Research Article

Assessment of Different Indigenous Plant Extracts Against Pea Aphids (Acyrthosiphon Pisum) Under Field Condition

Riaz Hussain2*, Adnan Ihsan1*, Waqar Khan1, Shiraz Malik1, Hamza Jameel1, Hidayat Ullah3, Shahab Ahmad4, Jawad Anwar5 and Murad Ali6

1Department of Entomology, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25100, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; 2Department of Entomology, The University of Agriculture, Swat, 19120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; 3Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Agriculture, Swat, 19120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; 4Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25100, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; 5Department of Agricultural Chemistry, The University of Agriculture, Swat, 19120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; 6Department of Zoology, Islamia College, University Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Received | January 04, 2023; Accepted | March 25, 2023; Published | March 30, 2023

*Correspondence | Riaz Hussain and Adnan Ihsan, Department of Entomology, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25100, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan; Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Citation | Hussain, R., A. Ihsan, W. Khan, S. Malik, H. Jameel, H. Ullah, S. Ahmad, J. Anwar and M. Ali. 2023. Assessment of different indigenous plant extracts against pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon Pisum) under field condition. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research, 29(1): 52-57.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.PJWSR/2023/29.1.52.57

Keywords | Botanical extracts, Yield, Pea crop, Aphid

Copyright: 2023 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Introduction

Pea (Pisum sativum) is an essential vegetable crop in Fabaceae family. It is an annual and rabbi crop, mainly grown in cooler areas worldwide. The crop is very important in terms of yield and sowing area after chick pea and faba bean. It is mainly cultivated in tropical and sub-tropical countries i.e., India, Peru, Pakistan, China, France, Tunisia, Sweden, Sudan, Australia, Germany Egypt, Morocco, Ethiopia and Burma (Khan et al., 2013). Canada is one the pea producing country over the last few years (Smykal et al., 2012). In Pakistan, the average production of pea is 1000 kgha-1 cultivated with an area of 100,000 ha. Pakistan’s pea crop is cultivated on 24.854 hectares of area and yields a total of 170,836 tonnes. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has 1.959 hectares of pea farmland, producing 15.789 tonnes of peas (Anonymous, 2019). The average production of Pakistan is low regardless of the cultivation of high number of cultivars. Some factors like pest attack, diseases, poor cultural practices and weeds are accountable (Khan et al., 2013). Several insect pests i.e., thrips (Caliothrips indicus), aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), leaf miner (Chromatomyia horticola), stem fly (Melanagromyza phaseoli), H. armigera and pod borer (Etiella zinckenella) attack on the crop among which pod borer and H. armigera are the most serious. Pod stages are considered the most important factor in limiting the pea production (Singh et al., 2010).

Pea aphids found on the underside of the leaves and stem. They are greenish in colour. They suck cell sap from plant and the leaves turn pale yellow. The pea aphids feed on wild legumes, alfalfa, pea, bean and lentil crips (Caillaud and Via, 2000).

Chemical insecticides showed best results but is harmful to beneficial insects (Hussain et al., 2022). Plant extracts are safe and not hazardous to the environment as compare to synthetic insecticides. About 2400 plant species are discovered having insecticidal and anti-pathogenic characteristics (Karunamoorthi, 2012). Keeping in view the significance of pea crop, the current research was aimed with the objective to investigate the efficacy of green pesticides against it.

Materials and Methods

The study was carried out at the University of Agriculture Peshawar during 2021. During the study, 5 treatments were applied with 3 replications using RCBD design. Row-row Plant-plant distance was kept 45-60 and 60-75 cm, respectively.

Plant extracts preparation

Green chili (Capsicum spp.): Fifty grams of fresh chili pepper was grinded and added to 1 L of water for 1 day in order to create one litre of solution, the solution was then filtered through fine cloth.

Garlic fresh cloves (A. sativum): Fresh 235 grams of Garlic cloves was crushed and then added to 1 liter of water for 1 day. After that solution was filtered through a fine cloth.

Chinaberry fresh leaves (M. azedarach): Fresh leaves of Chinaberry (4 grams) were crushed and added to 1 liter of water for 3 hrs. The solution was then filtered with a fine cloth.

Eucalpytus leaves: The Eucalpytus leaves were dried for two days and chopped into powder. The powder (100g) was then added to 1 L of water for 24 hrs and was filtered. After 2 days the solution was ready for field use.

Aphids population or data recording

The pea aphid population was recorded on 7th and 14th days after spray application. Five plants were randomly selected in each treatment. The aphids were removed through camel brush from the plants and then counted.

Yield kg/ha

After each picking the yield was calculated and transformed into kgha-1 with following formula:

Statistical analysis

The Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) appropriate for RCBD was examined by using Statistix 8.1 software. To determine the significance level and differences among the treatments, the LSD Test was used with a 5% probability level.

Results and Discussion

Results of the present study revealed that highest (14 aphids plant-1) mean density of aphids was recorded in control plot which was followed by garlic fresh cloves (13 aphids plant-1), Chinaberry fresh leaves (12.66 aphids plant-1) and green chili (12 aphids plant-1), while, the minimum mean density of aphids per plant was recorded in Eucalyptus leaves i.e. 8.33 aphids plant-1. Eucalyptus leaves recorded significant difference with all the treatments along with the control. The treatments green chili, Garlic fresh cloves and Chinaberry fresh leaves were not significantly different from each other, however green chili has significant difference with Eucalyptus leaves and control.

 

 

Maximum means density of aphids per plant after 14 days of 1st spray application (Figure 2) was recorded (16) in control plot followed by Garlic fresh cloves, Chinaberry fresh leaves and green chili (11, 10.66 and 8) respectively. While the lowest means density of aphid was recorded in Eucalyptus leaves (4.66).

The highest mean density of aphids per plant (Figure 3) After 7 days of 2nd spray application 19 aphids was recorded in control plot, followed by green chili, Chinaberry fresh leaves and Garlic fresh cloves (12.66, 12.33 and 10.66), respectively. While lowest means density of aphids per plant was recorded (5) in plot treated with Eucalyptus leaves.

 

 

The maximum mean density of aphid per plant (Figure 4) after 14 days of 2nd spray application 17 aphids were observed in the control plot which is closely followed by Chinaberry fresh leaves, Garlic fresh cloves and green chili (11, 9.33 and 7.33), respectively. While, lowest mean density of aphid per plant (3) was recorded Eucalyptus leaves.

 

The highest yield (1728.3kg/ha) (Figure 5) was recorded in Eucalyptus leaves treated plot followed by Garlic fresh cloves, green chili and Chinaberry fresh leaves (1555.3kg/ha, 1438kg/ha and 1381.7kg/ha), respectively. While lowest yield (904.7kg/ha) was observed in the control plot.

The current study was done on Comparative study of different botanical extracts against pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) in new developmental farm, The University of Agriculture Peshawar during 2021.

Statistical analysis indicates significant effect of botanical extracts against Pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum). The current study was Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) having 5 treatments with 3 replications. The data was recorded one day before and then 7 and 14 days after spray application. The bug population was negligible in all treatments prior to the use of pesticides. The outcomes were equivalent to those of Hussain et al. (2022). Different plant extracts were used to reduce the population of pea aphids. The results revealed that a 10% application rate of all plant extracts tested, or 100g/1liter, was effective in reducing pea aphid population and their damage to field pea. The experiment’s findings showed that eucalyptus globulus oil extracts performed considerably better result against piercing and sucking faba bean insect pests than the organophosphate insecticide dimethoate. These outcomes are at par with the results of Mishra et al. (2012) and Mousa et al. (2013). The study revealed that the chemical composition of eucalyptol, found in eucalyptus essential oil, was one of the most promising, which made up (82.25%) of the total chemical composition of the oil. The insecticide eucalyptol is effective against a wide variety of insect pests. The outcomes coincide with those of Ben-Issa et al. (2017), Koul et al. (2008) and Elbanna (2006), according to them, 20 ml of the eucalyptus seed extract at a concentration of 1000 ppm reduced Culex pipiens larvae by (80–100%) during 14 hours.

The botanical extracts of garlic also demonstrated prominent value of botanical extract neem. Similarly, Asare-Bediako et al. (2014) resulted best influence of botanical extract of neem leaf and garlic against sucking insect pests on different vegetable crops. Moreover, Singh and Singh (1995), Gareth et al. (2006) and Arain (2009) reported that botanical extracts of Neem and garlic control all developmental stages of many insect pests. The botanical extracts of neem (Azadirachtin indica) and garlic (Allium sativum) has an antifungal activity of 0.015% concentration, described by Rukhsana et al. (2010). The botanical extracts of garlic showed best results to other botanical extracts against sucking insect pests. A similar result was found by Natarajan et al. (2000) and Mousa et al. (2013). The indigenous plant extracts of garlic singly or in combination with other plant extracts i.e., tobacco, ginger, chili, neem and cow urine were also revealed best results against several insect pest in many crops (Lakshmanan, 2001). Garlic botanical extract can affect the hatching competency of Aedes aegypti (Jarial, 2001). Botanical extracts of many plants need some time to show their efficacy against many insect pests. Similarly, chemical insecticides rapidly show their efficacy but harmful to beneficial insect as compared to botanical insecticides (Khan and Atta, 2007; Ursani et al., 2014; Khaliq et al., 2014).

The yield of the crop in different plot was significantly affected by different botanical extracts as compared to untreated plot. The maximum pod production was noted in essential oils. Results showed that botanical insecticides can control the infestation of sucking insect pests were significantly as reported previously (Mochiah et al., 2011). Several plant extracts found to be effective against the sucking insect (whitefly, thrips, aphids) (Malik et al., 2003; Ahmad et al., 2009).

Conclusions and Recommendations

It was observed from the study, that all the botanical insecticides were effective against sucking insect pests. However, Eucalyptus leaves were the most promising with lowest population density of aphids and highest yield.

Novelty Statement

This experiment is novel in describing best alternative of synthetic insecticides in which Eucalpytus leaves were found best in reducing pest population.

Author’s Contribution

Fawad Ali: Conducted research.

Riaz Hussain: Main supercisor.

Adnan Ihsan: Wrote manuscript.

Najeeb Ullah: Technical support.

Waqar Khan: Financial support.

Hidayat Ullah and Shahab Ahmad: Provision of plants for extracts.

Jawad Anwar: Formulation of extracts.

Jawad Ali and Murad Ali: Design experiment.

Kajal Sana: Proof read.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

References

Ahmed, B.I., I. Onu, L. Mudi and B.I. Ahmed 2009. Field bio-efficacy of plant extracts for the control of post flowering insect pests of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in Nigeria. Plant extracts on cowpea pest management. J. Biopest., 2(1): 37-43.

Anonymous, 2019. Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan. Ministry of national food security and research. Government of Pakistan, Islamabad. pp. 1-10.

Anuradha, M. and P.A. Rao. 2005. Comparative efficacy of selected insecticides against whiteflies on Brinjal. Andhra Agric. J., 52: 173-180.

Arain, M.I., 2009. Effect of botanical pesticides against mealy bug on cotton. M.Sc. thesis. Sindh Agric. Univ. Tandojam.

Asare-Bediako, E., A. Addo-Quaye and A. Bi-Kusi. 2014. Comparative efficacy of plant extracts in managing whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gen) and leaf curl disease in okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L). Am. J. Agric. Sci. Tech., 2(1): 31-41. https://doi.org/10.7726/ajast.2014.1004

Ben-Issa R., L. Gomez and H. Gautier. 2017. Companion plants for aphid pest management. Insects, 8: 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects8040112

Caillaud, M.C. and S. Via. 2000. Specialized feeding behavior influences both ecological specialization and assortative mating in sympatric host races of pea aphids. Am. Nat., 156: 606–621. https://doi.org/10.1086/316991

Dhawan, A.K. and T.S. Brar. 1995. Effect of insecticides on population buildup of sucking pests during flowering phase of upland cotton Gossypium hirsutum. Pestol, 19: 8-16.

Elbanna, M.S., 2006. Larvaecidal effects of eucalyptus extract on the larvae of Culex pipiens mosquito. Int. J. Agri. Biol., 8(6): 896–897.

Gareth, M.P., S.G. Tamara and F. Andrew. 2006. Insecticidal activity of garlic juice in two dipterian pests. Agric. Entomol., 8: 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-9555.2006.00273.x

Hussain, R., A. Ihsan, N. Ullah, A.A. Shah, S.F. Shah, M. Usman and M.A. Khan. 2022. Appraisal of plant extracts and chemical control against whitefly Bemisia tabaci, (Genn) and its effect on associated natural enemies in round chili. Ann. Roman. Soc. Cell Biol., 26(1): 1121–1132.

Jarial, M.S., 2001. Toxic effect of garlic extracts on the eggs of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae): a scanning electron microscopic study. J. Med. Entomol., 38(3): 446-450. https://doi.org/10.1603/0022-2585-38.3.446

Karunamoorthi, K., 2012. Medicinal and aromatic plants: A major source of green pesticides/ Risk-Reduced pesticides. Med. Aromat. Plants, 1: 137. https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0412.1000e137

Kenna, M.M., E.M.A. Hammad and M.T. Farran. 2013. Effect of Melia azedarach (Sapindales: Meliaceae) fruit extracts on citrus leaf miner Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Springer Plus, 2(1): 144. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-2-144

Khaliq, A., A.A. Khan, M. Afzal, H.M. Tahir, A.M. Raza and A.M. Khan. 2014. Field evaluation of selected botanicals and commercial synthetic insecticides against Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) populations and predators in onion field plots. Crop Prot., 62: 10-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2014.03.019

Khan, M.A. and S. Atta. 2007. Effect of imidacloprid and extracts of neem and Datura on white fly population and tomato yellow leaf curl virus disease incidence. Proceeding of the International Symposium on Microbial Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

Khan, T., N.A. Ramzan, G. Jillani and T. Mehood. 2013. Morphological performance of peas (Pisum sativum) genotypes under rainfed conditions of Potohar region. J. Agric. Res., 51(1): 51-60.

Koul O., S. Walia and G. Dhaliwal. 2008. Essential oils as green pesticides: Potential and constraints. Biopestic. Int., 4: 63–84.

Lakshmanan, K.K., 2001. Garlic a natural pesticide. The Hindu, March-1, 2001. pp. 8.

Malik, M.F., M. Nawaz and Z. Hafeez. 2003. Efficacy of synthetic insecticide and botanical infusion against onion thrips in Balochistan, Pakistan I. Asian J. Plant Sci., 2(10): 779-781. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2003.779.781

Mishra, B.B., S.P. Tripathi and C.P.M. Tripathi. 2012. Repellent effect of leaves essential oils from Eucalyptus globulus (Mirtaceae) and Ocimum basilicum (Lamiaceae) against two major stored grain insect pests of Coleopterans. Nat. Sci., 10(2): 50.

Mochiah, M.B., B. Banful, N.K. Fening, W.B. Amoabeng, K.O. Bonsu, S. Ekyem, H. Braimah and M.O. Akyaw. 2011. Botanicals for the management of insect pests in organic vegetable production. J. Entomol. Nematol., 3(6): 85-97.

Mousa, K.M., I.A. Khodeir, T.N. El-Dakhakhni and A.E. Youssef. 2013. Effect of Garlic and Eucalyptus oils in comparison to Organophosphate insecticides against some piercing- sucking faba bean insect pests and natural enemies populations. Egypt. Acad. J. Biol. Sci., 5(2): 21-27. https://doi.org/10.21608/eajbsf.2013.17266

Natarajan, K., V.T. Sundaramurthy and S.T. Das. 2000. Efficacy of plant products for controlling okra aphid (Aphis gossypii) and leaf hopper (Amrasca bigutulla biguttula). Ind. J. Entomol., 62(1): 28-30.

Oladimeji, A. and M.A. Kannike. 2010. Comparative studies on the efficacy of neem, basil leaf extract and synthetic insecticides, lambda-cyhalothrin, against Podagrica spp. on okra. Afr. J. Microbiol. Res., 4(1): 033-037.

Rukhsana, A., S.M. Mughal, M. Munir, K. Sultana, R. Qureshi, M. Arshad and A.K. Laghari. 2010. Mycoflora associated with seeds of different sunflower cultivars and its management. Pak. J. Bot., 42(1): 435- 445.

Singh, D.K. and A. Singh.1995. Characterization of allicin as a molluscicidal agent in Allium sativum (Garlic). Biol. Agric. Hortic., 12: 119-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/01448765.1995.9754732

Singh, G., C.S. Prasad, A. Slrohi, N. Ali, S.S. Dhaka and A. Kumar. 2010. Evaluation of bio-pesticides and neem formulations against pod borer in lentil. Environ. Ecol., 28(1B): 661-663.

Smykal, P., G. Aubert, J. Burstin and C.J. Coyne. 2012. Flavell, A.J., et al. Pea (Pisum sativum L.) in the genomic era. J. Agron., 2: 74-115. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy2020074

Ursani, T.J., S. Malik, J.I. Chandio, Z.A. Palh, N.M. Soomro, K.H. Lashari, M.A. Baloch, B.K. Solangi, M.N. Solangi and G.M. Mastoi. 2014. Screening of bio-pesticides against insect pests of brinjal. Int. J. Emerg. Trends Sci. Tech., 1(6): 918-931.