Research Article

Comparative Assessment of Carbon Stocks in Guzara and Reserved Forests of Siran Valley, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Anwar Ali1*, Muhammad Ayaz Khan2 and Nowsherwan Zarif1

1Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 25000, Pakistan; 2Ministry of Climate Change, Islamabad, Pakistan.

Received | March 12, 2022; Accepted | June 02, 2022; Published | June 27, 2022

*Correspondence | Anwar Ali, Forest Mensuration Officer, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Ali, A., Khan, M.A. and Zarif, N., 2022. Comparative assessment of carbon stocks in Guzara and reserved forests of Siran Valley, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Pakistan Journal of Forestry, 72(1): 36-41.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjf/2022/72.1.36.41

Keywords | Biomass, Carbon, Forest, Guzara, Reserved,Temperate

Copyright: 2022 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd., England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Introduction

Forests play an important role in climate change mitigation as they sequester a large amount of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. However, when forests are cut, the carbon stored in the biomass and soil is released back into the atmosphere. Thus, conservation and development of forests are crucial for addressing the challenge of climate change (Brown, 2002; FAO, 2006). Besides, trees are renewable natural resources and have a high potential in contributing to transition to fossil-free energy systems (Baker et al., 2010). Due to this crucial role, forests are on the top of global environmental agenda.

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation commonly titled as REDD+ has emerged as a promising option for climate change mitigation in forestry sector (Scheyvens, 2010). The idea of REDD+ is to reward those nations and communities who protect and develop forests and thus contribute in reducing carbon emissions. One of the key requirements for participation in REDD+ Programme and other carbon trading schemes is measurement and monitoring of forest carbon stocks (UNFCCC, 2010). Consequently, forest carbon stock assessment has been started in many countries.

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is the most forested province of Pakistan with about 20% forest cover. These forest are mostly located in Hazara and Malakan Forest Regions of the province. Mansehra District is situated in Hazara Forest Region with 149,454 ha forest area. Forest types of Mansehra include subtropical broad-leaved evergreen forests, subtropical pine forests, moist temperate forests, dry temperate forest and subalpine forests (Bukhari et al., 2012). There are three forest divisions in District Mansehra including, Siran Forest Divison, Kaghan Forest Division and Agror-Tanawal Forest Division. Siran Forest Division comprises Siran Valley which has subtropical Pine Forests and Himalayan Moist Temperate Forests. On the basis of legal status, these forests can be categorized as Guzara forests and reserved forests.

Reserved forests are exclusively owned by the state and are generally without rights and concessions. On the other hand, Guzara forests are owned by local community either individually or jointly and managed by the Forest Department (GoKP, 2002). Guzara forests are meant for meeting the timber and fuelwood requirements of the local community. Guzara Forests are generally more degraded than Reserved Forests due to the reasons that these are used for meeting the requirements of the local community (Azhar, 1989).

Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) Project is a joint venture of the Ministry of Climate Change (MoCC), GEF and UNDP and which is being implemented in the selected landscapes of Punjab, Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The main objective of this project is to promote sustainable forest management in Pakistan’s Western Himalayan Temperate Coniferous forests, Sub-tropical broadleaved evergreen thorn (Scrub) forests and Riverine forests for biodiversity conservation, mitigation of climate change and securing of forests ecosystem services (UNDP, 2016). A study was conducted under SFM Project to estimate and compare carbon stocks in Guzara and Reserve Forests in the SFM Project landscape of Siran Valley and recommend measures for conservation and enhancement of carbon stocks in these forests.

Materials and Methods

Field survey for carbon stock assessment in Guzara and Reserve Forests of Siran Valley was conducted during May-November, 2018. A systematic random sampling technique was used for collecting data in the field. Sample plots were laid out on geo-referenced maps of the forests using a grid of 500x500 m (Figure 1). The coordinates of the centers of the sample plots were noted from the maps and uploaded onto GPS and navigated in the field accordingly.

 

As the study is aimed at estimating biomass and carbon stock in different carbon pools of moist temperate forests, nested circular plot approach was applied for collecting the data. As illustrated in the Figure 2, three subplots were established within each plot for specific purposes. The outermost circular plot with radius 17.84m was used for measurement of trees. The second circular plot with radius 5.64 m was used for measurement of shrubs and sapling; and the innermost plot with radius of 0.56 m was used for measurement of leaf/litter and grasses as well as soil (Subedi et al., 2010). Locally developed allometric equations were used to convert forest inventory data into biomass and carbon stocks (Ali, 2020; Chave et al., 2005).

 

Data was collected from 253 sample plots, out of which 93 sample plots were laid out in Reserved Forests and 160 were in Guzara forests. The distribution sample plots in different forest areas are given in Table 1.

 

Table 1: Distribution of sample pots in different forest areas.

Forest area	Forest area (ha)	Number of sample plots
Panjul reserved forest	2,482	46
Unna reserved forest	2,249	47
Deoli guzara forest	5,028	87
Jachha guzara forests	1,330	29
Manda guchha guzara forests	2,655	44
Total	13,744	253

 

Results and Discussion

Aboveground biomass carbon stock

Aboveground biomass comprises trees and shrubs and it is the most important pool of carbon in a forest ecosystem. The above ground carbon stock in the study area was estimated at 445,698 ton. Aboveground carbon stock was determined at 33.60 tonnes per ha. In reserved forest the above ground carbon stock is 42.29 t/ha and in Guzara Forest, the aboveground carbon density was calculated at 26.32 t/ha (Table 2). Thus, the aboveground carbon density is much higher in reserved forests as compared to Guzara forests. The aboveground carbon stock in the study areas is less than the average carbon density found in other moist temperate forests of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa which is 85 t/ha (Ali et al., 2019). This is due to the fact that the forests of the study area are more degraded than other forest areas. In the reserved forest, the total aboveground carbon stock is 203,308 tonnes whereas in Guzara forest the total aboveground carbon stock is 242,390 tonnes. The detail is given in the Table 3.

 

Table 2: Aboveground carbon stock densities in different forest areas.

Forest category	Forest area	AGTC (t/ha)	AG Shrub carbon (t/ha)	AGC (t/ha)
Reserved forest	Panjul reserved forest	49.61	0.77	50.38
	Unna reserved forest	34.13	0.67	34.80
Average		41.57	0.72	42.29
Guzara forests	Deoli Guzara forest	26.30	0.41	26.71
	Jachha Guzara forests	28.32	0.98	29.29
	Manda Guchha Guzara forests	25.07	0.97	26.04
Average		26.32	0.88	27.20
Overall average		32.80	0.80	33.60

 

Table 3: Distribution of aboveground carbon stock.

Forest category	Forest area	Forest area (ha)	AGC (t/ha)	Aboveground carbon stock (tonnes)
Reserved forest	Panjul reserved forest	2,482	50.38	125043.2
	Unna reserved forest	2,249	34.80	78265.2
Average		4,731	42.29	203,308
Guzara forests	Deoli Guzara forest	5,028	26.71	134297.9
	Jachha Guzara forests	1,330	29.29	38955.7
	Manda Guchha Guzara forests	2,655	26.04	69136.2
Average		9,013	27.20	242,389.8
Overall average		13,744	33.60	445,698.1

 

Belowground biomass

Carbon in the belowground biomass in coniferous forests of Siran Valley was taken as 29% of the aboveground biomass (IPCC, 2007). Mean belowground biomass was estimated at 9.74 t/ha. The total below ground carbon was estimated at 127,800 tonnes. Detail of carbon stock in belowground biomass in different forest areas is given in the Table 4.

 

Table 4: Distribution of below-ground carbon stock.

Forest category	Forest area	Forest area (ha)	BGC (t/ha)	Belowground carbon stock (tonnes)
Reserved forest	Panjul reserved forest	2,482	14.61	36262.02
	Unna reserved forest	2,249	10.09	22692.41
Average		4,731	12.26	58954.43
Guzara forests	Deoli Guzara forest	5,028	7.46	37508.88
	Jachha Guzara forests	1,330	8.49	11291.7
	Manda Guchha Guzara forests	2,655	7.55	20045.25
Average		9,013	7.89	68845.83
Overall average		13,744	9.74	127,800.26

 

Litter carbon

Litter is also an important pool of carbon in coniferous forest ecosystem as a lot of biomass accumulates on the forest floor due to needle fall. This layer protects the soil against erosion and provide habitat to soil organisms which keep the soil porous and decompose the organic matter. However, sometimes it becomes cause of forest fire. The total carbon stock in the litter pool was estimated at 27,050 tons with mean of 1.97 t/ha. Average litter carbon in the reserved forests was estimated as 2.48 t/ha and in Guzara forests as 1.70 t/ha (Table 5). The litter carbon density of reserved forests is more than that of the Guzara forests.

 

Table 5: Estimates of carbon stocks in litter in different forest areas.

Forest category	Forest area	Forest area (ha)	Litter C (t/ha)	Litter carbon stock (tonnes)
Reserved forest	Panjul reserved forest	2,482	2.19	5,435
	Unna reserved forest	2,249	2.80	6,297
Average		4,731	2.48	11,733
Guzara forests	Deoli Guzara forest	5,028	1.95	9,805
	Jachha Guzara forests	1,330	1.25	1,662
	Manda Guchha Guzara forests	2,655	1.45	3,850
Average		9,013	1.70	15,317
Overall average		13,744	1.97	27,050

 

Soil organic carbon

Soil samples were collected from different forest areas of Siran Valley up to 30 cm depth. The average soil bulk density was found as 0.62 g/cm3 showing that the soil is porous, loamy and non-compact. Mean soil organic matter was found as 5.25% in the forest area. Average organic soil carbon was estimated at 55.47 t/ha. This level of soil organic carbon is closer the findings of Ali et al. (2019) who reported soil organic carbon as 60 t/ha in Moist Temperate Forests of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. In Reserve Forests, the soil organic carbon was 56.20 t/ha whereas in Guzara forest, the average soil carbon was 54.65 t/ha (Table 6). Though there is no significant difference between Guzara and reserved forests in terms of soil organic carbon, the reserved forests have more soil carbon than the Guzara forests.

 

Table 6: Estimates of carbon stocks in litter in different forest areas.

Forest category	Forest area	Forest area (ha)	SOC (t/ha)	Soil carbon stock (tonnes)
Reserved forest	Panjul reserved forest	2,482	57.60	142963
	Unna reserved forest	2,249	55.50	124820
Average		4,731	56.55	267783
Guzara forests	Deoli Guzara forest	5,028	54.65	274780
	Jachha Guzara forests	1,330	55.20	73416
	Manda Guchha Guzara forests	2,655	54.40	144432
Average		9,013	54.75	492,628
Overall average		13,744	55.47	760,411

 

Total carbon stock in the landscape

The total carbon stock in the SFM Project area of Siran Forest Division was estimated at 1,374,702 tonnes with an average of 100 t/ha. Out of this, 56% is in the soil, 33 % in aboveground biomass, 9% in belowground biomass and 2% in litter (Figure 3). Distribution of carbon stocks in various pools in different forest areas is given in Table 7.

 

Table 7: Distribution of carbon stocks in different pools and forest areas.

Forest category	Forest area	Forest area (ha)	AGC tonnes	BGC tonnes	Litter C tonnes	SOC tonnes	Total C (tonnes)	C density (t/ha)
Reserved forest	Panjul reserved forest	2,482	125043	36262	5,435	142963	312,185	125.78
	Unna reserved forest	2,249	78265	22692	6,297	124820	234,323	104.19
Guzara forests	Deoli Guzara forest	5,028	134298	37509	9,805	274780	461,420	91.77
	Jachha Guzara forests	1,330	38956	11292	1,662	73416	126,656	95.23
	Manda Guchha Guzara forests	2,655	69136	20045	3,850	144432	240,118	90.44
Total		13,744	445698	127800	27049	760411	1,374,702	100.02

 

Conclusion and Recommendations

Moist temperate forests of Siran valley have high potential for storing carbon. However, these forest are currently in a degraded for due to which their current carbon stock is much lower than the potential. The total carbon stock in the study area is 1,374,702 tonnes. Out of this 56% is in the soil, 33% in aboveground biomass, 9% in belowground biomass and 2% in litter. Average carbon density was estimated as 100 t/ha in the landscape.

The total above ground carbon stock in the study area was estimated at 445698 tonnes. Mean aboveground carbon density was determined at 33.60 t/ha. In Reserved Forest the aboveground carbon stock is 42.29 whereas in Guzara forests, this carbon is 27.20 t/ha. Similarly, belowground carbon stock in the landscape was estimated as 127800 tonnes with average of 9.74 t/ha. Litter carbon was estimated as 27,049 tonnes with average of 1.97 t/ha. Dead wood was found to be a non-significant pool of carbon in the study area. Average organic soil carbon was estimated at 55.47 t/ha and the total soil organic carbon was estimated at 760,411 tonnes.

It was found that carbon density is higher in all pools of reserved forests as compared to Guzara forest. Carbon density in the reserved forest is 115.51 t/ha and Guzar forest is 91.88 t/ha. This difference between Guzar and reserved forests is due to the fact that Guzara forests have been severely degraded as these are used for meeting the timber and fuelwood requirements of the local community. Even the reserved forests are not in an ideal condition in terms of carbon stock because these forests are also subjected to severe anthropogenic pressure and illicit cutting due to which biomass carbon stock has been significantly reduced.

It is recommended that effective steps may be taken for stopping the illicit cutting and degradation of both Guzara and reserved forests with active participation of the Guzara owners and local communities. Reforestation and assisted natural regeneration programs may be also be initiated on urgent basis for the rehabilitation of these valuable forests. Open grazing and illicit cutting are the major threats to these forests which must be controlled through community organization. Introduction of a REDD+ Project to compensate the Guzar owners and local community may also help in forest conservation.

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Sustainable Forest Management Project of MoCC and UNDP for conduct of this study. The technical assistance provided by staff of GIS Section and Forest Mensuration Branch of PFI are also acknowledged.

Novelty Statement

Guzara and Reserved Forests are two categories of forests in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa which have different management regimes. The current study is the first ever attempt to quantify and compare carbon stocks in the two forest categories which have the potential for carbon credits generation.

Author’s Contribution

Anwar Ali: Conception of idea, devising methodology andoriginal draft writing.

M. Ayaz Khan: Data collection, validation and review. Nowsherwan Zarif: Formal analysis, data curation, review and editing.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

References

Ali, A., 2020. Biomass and carbon tables for major tree species of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar.

Ali, A., Ashraf, M.I., Gulzar, S. and Ahmad, B., 2019. Estimation of soil carbon pools in the forests of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Province, Pakistan. J. For. Res. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-019-01059-9

Ali, A., Ashraf, M.I., Gulzar, S. and Akmal, M. 2020. Estimation of forest carbon stocks in temperate and subtropical mountain systems of Pakistan: Implications for REDD+ and climate change mitigation. Environ. Monit. Assess., 2020: 192-198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-8157-x

Azhar, R.A., 1989. Communal property rights and depletion of forests in Northern Pakistan. Pak. Dev. Rev., 28(4): 643-651.

Baker, J.D., Richards, G., Grainger, A., Gonzaleza, P., Brown, S., DeFries, R., Held, A., Kellndorfer, J., Ndunda, P., Ojima, D., Skrovseth, P., Souza, C. and Stolle, F., 2010. Achieving forest carbon information with higher certainty: A five-part plan. Environ. Sci. Policy, 13: 249-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2010.03.004

Brown, S., 2002. Measuring carbon in forests: Current status and future challenges. Environ. Pollut., 116: 363-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00212-3

Bukhari, S.S.B., Laeeq, M.T. and Haider, A., 2012. Landcover Atlas of Pakistan. Pakistan Forest Instittue, Peshawar.

Chave, J., Andalo, C., Brown, S., Cairns, M.A., Chambers, J.Q., Eamus, D., Folster, H., Fromard, F., Higuchi, N., Kira, T., Lescure, J.P., Nelson, B.W., Ogawa, H., Puig, H., Riera, B. and Yamakura, T., 2005. Tree allometry and improved estimation of carbon stocks and balance in tropical forests. Oecologia, 145: 87–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-005-0100-x

FAO, 2006. Forests and Climate Change. Available from: ftp://ftp.fao.org/newsroom/en/focus/2006/1000247/index.html

Govt. of KP. 2002. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Forest Ordinance, 2002. KP Forest Department, Peshawar.

IPCC, 2007. Summary for policymakers: Synthesis report. An assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Available from: http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_spm.pdf

Scheyvens, E., 2010. Developing National REDD-plus systems: Progress, challenges and ways forward, Indonesia and Vietnam country studies. Institute for Global Environmental strategies, Kanagawa, Japan.

Streck, C. and Scholz, S.M., 2006. The role of forests in global climate change: whence we come and where we go. Int. Affairs, 82(5): 861-879. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2006.00575.x

Subedi, B.P., Pandey, S.S., Pandey, A., Rana, E.B., Bhattarai, S., Banskota, T.R., Charmakar, S. and Tamrakar, R., 2010. Forest carbon stock measurement: Guidelines for measuring carbon stocks in community-managed forests. Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources (ANSAB), Kathmandu, Federation of Community Forest Users, Nepal (FECOFUN), Kathmandu, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Kathmandu, Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD), Oslo.

UNDP, 2016. Project document. Sustainable forest management project. UNDP, Pakistan, Islamabad.

UNFCCC, 2010. The Cancun Agreements, UNFCCC, Bonn. Available from: http://unfccc.int/meetings/cancun_nov_2010/meeting/6266.php.