Anti-Parasite Activity of Different Plant Leaf Extracts against Infective Stage Theront of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
Anti-Parasite Activity of Different Plant Leaf Extracts against Infective Stage Theront of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
Chika Bright Ikele1*, Ugwu Venita Uju1, Chioma Faith Ikele2
ABSTRACT
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis is a ciliate protozoa, that persists in freshwater fish, which affects aquaculture production. Its’ control has adopted chemotherapeutics, and currently environmental friendly botanicals utilized against infective stage theronts. Two solvents, ethanol and chloroform solvents were used to extract five botanicals i.e., bitter kola (Garcinia kola), cashew leaf (Anacardium occidentale), bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina), lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) and ocimum leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) to investigate their efficacy against theronts for 24 hours. A 100 µl (480 theronts) were distributed into five groups; 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05 and 0.1 g/ml (A-E) (for all plant extracts used) in a 96 micro-wells chambers, with 3 sub-replicates of approximately 160 theronts. Mortality occurred in all groups except in the control group during the exposure period. 24-h theront mortality was highest in bitter leaf extracts and least in cashew leaf extract. Mortality was also dependent on extract concentration and extraction solvent. The two highest mortalities of 54.2% and 53.1% occurred at 0.1 g/ml ethanol and chloroform extracts of bitter leaf, respectively on 24-h exposure duration. The likelihood of a significant effect of duration of exposure on infective theront mortality resulting from the extracts was significant (Likelihood ratio [LR] χ2 = 973.95, p < 0.0001). The lethal concentration (LC50) estimates of bitter leaf ethanol and chloroform extracts were 0.137 g/ml (0.006 – 3.434) and 0.157 (0.004 – 6.099), re
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