-tidal flat and sub-tidal flat, which are favorable conditions for the aquatic development (Van Lap and Oanh, 2012), while Cu Lao Dung is an islet with three typical ecosystem: Mangroves, coastal mudflat and estuarine (Chau and Minh, 2013). Thus, the differences in prey density and composition could be due to sampling sites. For example, the round goby Neogobius melanostomus occupying the downstream and upstream areas consumes dreissenids more in the central area of the Trent River, Ontario (Raby et al., 2010). Another example, P. serperaster in Malaysia mainly ingested diatoms (Khaironizam and Norma-Rashid, 2000) whereas detritus is the primary prey of it in the Mekong Delta (Dinh et al., 2017b). For P. argentilineatus in Zanzibar, their diet includes amphipods and copepods as the main preys while in mainland Tanzania are polychaetes (Kruitwagen et al., 2007). The stomach content of B. boddarti in Pichavaram mangroves, southeast coast of India is fish eggs and nematodes (Ravi, 2013). Contrary, these items are not detected in the guts of this species in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam (Dinh, 2015).

Based on the modified Costello graphic, B. koilomatodon was classified as carnivorore with high feeding intensity, and it adjusted the diet composition to adapt to different environmental conditions. In aquatic food webs, the crucial trait was body size because the consumers were mostly larger than their prey (Kortsch et al., 2019). It is evident that this mud sleeper goby consumed shrimp, small fish, Polychaeta, and detritus whose body sizes were smaller than it. However, B. koilomatodon with small body size was also the target food for other larger predators in the estuarine ecosystem. Hence, this species was classified both as carnivorous and prey. The same result is found in the round goby Neogobius melanostomus considered as predator, but it is the prey for zander (Sander lucioperca), the main predator in European brackish waters (Hempel et al., 2016). Further examples, Periophthalmus barbarus (Udo, 2002a, b; Chukwu and Deekae, 2013), Periophthalmus argentilineatus (Kruitwagen et al., 2007), Periophthalmodon schlosseri (Zulkifli et al., 2012; Tran et al., 2019), Boleophthalmus boddarti (Ravi, 2013; Dinh, 2015) and Parapocryptes. serperaster (Dinh et al., 2017b), Eleotris melanosoma (Dinh et al., 2017a), Glossogobius aureus (Nguyen and Tran, 2018), Periophthalmodon septemradiatus (Dinh, 2018; Dinh et al., 2018b, 2020c), Glossgoboius sparsipapillus (Tran et al., 2021a, b), Glossogobius giuris (Phan et al., 2021) are classified both as a carnivorous and a prey.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, the food items of Butis koilomaton is a cancerous fish with a wide range of food composition, so it infers that to be invertivore-piscivore with a high feeding intensity. The four components in the diet were shrimps, small fish, Polychaeta and detritus. Amongst the preys, shrimp is the predominant, followed by small fish and others. The diet composition depends on seasons, sampling sites, and the interactions between them. Yet, the diet is independent on gender and fish size. Further investigations into the impact of water quality on food sources and this fish’s role in the natural food chain should be carried out in the study areas. The findings are useful to procure suitable diets for the artificial cultivation of the species for future fish population conservation.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to the Ministry of Education and Training of Vietnam for funding this research from the data collection to analysis under grant number B2019-TCT-02 and local fishers for sample collection help. The project was partially funded by Vingroup JSC and supported by the Master, PhD Scholarship Programme of Vingroup Innovation Foundation (VINIF), Institute of Big Data, code VINIF.2021.TS.162.

Statement of conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interests.

REFERENCES

Aarnio, K., and Bonsdor, E., 1993. Seasonal variaiion in abundance and diet of the sand goby Pomatoschistus minutus (Pallas) in a northern Baliic Archipelago. Ophelia, 37: 19-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/00785326.1993.10430374

Amundsen, P.A., Gabler, H.M. and Staldvik, F.J., 1996. A new approach to graphical analysis of feeding strategy from stomach contents data-modification of the Costello (1990) method. J. Fish Biol., 48: 607-614. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb01455.x

Anderson, M.J., Gorley, R.N. and Clarke, K.R., 2008. PERMANOVA+ for PRIMER: Guide to software and statistical methods. PRIMER-E, Plymouth, United Kingdom.

Azadi, M.A., Nasiruddin, M. and Rahman, A.S.M.S., 2009. Food and feeding habits of the clupeid, Gonialosa manmina (Ham.) from the Kaptai Lake, Bangladesh. Chittagong Univ. J. biol. Sci., 4: 53-61. https://doi.org/10.3329/cujbs.v4i1.13386

Baeck, G.W., Yoon, Y.H. and Park, J.M., 2013. Ontogenetic and diel changes in diets of two sympatric mudskippers Periophthalmus modestus and Periophthalmus magnuspinnatus on the tidal flats of Suncheon Bay, Korea. Fish. Sci., 79: 629-637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12562-013-0633-6

Behzadi, S., Kamrani, E., Kaymaram, F. and Ranjbar, M.S., 2018. Trophic level, food preference and feeding ecology of Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766), in Hormuzgan Province waters (northern Persian Gulf and Oman Sea). Iran. J. Fish. Sci., 17: 179-193.

Blaber, S.J.M., 2000. Tropical estuarine fishes: Ecology, exploitation and conservation. Oxford, United Kingdom, Blackwell Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470694985

Bob-Manuel, F.G., 2011. Food and feeding ecology of the mudskipper Periopthalmus koelreuteri (Pallas) Gobiidae at Rumuolumeni Creek, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Agric. Biol. J. North Am., 2: 897-901. https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2011.2.6.897.901

Bonfim, M., Barbosa Martins, A.P., Coelho de Carvalhoa, G.K.F., Magalhães Piorski, N. and Silva Nunes, J.L., 2017. Non-native mud sleeper Butis koilomatodon (Bleecker, 1849 (Perciformes: Eleotridae) in Eastern Amazon Coastal region: an additional occurrence for the Brazilian coast and urgency for ecological assessment. BioInvasions Rec., 6: 111–117. https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2017.6.2.04

Brodeur, R.D., and Pearcy, W.G., 1992. Effects of environmental variability on trophic interactions and food web structure in a pelagic upwelling ecosystem. Mar. Ecol. Progress Ser., 84: 101-119. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps084101

Brush, J.M., Fisk, A.T., Hussey, N.E. and Johnson, T.B., 2012. Spatial and seasonal variability in the diet of round goby (Neogobius melanostomus): Stable isotopes indicate that stomach contents overestimate the importance of dreissenids. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 69: 573-586. https://doi.org/10.1139/f2012-001

Carman, S.M., Janssen, J., Jude, D.J. and Berg, M.B., 2006. Diel interactions between prey behaviour and feeding in an invasive fish, the round goby, in a North American river. Freshw. Biol., 51: 742-755. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01527.x

Chau, N.H.N. and Minh, T.H., 2013. Shrimp and fish species composition in the coastal area of Cu Lao Dung district. Soc Trang Province Can Tho Univ. J. Sci., 25: 239-246.

Chaudhuri, A., Mukherjee, S. and Homechaudhuri, S., 2012. Diet composition and digestive enzymes activity in carnivorous fishes inhabiting mudflats of Indian Sundarban Estuaries. Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 12: 265-275.

Chaudhuri, A., Mukherjee, S. and Homechaudhuri, S., 2014. Food partitioning among carnivores within feeding guild structure of fishes inhabiting a mudflat ecosystem of Indian Sundarbans. Aquat. Ecol., 48: 35-51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-013-9464-x

Chukwu, K.O. and Deekae, S.N., 2013. Foods of the mudskipper (Periophthalmus barbarus) from New Calabar River, Nigeria. J. Agric. Vet. Sci., 5: 45-48. https://doi.org/10.9790/2380-0564548

Chukwu, L. and Kuton, M., 2001. The bio-ecology of the goby, Eleotris lebretonis (Steindachner) (Pisces: Eleotridae) from a eutrophic creek in southwestern Nigeria. J. Sci. Technol. Environ., 1: 67-76.

Clarke, K.R. and Gorley, R.N., 2006. PRIMER v6: User manual/ tutorial. United Kingdom, PRIMER-E, Plymouth.

Contente, R.F., Brenha-Nunes, M.R., Siliprandi, C.C., Lamas, R.A. and Conversani, V.R., 2016. A new record of the non-native fish species Butis koilomatodon (Bleeker 1849) (Teleostei: Eleotridae) for southeastern Brazil. Biotemas, 29: 113-118. https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2016v29n2p113

Corrêa, M.d.O.D.A. and Uieda, V.S., 2007. Diet of the ichthyofauna associated with marginal vegetation of a mangrove forest in southeastern Brazil. Iheringia. Série Zool., 97: 486-497. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0073-47212007000400020

Costello, M.J., 1990. Predator feeding strategy and prey importance: a new graphical analysis. J. Fish Biol., 36: 261-263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1990.tb05601.x

Diep, A.T., Dinh, Q.M. and Tran, D.D., 2014. Species composition of gobiidae distributed in the coastal areas, Soc Trang Province. VNU J. Sci. Natl. Sci. Technol., 30: 68-76.

Dinh, Q.M., 2011. The species composition and distributive characteristics of Perciformes in Hau river basin in Can Tho city, Vietnam. J. Sci. Hanoi Univ. Educ., 56: 160-168.

Dinh, Q.M., 2015. Preliminary study on dietary composition, feeding activity and fullness index of Boleophthalmus boddarti in Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Tap. Chi. Sinh. Hoc., 37: 252-257. https://doi.org/10.15625/0866-7160/v37n2.6599

Dinh, Q.M., Nguyen, D.T. and Danh, S., 2017a. Food and feeding habits of the broadhead sleeper Eleotris melanosoma from coastline in Soc Trang. In: Proceedings of the 7th national scientific conference on ecology and biological resources (ed. C.X. Le). Ha Noi, Publishing House for Science and Technology.

Dinh, Q.M., Qin, J.G., Dittmann, S. and Tran, D.D., 2017b. Seasonal variation of food and feeding in burrowing goby Parapocryptes serperaster (Gobiidae) at different body sizes. Ichthyol. Res., 64: 179-189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-016-0553-4

Dinh, Q.M., 2018. Alimentary tract morphology and temporal variation of Clark of the mudskipper Periophthalmodon septemraidatus along the Hau River. The 7th Scientific Conference for Young Cadres at Local Pedagogical Universities. Ha Noi, Hanoi National University of Education Publisher.

Dinh, Q.M., Tran, D.D., Vo, T.T., Nguyen, M.T. and Phan, N.Y., 2018a. Study on species composition and some biodiversity indices of gobies distributing in the muddy flat along the coastline in the Mekong Delta. Can Tho University, Can Tho.

Dinh, Q.M., Tran, T.L. and Nguyen, T.K.T., 2018b. The relative gut length and gastro-somatic indices of the mudskipper Periophthalmodon septemradiatus (Hamilton, 1822) from the Hau River. VNU J. Sci. natl. Sci. Technol., 34: 75-83. https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1140/vnunst.4775

Dinh, Q.M., Lam, T.H.T., Nguyen, T.K.T., Nguyen, M.T. and Tran, D.D., 2020a. Population biology of Butis koilomatodon in the Mekong Delta. AACL Bioflux, 13: 3287-3299.

Dinh, Q.M., Nguyen, T.N.Y., Lam, T.H.T. and Phan, T.G., 2020b. The digestive tract morphology and clark index of Mud Sleeper Butis koilomatodon living in some coastal and estuarine areas belonging to Tra Vinh, Soc Trang, Bac Lieu and Ca Mau. VNU J. Sci. Natl. Sci. Technol., 36: 61-69. https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1140/vnunst.5051

Dinh, Q.M., Tran, L.T., Ngo, N.C., Pham, T.B. and Nguyen, T.T.K., 2020c. Reproductive biology of the unique mudskipper Periophthalmodon septemradiatus living from estuary to upstream of the Hau River. Acta Zool., 101: 206-217. https://doi.org/10.1111/azo.12286

Dinh, Q.M., Lam, T.T.H., Nguyen, T.H.D., Nguyen, T.M., Nguyen, T.T.K. and Nguyen, N.T., 2021. First reference on reproductive biology of Butis koilomatodon in Mekong Delta, Vietnam. BMC Zool., 6: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40850-021-00072-y

Ekpo, I.E., Essien-Ibok, M.A. and Effiong, E.E., 2015a. Biology of bigmouth sleeper, Eleotris vittata (Dumèril, 1861) (Pisces: Eleotridae) in the lower Cross River, Nigeria. Int. J. Fish. aquat. Stud., 3: 346-352.

Ekpo, I.E., Essien-Ibok, M.A. and Effiong, E.E., 2015b. Biology of bigmouth sleeper, Eleotris vittata (Dumèril, 1861) (Pisces: Eleotridae) in the lower Cross River, Nigeria. Int. J. Fish. aquat. Stud., 3: 346-352.

French III, J.R. and Jude, D.J., 2001. Diets and diet overlap of nonindigenous gobies and small benthic native fishes co-inhabiting the St. Clair River, Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res., 27: 300-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0380-1330(01)70645-4

Hempel, M., Neukamm, R. and Thiel, R., 2016. Effects of introduced round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) on diet composition and growth of zander (Sander lucioperca), a main predator in European brackish waters. Aquat. Invasions, 11: 167-178. https://doi.org/10.3391/ai.2016.11.2.06

Hynes, H.B.N., 1950. The food of fresh-water sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus and Pygosteus pungitius), with a review of methods used in studies of the food of fishes. J. Anim. Ecol., 19: 36-58. https://doi.org/10.2307/1570

Hyslop, E.J., 1980. Stomach contents analysis a review of methods and their application. J. Fish Biol., 17: 411-429. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1980.tb02775.x

Johnson, J.H., McKenna, Jr, J.E., Nack, C.C. and Chalupnicki, M.A., 2008. Diel diet composition and feeding activity of round goby in the nearshore region of Lake Ontario. J. Freshw. Ecol., 23: 607-612. https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2008.9664248

Khaironizam, M.Z. and Norma-Rashid, Y., 2000. A new record of the mudskipper Parapocryptes serperaster (Oxudercinae: Gobiidae) from peninsular Malaysia. Malaysian J. Sci., 19: 101-104.

Kortsch, S., Primicerio, R., Aschan, M., Lind, S., Dolgov, A.V. and Planque, B., 2019. Food-web structure varies along environmental gradients in a high-latitude marine ecosystem. Ecography, 42: 295-308. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.03443

Kruitwagen, G., Nagelkerken, I., Lugendo, B.R., Pratap, H.B. and Wendelaar Bonga, S.E., 2007. Influence of morphology and amphibious life-style on the feeding ecology of the mudskipper Periophthalmus argentilineatus. J. Fish Biol., 71: 39-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01508.x

Lam, T.T.H. and Dinh, Q.M., 2020. Morphometric and meristic variability in Butis koilomatodon in estuarine and coastal areas of the Mekong Delta. Vietnam agric. Sci. J., 3: 806-816. https://doi.org/10.31817/vjas.2020.3.4.04

Lam, T.T.H. and Dinh, Q.M., 2021. Factors affecting growth pattern and condition of Butis koilomatodon (Bleeker, 1849) (Gobiiformes: Eleotridae) from the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Acta Zool. Bulg., 73: 99-106.

Lam, T.T.H., Nguyen, T.H.D., Dinh, Q.M. and Nguyen, D.K., 2021. Otolith biometrics and their relationships with fish sizes of Butis koilomatodon living in Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Egypt. J. aquat. Biol. Fish., 25: 803-814. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejabf.2021.181459

Le, T., Nguyen, M.T., Nguyen, V.P., Nguyen, D.C., Pham, X.H., Nguyen, T.S., Hoang, V.C., Hoang, P.L., Le, H. and Dao, N.C., 2006. Provinces and city in the Mekong Delta. In: Geography of provinces and cities in Vietnam (ed. T. Le). Education Publishing House, Ha Noi. pp. 49-94.

Macieira, R., Giarrizzo, T., Gasparini, J. and Sazima, I., 2012. Geographic expansion of the invasive mud sleeper Butis koilomatodon (Perciformes: Eleotridae) in the western Atlantic Ocean. J. Fish Biol., 81: 308-313. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03285.x

Manon, M.R. and Hossain, M.D., 2013. Food and feeding habit of Cyprinus carpio var. specularis. J. Sci. Found., 9: 163-169. https://doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v9i1-2.14658

Miller, P., Wright, J. and Wongrat, P., 1989. An indo-pacific goby (Teleostei: Gobioidei) from West Africa, with systematic notes on Butis and related eleotridine genera. J. natl. Hist., 23: 311-324. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222938900770201

Mutsaddi, K.B. and Bal, D.V., 1969. Food and feeding of Boleophthalmus dussumieri (Cuv. and Val.). J. Univ. Bombay, 38: 42-55.

Nanjo, K., Kohno, H. and Sano, M., 2008. Food habits of fishes in the mangrove estuary of Urauchi River, Iriomote Island, southern Japan. Fish. Sci., 74: 1024-1033. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-2906.2008.01620.x

Natarajan, A.V. and Jhingran, A.G., 1961. Index of preponderance a method of grading the food elements in the stomach analysis of fishes. Indian J. Fish., 8: 54-59.

Nedeco, 1993. Master plan for the Mekong Delta in Viet Nam: A perspective for sustainable development of land and water resources. Netherlands Engineering Consultants, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.

Nguyen, T.M. and Tran, D.D., 2018. Study on feeding habit and feed spectrum of golden tank goby Glossogobius aureus Akihito and Meguro, 1975. Sci. J. Tra Vinh Univ., 1: 64-71. https://doi.org/10.35382/18594816.1.29.2018.34

Nguyen, V.H., 2005. Freshwater fish of Vietnam. Agriculture Publishing House, Ha Noi.

Nguyen, Y.T.N., Lam, T.T.H. and Dinh, Q.M., 2020. The relative gut length and gastro-somatic indexes of Butis koilomatodon living in the coastal estuaries of some provinces in the Mekong Delta. TNU J. Sci. Technol., 225: 358-365.

Parker, G., 1992. The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in fish. J. Fish Biol., 41: 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1992.tb03864.x

Phan, G.H., Dinh, Q.M., Truong, N.T., Tran, N.S. and Nguyen, T.H.D., 2021. Factors affecting relative gut length and fullness index of Glossogobius giuris living along Hau River, Vietnam. AACL Bioflux, 14: 2708-2717.

Raby, G., Gutowsky, L. and Fox, M., 2010. Diet composition and consumption rate in round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) in its expansion phase in the Trent River, Ontario. Environ. Biol. Fish., 89: 143-150. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10641-010-9705-y

Rathod, S.D. and Patil, N.N., 2009. Feeding habits of Boleophthalmus dussumieri (Cuv. and Val.) from Ulhas River Estuary near Thane City, Maharashtra State. J. aquat. Biol., 24: 1-7.

Ravi, V., 2013. Food and feeding habits of the mudskipper, Boleophthalmus boddarti (Pallas, 1770) from Pichavaram mangroves, southeast coast of India. Int. J. Mar. Sci., 3: 98-104. https://doi.org/10.5376/ijms.2013.03.0012

Soares, B.E., Ruffeil, T.O.B. and Montag, L.D.A., 2012. Occurrence of the non-native sleeper Butis koilomatodon (Bleeker, 1849) (Perciformes: Eleotridae) in the Amazon coastal zone, Brazil. BioInvasions Rec., 1: 95-99. https://doi.org/10.3391/bir.2012.1.2.02

Stoner, A., 2004. Effects of environmental variables on fish feeding ecology: Implications for the performance of baited fishing gear and stock assessment. J. Fish Biol., 65: 1445-1471. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-1112.2004.00593.x

Tran, C.C., Nguyen, T.H.D., Nguyen, H.T.T., Vo, L.T.T. and Dinh, Q.M., 2021a. Diet composition and feeding habit of Glossogobius sparsipapillus caught from estuarine regions in the Mekong Delta. Egypt. J. aquat. Res., 47: 313-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2021.06.001

Tran, C.C., Nguyen, T.H.D., Nguyen, H.T.T., Vo, L.T.T., Phan, G.H. and Dinh, Q.M., 2021b. The intraspecific and spatio-temporal variations in relative gut length and gastro-somatic indexes of Glossogobius sparsipapillus in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. AACL Bioflux, 14: 841-848.

Tran, D.D., Shibukawa, K., Nguyen, T.P., Ha, P.H., Tran, X.L., Mai, V.H. and Utsugi, K., 2013. Fishes of Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Can Tho University Publisher, Can Tho.

Tran, D.D., Nguyen, V.T., To, H.T.M., Nguyen, T.T. and Dinh, Q.M., 2020. Species composition and biodiversity index of gobiid assemblage in estuarine areas of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Egypt. J. aquat. Biol. Fish., 24: 931-941. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejabf.2020.131385

Tran, D.D., Le, B.P., Dinh, Q.M., Duong, N.V. and Nguyen, T.T., 2021c. Fish species composition variability in Cu Lao Dung, Soc Trang, Vietnam. AACL Bioflux, 14: 1865-1876.

Tran, D.T., Nguyen, H.C., Do, C.T. and Dang, N.T., 2008. Coastal bays in Vietnam and potential for use. Publishing House for Science and Technology, Ha Noi, Vietnam.

Tran, T.L., Hoang, D.H. and Dinh, Q.M., 2019. Digestive tract morphology, food composition and feeding habits of the giant mudskipper Periophthalmodon schlosseri (Pallas, 1770) from the coastline in Tran De, Soc Trang. VNU J. Sci. natl. Sci. Technol., 35: 30-38. https://doi.org/10.25073/2588-1140/vnunst.4871

Trinh, K.N. and Tran, D.D., 2012. The status of capture fisheries and management of marine fishes in Soc Trang Province. Can Tho Univ. J. Sci., 24b: 46-55.

Udo, M.T., 2002a. Intersexual plasticity in aspects of the biology of the mudskipper Periophthalmus barbarus (Gobhdae) in the mangrove swamps of IMO Estuary, Nigeria. J. environ. Sci., 14: 95-101.

Udo, M.T., 2002b. Tropic attributes of the mudskipper, Periophthalmus barbarus (Gobiidae: Oxudercinae) in the mangrove swamps of Imo River estuary, Nigeria. . J. environ. Sci., 14: 508-517.

Van Lap, N. and Oanh, T.T.K., 2012. Sedimentary characteristics of tidal flats and coastline changes in Ca Mau coastal area, Mekong River Delta. Vietnam J. Earth Sci., 34: 1-9.

Vedra, S.A. and Ocampo, P.P., 2014. The fishery potential of freshwater gobies in Mandulog River, Northern Mindanao, Philippines. Asian J. agric. Dev., 11: 95-103.

Vu, N.U., Au, V.H. and Nguyen, B.L., 2015. Diversity of fish in hau river, Mekong Delta, Vietnam. J. Fish. Sci. Technol., Special issue: 167-174.

Wootton, R.J., 1996. Feeding and growth. In: Fish ecology (ed. R.J. Wootton). Chapman and Hall, New York, United States. pp. 98-131. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3832-1_5

Yokoo, T., Kanou, K., Moteki, M., Kohno, H., Tongnunui, P. and Kurokura, H., 2006. Juvenile morphology and occurrence patterns of three Butis species (Gobioidei: Eleotridae) in a mangrove estuary, southern Thailand. Ichthyol. Res., 53: 330-336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-006-0354-2

Zulkifli, S.Z., Mohamat-Yusuff, F., Ismail, A. and Miyazaki, N., 2012. Food preference of the giant mudskipper Periophthalmodon schlosseri (Teleostei: Gobiidae). Knowl. Manag. aquat. Ecosyst., 405: 07p01-07p10. https://doi.org/10.1051/kmae/2012013