Research Article

Compatibility of Chemical and Biological Control for the Management of Maize Stem Borer, Chilo Partellus, (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae)

Inzimamul Haq1*, Shahid Sattar1, Bashir Ahmed1, Qamar Zeb2 and Amjad Usman3

1Department of Plant Protection, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; 2Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Institute Tarnab, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; 3Department of Entomology, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Received | August 06, 2017; Accepted | October 22, 2018; Published | November 25, 2018

*Correspondence | Inzimamul Haq, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Haq, I., S. Sattar, B. Ahmed, Q. Zeb and A. Usman. 2018. Compatibility of chemical and biological control for the management of maize stem borer, Chilo Partellus, (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae). Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 34(4): 904-911.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2018/34.4.896.903

Keywords | Maize, Chilo partellus, Trichogramma chilonis, Imidacloprid, Emamectin benzoate, Neem seed extract, Chlorpyrifos

Introduction

Maize, stem, borer, Chilo partellus is one of the noticeable biotic obstacles in maize production around the world (Pingali, 2000), especially in Asia, and Africa (Arabjafari and Jalali, 2007). It came to knowledge that huge losses, in maize, crop occurred each year in Pakistan (Khan et al., 2015). Yield reduction of 25-76 percent has been noted, by the, infestation of this insect pest alone (Kumar, 1997). Farid et al. (2007) reported that 12–48 percent damage is caused by C. partellus in district Peshawar.

Different insecticides as granules and foliar formulations have been used against maize stem borer but the granular formulations are preferred and recommended against maize stem borer (Saleem et al., 2014). Granular formulations of chlorpyrifos and Carbofuron were reported effective against maize stem borer by Bhat and Baba (2007). Singh and Sharma (2009) determined that chlorpyrifos was ineffective as compared to Cypermethrin (foliar application). Foliar application of insecticides Spinosad (Tracer) (Ahmed et al., 2002), Confidor (Ali et al., 2014; Mashwani et al., 2011) are conventionally recommended for the management of maize stem borer.

Trichogramma chilonis is the typical gregarious egg parasitoid widely distributed in the world (Haffmans, 2008). It has been recorded that T. chilonis parasitized the eggs of Chilo partellus, Helicoverpa armigera, Agrotis ipsilon, Spodoptera litura (Hassan et al., 1998). Jalali and Singh, 2003 evaluated potential of Trichogramma spp as a biological control agent and found appreciable results of T. chilonis parasitizing 77.98 % eggs of Chilo partellus when released at 0.1 million/ha. Ahmed et al., 2003 found T. chilonis little effective in controlling C. partellus infestation from maize plots.

The idea of unified insect pest control first appears to be assumed by Hoskin et al. (1993) when they mentioned that “biological control agents and chemical pesticides for the control of insect pest are considered as supplementing one another. Nature’s own balance provides the major part of the protection hence insecticides should be used as little as possible so as to least interfere with natural control of pests (Sattar et al., 2011). The trends to integrate the chemical and biological control in integrated pest management were successfully studied by (Brunner, 1998; Saljoqi and Walayati, 2013) using selective insecticides and bio-control agents.

Dependence on the chemical, pesticides, to avoid the infestation caused by the insect pests is a common practice in; Pakistan. The use of chemical pesticides for insect pest management has both useful and harmful effects. The useful effects include convenience, simplicity, flexibility and cost effectiveness. The usage of pesticide has created many problems, such as harmful effect on non-target organism (wildlife and humans), resistance adaptation by insect pest, resurgence and secondary pest’s outbreak (Badshah et al., 2015b). Certain insecticides have been noted dangerous showing different degrees of toxicity to the parasitoid Trichogramma spp (Preetha et al., 2010). Adult emergence and parasitism of Trichogramma spp was greatly lowered by the application of deltamethrin, cypermethrin, endosulfan, carbosulfan and profenofos (Bastos et al., 2006). Hussain et al. (2010) indicated that emamectin benzoate, lufenuron, triflumuron and imidacloprid have least effect on pre-imaginal development, so these insecticides could be used in conjunction with T. chilonis to control lepidopteron pests.

Keeping in view the value of maize crop in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the economic and social losses caused by the C. partellus, the present research was planned to screen out efficacy of insecticides along with T. chilonis for C. partellus in maize crop and determine its effect on maize yield. During the study these objectives were focused,

1). To determine the infestation level of maize stem borer in local Jalal variety of maize; 2). To find out compatibility of the insecticides with T. chilonis under field conditions.

Materials and Methods

Layout of experiment

The trial was carried out in ARI Tarnab, Peshawar. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). The experiment comprised six treatments replicated three times. The field was divided into subplots and each subplot size was (5×4 m2). Row to row and plant to plant distance were 58 cm and 16 cm respectively. A buffer zone of 1-meter width was kept in between subplots to avoid insecticide drift effect (Ahmed et al., 2003). Maize variety Jalal was sown in lines on a well-prepared seedbed in summer 2016. Standard agronomic practices were applied equally to all subplots. Following treatments were applied to the subplots.

T1= Emamectin benzoate + Trichogramma chilonis

T2= Imidacloprid + Trichogramma chilonis

T3= Neem seed extract + Trichogramma chilonis

T4= Chlorpyrifos + Trichogramma chilonis

T5= Trichogramma chilonis

T6= Control (water only)

Treatment description

Trichogramma chilonis: Trichogramma chilonis is an important egg parasitoid of C. partellus and found effective in parasitizing the eggs of C. partellus by several researchers like Muresan et al. (1989), Rawat et al. (1994), Cheng et al. (1995), Bonhof et al. (1997), Ahmad et al. (2003).

Insecticides: The insecticides Proclaim®-Emamectin benzoate-1.9 EC @ 500 ml ha-1 (Syngenta), Confidor®-Imidacloprid-200 SL @ 150 ml ha-1 (Buyer Crop Sciences), Chlorpyrifos®-40 EC @ 100 ml ha-1 (Arysta Life Science) and neem seed extract-10 % @ 500 ml ha-1 (Khyber Bazar, Peshawar) were used. The insecticides were diluted into application volumes according to their respective recommended concentrations. First spray of insecticides was done at 15 days after the emergence of maize plant in the field (Ali et al., 2014). Care was taken to avoid the drift effect of insecticides to other treatments. Second spray was done after two weeks interval.

Emamectin benzoate: Emamectin benzoate belongs to avermectins which is derived from Gram-positive soil bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis (Burg). Emamectin benzoate attacks its target both, through contact and stomach. Rameash et al., 2012 found Emamectin benzoate (0.002 %) to provide satisfactory control of C. partellus in maize.

Imidacloprid: Imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide that acts as an insect neurotoxin and belongs to a class of chemicals called the neonicotinoids which act on the central nervous system of insects, with much lower toxicity to mammals. Mashwani et al., 2011 and Arunkumara et al., 2017 recorded highest mean grain yield of maize in Imidacloprid treated plots.

Neem seed extract: Neem or Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae) is a native tree of the Indo-Pak subcontinent having several beneficial compounds, some of which act as insecticides. It may act as a feeding and ovipositional deterrent, growth inhibitor or reduce the fecundity of insect (Sattar et al., 2011). With foliar application of Neem seed products, appreciable results were found in suppressing the densities of C. partellus (Tekie et al., 2016)

Chlorpyrifos: Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate insecticide. Chlorpyrifos acts on pests primarily as a contact poison, with some action as stomach poison. Adamu et al., 2015 study revealed that foliar application of Chlorpyrifos was effective against the maize stem borer.

Release of Trichogramma chilonis: Culture of Sitotroga cerellela and T. chilonis were collected from rearing laboratory of Agriculture Research Institute Tarnab, Peshawar. The Trichocards were made by using 100 eggs of Angoumois grain moth, S. cerellela parasitized by T. chilonis. Saljoqi and Yu-rong (2004b) reported method was used for the preparation of Trichocards. Before first insecticide application these Trichocards impregnated with pupal stage of T. chilonis from which adults were ready to emerge within 24 hours were stapled on the lower side of leaves in the fields @ 1 card/subplot.

Placing Sitotroga cerellela eggs cards: Eggs of S. cerellela was artificially released in maize variety to evaluate the parasitism rate of T. chilonis (Cheema et al., 2004). Counted number of less than 24 hours old S. cerellela eggs glued to small paper cards of 2×5 cm size (50 eggs/card) was consistently assigned to all the treatments such that within the field one card received by each subplot, hung to one of the terminal shoot of a plant. The S. cerellela eggs cards were collected after two days from each treatment and were placed in petri dishes bearing their respective treatment number in manipulated environment section (25±20C temperature, 60±5 % R.H and 14:10 L: D period) (Jalali and Singh, 2003).

Preparation of neem seed extract: The neem seed powder was used as an aqueous suspension at the rate of 10% (Tekie et al., 2016). Neem seed was crushed using blender and the powder was sieved through mesh. For preparing a stock solution of 20 % aqueous neem seed extract, 1 kg of neem seed extract was mixed with 5 liters of water for 24 hours along with 10 g surf (detergent) and was stirred at interval of about 4 hours (Badshah et al., 2015b). After 24 hours, the mixture was filtered through muslin cloth to obtain an aqueous neem seed extract. Further concentration of 10 % (v/v) was prepared from it by using following formula (Khan et al., 2010).

V1 C1= V2 C2

V1 = Required volume; V2 = Given volume; C1 = Given concentration; C2 = Required concentration

Maize stem borer, Chilo partellus infestation

Leaf injury: Leaf injury were recorded at intervals of 3, 7 and 14 days after insecticide application on scale of 1 to 5, from ten selected plants of maize in each subplot using the standardized C. partellus leaf damage scoring system (Dissemond and Weltzein, 1986). The scale was.

Scale: Damage Symptoms: 1). Plant exhibiting slight damage pinholes on 1-2 leaves; 2). Plant showing slight damage on 3-4 leaves; 3). Plant showing injury pin opening, shot hole slit in about 1/3 total leaves, 4). Plant showing 50 percent of leaf damage; 5). Plant showing 2/3 total leaf injuries.

Dead hearts (%): The observation for dead hearts by maize stem borer was recorded two times at 10 day’s intervals after insecticides application (Ali et al., 2014). Twenty plants were randomly chosen at set intervals along parallel transect through the crops while avoiding the border rows. The selected plants were used for closer observation for the attack of maize stem borer. Number of dead hearts was then converted into total dead hearts (%). The dead hearts (%) was calculated by using the following formula; (Muresan et al., 1989).

Grain yield (tons ha-1): Grain yield was calculated for each plot by the following formula, (Ali et al., 2014).

Field Parasitism (%) for Trichogramma chilonis: Percent parasitization of S. cerellela eggs by T. chilonis was computed after the emergence of T. chilonis adult from the parasitized eggs. The percent parasitism was calculated by the following formula; (Ahmed et al., 2003).

 

Statistical analysis: Data was statistically analyzed using M-STATC statistical package. F-test value was calculated at probability of 0.05%. LSD was used for means separation (Gomez and Gomez, 1980).

Results and Discussion

Effect of different treatments on stem borer damage and maize grain yield

Among all treatments (Table 1 and 2), Imidacloprid + T. chilonis has been observed to be efficacious in terms of lower mean leaf injury (1.32), mean percent dead hearts (4.16) caused by C. partellus and significantly higher yield (6.61-ton ha-1) in our findings.

Table 1: Effect of Trichogramma chilonis (Ishii) alone and in combination with different insecticides on leaf injury caused by Chilo partellus.

	Leaf Injury
Treatments	3-DAT	7-DAT	14-DAT	Means
Emamectin benzoate + T.
chilonis	1.90 d	1.60 d	1.73 d	1.74 d
Imidacloprid + T.
chilonis	1.56 d	1.26 d	1.13 e	1.32 e
Neem seed extract + T.
chilonis	2.36 c	2.20 c	2.06 cd	2.21 c
Chloropyrifos + T.
chilonis	2.76 bc	2.53 bc	2.63 b	2.64 b
Trichogramma chilonis	2.86 b	2.76 b	2.30 bc	2.64 b
Control	3.53 a	3.63 a	3.76 a	3.64 a
LSD (0.05)	0.41	0.43	0.41	0.32

*Means sharing different letter in columns are different statistically by Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at 5 % level of probability; -DAT= Days after treatments.

Table 2: Effects of Trichogramma chilonis (Ishii) alone and in combination with different insecticides on dead hearts caused by Chilo partellus and grain yield.

Treatments	10-DAT	25-DAT	Means	Yield (ton ha-1)
Emamectin Benzoate + T.
chilonis	6.66 c	8.33 cd	7.50 c	6.10 a
Imidacloprid + T.
chilonis	5.0 c	3.33 d	4.16 c	6.61 a
Neem seed extract + T.
chilonis	1.66 b	13.33 bc	12.50 b	5.27 b
Chloropyrifos + T.
chilonis	15.0 ab	16.66 ab	15.83 b	4.60 b
Trichogramma chilonis	13.33 b	15.0 b	14.16 b	4.94 b
Control	18.33 a	21.66 a	20.0 a	3.54 c
LSD (0.05)	3.71	6.57	3.58	0.67

*Means sharing different letter in columns are different statistically by Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at 5 % level of probability; -DAT= Days after treatments.

The second best treatment was found emamectin benzoate + T. chilonis with mean leaf injury (1.74), mean percent dead hearts (7.50) and yield (6.10 ton ha-1). The highest mean leaf injury (3.64), mean percent dead hearts (20.0) and lower grain yield (3.54 ton ha-1) was obtained from the control plots. The results obtained by Ali et al. (2014) support the present findings as they reported that the application of imidacloprid caused minimum leaf injury of 1.15 (25 DAS) and 1.30 (40 DAS) by C. partellus in maize field. Imidacloprid was recorded effective against C. partellus by recorded minimum number of its infestation (Radha et al., 2006; Mashwani et al., 2011; Arunkumara et al., 2017). Emamectin benzoate has been reported to be effective against C. partellus by several researchers as Shahzad et al. (2010) found it superior compared to other tested chemicals in reducing the damage caused by C. partellus. Similarly, Ramesh et al. (2012) compared the efficacy of different insecticides against C. partellus in maize and recorded emamectin benzoate as the most better in lowering the damage caused by C. partellus. Neem seed extract + T. chilonis was found least effective against Chilo partellus compared to control by recording the mean leaf injury (2.21), mean percent dead hearts (12.50) and grain yield (5.27 ton ha-1). Our findings are in agreement with Ahmed et al. (2002), Tekie et al. (2016) who found neem derivative effective against Chilo partellus in maize crop. Treatment chlorpyrifos + T. chilonis was found ineffective compared to other treatments with mean leaf injury (2.64), mean percent dead hearts (15.83) and yield (4.60 ton ha-1). Our results are in line with Saleem et al. (2014) who recorded chlorpyrifos not effective against C. partellus. Our results are in contrast with Bhat and Baba (2007) who evaluated the efficacy of different insecticides against C. partellus and recorded chlorpyrifos effective in reducing the damages caused by C. partellus. The reason behind this might be difference in insecticides formulation and application method as we use chlorpyrifos as a foliar application and they did whorl applications of granular insecticide chlorpyrifos 10G @ 0.75 kg a.i/ha. Also, Bhat and Baba (2007) observed that granular formulation of insecticides showed superior efficacy than foliar application.

Table 3: Effect of different treatments on parasitization potential of Trichogramma chilonis.

Treatments	% Parasitism
Emamectin Benzoate + T. chilonis	32.66 c
Imidacloprid + T. chilonis	65.33 b
Neem seed extract + T. chilonis	69.33 b
Chloropyrifos + T. chilonis	30.66 c
Trichogramma chilonis	88.0 a
Control	-
LSD (0.05)	18.20

*Means in the same column followed by different letters are significantly different at 5 % level of probability.

Compatibility of insecticides with Trichogramma chilonis

The data (Table 3) showed that in the absence of insecticides, T. chilonis parasitized the host eggs in significantly higher numbers (88.0 %). Neem seed extract was recorded harmless compared to the candidate insecticides regarding T. chilonis ovipositional preference and recorded (65.66 %) parasitism. This was followed by imidacloprid in which (69.33 %) of host eggs were parasitized by T. chilonis. Highly toxic effect was exerted on the parasitism rate of the T. chilonis by emamectin benzoate and chlorpyrifos which recorded (32.66, 30.66 %) parasitization, respectively. Results regarding imidacloprid selectivity for T. chilonis are consistent with those of Preetha et al. (2010) who reported that imidacloprid caused minimum effects on parasitism rate of T. chilonis. Similar results was found by Hussain et al. (2010) who reported that imidacloprid exhibited selectivity to T. chilonis having minimum effects on the emergence and parasitism capacity of T. chilonis. Neem seed extract was recorded safe among the tested insecticides regarding T. chilonis parasitization rate and adult emergence (Badshah et al., 2017). Our results are same with Reddy and Manjunatha (2000) who found neem seed extract safe to immature and adult stage of T. chilonis. Gandhi et al. (2005) also reported slightly harmful effects of toxicity of the botanical extract to T. chilonis and determined 64.2 % eggs hatchability, 57.0 % adult emergence and 60.4 % parasitization with the application of neem product. Other investigation has reported the harmful impacts of the avermectins in reducing parasitism rate of T. chilonis (Shipp et al., 2000). Correspondingly, Moura et al. (2004) found abamectin unsafe to the developmental stages and adult’s survival of T. pretiosum based on residual test. Hassan et al. (1998) also published the harmful effects of avermectins to parasitoid such as T. cacoeciae. Negative impact of the avermectins on the survival and parasitism rates of wasp were also reported by Kapuge et al. (2003) and Vianna et al. (2009). Our results in terms of the mild effect of emamectin benzoate on T. chilonis parasitization ability are differ with Kanna and Chandraskaran (2006) who found emamectin benzoate harmless for parasitism of host eggs by T. chilonis. This is due to the fact that emamectin benzoate is safe for immature and adult stages of T. chilonis at concentration of less than or equal to 1 ml/liter of water (Giraddi and Gundannavar, 2006) and the field recommended concentration @ 2.02 ml/liter against the C. partellus proved harmful to T. chilonis immature stages and adult survival under field conditions in our findings. We recorded chlorpyrifos unsafe to T. chilonis regarding development and parasitization capability. Our results are in line with Hussain et al. (2010) who tested toxicity of different insecticides to T. chilonis under semi field and laboratory conditions and recorded chlorpyrifos toxic to T. chilonis in terms of adult emergence and reduction in parasitism of host eggs by T. chilonis in the presence of chlorpyrifos. Similarly, Saber et al. (2004) also reported chlorpyrifos toxic to T. chilonis.

Conclusion and Recommendation

From the results, it is concluded that imidacloprid, emamectin benzoate and to certain degree neem seed extract were effective against Chilo partellus. Imidacloprid in combination with the release of T. chilonis for C. partellus management is strongly recommended.

Author’s Contributions

Inzimamul Haq: Major reseracher of the study.

Shahid Sattar: Major supervisor

Bashir Ahmed: Prepared field layout

Qamar Zeb: Co-supervised the study

Amjad Usman: Helped in data analysis statistically.

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