Research Article

Aframomum Chrysanthum Seed Meal Modulated Cytokine Gene Expression and Improved Sensory Attributes of Meat without Altering Feed Efficiency in Meat-Type Chickens

Philip O. Akporhuarho1, Ufuoma Godstime Sorhue1*, Adimabua Mike Moemeka2, Onyinye Stella Onwumere-Idolor3, Jonathan Ujomu1, Emmanuel Abadah1, Jennfer Aaron1

1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Abraka, PMB 1 Abraka Nigeria; 2Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Dennis Osadebey University, Asaba, Nigeria; 3Department of Animal Production, Delta State University of Science and Technology Ozoro.

Received | November 22, 2023; Accepted | January 23, 2024; Published | April 15, 2024

*Correspondence | Ufuoma Godstime Sorhue, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Delta State University, Abraka, PMB 1 Abraka Nigeria; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Akporhuarho PO, Sorhue UG, Moemeka AM, Onwumere-Idolor OS, Ujomu J, Abadah E, Aaron J (2024). Aframomum chrysanthum seed meal modulated cytokine gene expression and improved sensory attributes of meat without altering feed efficiency in meat-type chickens. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci., 12(6):1010-1017.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2024/12.6.1010.1017

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316

Copyright: 2024 by the authors. Licensee ResearchersLinks Ltd, England, UK.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

INTRODUCTION

Natural growth promoters can be incorporated into broiler chickens diets without any adverse effect on their performance (Onainor et al., 2023). The augmentation of endogenous digestive enzyme production, activation of immunological responses, as well as anti-microbial, and antioxidant activities are only a few of the advantageous qualities of bioactive plant elements in animal nutrition (Al-Amin et al., 2006).

 

Table 1: Analyzed composition of test ingredient.

	Moisture %	Crude protein %	Crude fat %	Crude fiber %	Total Ash %	NFE %
Test ingredient	13.52±0.00	6.86±0.06	5.56±0.13	0.89±0.03	2.65±0.01	70.58±0.21

 

NFE: Nitrogen Free Extract (Carbohydrate CHO).

 

Aframomum chrysanthum J. M. Lock belongs to the genus Aframomum. Aframomum has over seventy species, including chrysanthum; it is among the Zingiberaceae, which is also known as the ginger family (Doherty et al. 2010). In Nigeria, the seed is commonly called Banga spice or Ataiko, and extracts from Aframomum chrysanthum seeds are useful anti-diarrhoea supplements (Nwachoko et al., 2016). The presence of phenols in the seeds of Aframomum chrysanthum indicates that this species may play a role as a germicide since phenols are globally used as antiseptics and standards for the juxtaposition of bactericides (Okwu, 2001). Very few works on Aframomum chrysanthum exist, unlike Aframomum melegueta which is a more popular member of the Aframomum class.

The loss of interest in antibiotic usage has aroused interest in medicinal plants that are suitable for improving performance due to their phytochemical constituents that are capable of replacing synthethic antibiotics (Ndukwe et al. 2020). Studies have demonstrated how phytochemical-containing plants may boost the levels of certain cytokines in broilers to improve their immune systems (Budai et al., 2013; Altincik et al., 2014; Sorhue et al., 2021).

IL1β and IL10 are signature members of the cytokine family because of their obvious roles as chief pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Inflammation that is caused by cytokines after recruiting other cells against infections is a principal factor that affects the growth performance of chickens (Sorhue et al., 2021). Escherichia coli and Eimeria tenella-infected birds had reduced IL10 and increased IL1β at the zenith of infection (Yu et al., 2021). In like manner, the body weight of birds infected with Eimeria maxima was reportedly reduced at peak periods of infection (Schneiders et al., 2019). This implies that reduced IL10 gene expression in chickens is caused by an insufficient amount of the required phytochemicals or treatments to fight infections.

Phytochemical compounds present in medicinal plants have also been reported to reduce tenderness, increase flavor, and juiciness of meat (Odoemelam et al., 2013; Edeoga et al., 2006). Hence, plant materials that could improve the organoleptic qualities of meat, improve body weight, and bring the bird’s health status to equilibrium without causing retained chemical residues occasioned by antibiotic usage are a veritable tool for the poultry industry. This study was therefore designed to test the effectiveness of ACSM on feed efficiency, sensory attributes, and expression patterns of two signature members of the cytokine family in meat-type chickens.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Source and processing of test ingredient (Aframomumchrysanthum seed meal)

The Aframomum chrysanthum used for the experiment was procured from commercial food spices market in Oghara, Delta State, Nigeria. The Aframomum chrysanthum seeds were blended into powder to form Aframomum chrysanthum seeds meal (ACSM).

Experimental diet

Four experimental diets were formulated to contain different levels of ACSM at 0% (control), 1%, 1.5%, and 2%, respectively. The birds were fed with formulated broiler starter mash mixed with different dietary levels of ACSM from 0 to 4 weeks and a finisher diet from 5 to 8 weeks. Tables 1 and 2, shows the proximate composition of the test ingredient and the experimental diet.

 

Table 2: Analyzed composition of experimental diet.

Starter diet%	T1	T2	T3	T4
Moisture	11.31±0.24	12.08±0.13	14.12±0.02	12.58±0.12
Crude protein	16.47±0.7	17.14±0.19	17.88±0.03	18.81±0.05
Crude fat	1.68±0.01	1.28±0.02	1.10±0.01	0.93±0.03
Crude fibre	6.85±0.01	8.58±0.03	8.83±0.03	9.51±0.03
Total ash	5.05±0.06	5.36±0.03	5.73±0.03	6.77±0.04
NFE	58.64±0.12	55.57±0.06	52.36±0.01	51.86±0.62
Finisher diet%
Moisture	11.37±0.07	12.89±0.29	10.60±0.24	13.03±0.08
Crude protein	17.15±0.06	17.66±0.06	17.25±0.08	19.13±0.02
Crude fat	4.39±0.03	4.20±0.02	4.18±0.02	4.16±0.02
Crude fibre	11.51±0.02	11.65±0.03	10.85±0.03	11.10±0.11
Total ash	6.81±0.02	7.01±0.03	7.91±0.04	8.78±0.04
NFE	48.78±0.14	46.60±0.50	49.24±0.10	43.82±0.07

 

NFE: Nitrogen Free Extract (Carbohydrate CHO).

 

Experimental birds and their management

One hundred and forty-four (144) day-old broiler chicks were sourced for this research. The birds were housed in pens using the deep litter system. Before the arrival of the birds, the poultry house was thoroughly washed, disinfected, and air-dried for a week. The surroundings of the poultry house were cleared of grasses and disposed of harmful substances. A Foot dip containing disinfectant solution was placed at the poultry house. Feeders and drinkers were washed thoroughly and disinfected. The heating of the brooding house was done using electric bulbs, a charcoal stove, and kerosene lanterns at different times during the brooding phase. During this phase, the floor of the brooding house was covered with newspapers and then, later, changed to wood shavings. The Poultry house was kept dry during the experiment by replacing wet litters with dried ones. On arrival, birds were given antibiotics (keproceryl) for control birds only and anti-stress (glucose) for all treatments. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum throughout the experiment. Standard management and health practices were followed, and all the necessary vaccinations were timely administered.

Experimental design

One hundred and forty-four birds were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments of 12 birds per treatment group, with 3 replicates, making a total of 36 birds per treatment. Treatment 1 (0% ACSM) served as the control, followed by Treatment 2 (1% ACSM), Treatment 3 (1.5% ACSM), and Treatment 4 (2% ACSM).

Organoleptic quality assessment

At the end the of eight-week feeding trial, six birds were randomly selected from each treatment (i.e., two from each replicate), fasted for 16 hours, and slaughtered by severing the jugular vein and letting it bleed for 5 minutes. The birds were later scalded at 65 °C in steaming water for 30 seconds before de-feathering. Thereafter, the carcasses were eviscerated, and the thighs were collected for organoleptic quality assessments. They were deboned, and the muscles were carefully cut into 10 pieces of about 2 g each, with absolute care taken to remove the tendons. Each piece of the sample was dipped into a super saturated (50%) brine solution for about 5 seconds and put into a double-layered polythene bag with a label on each for identification. The samples were subjected to boiling at about 100 ℃ for 20 minutes. They were thereafter assigned to 10 panelists for tasting. A nine-point hedonic questionnaire was constructed to solicit responses regarding the tenderness, flavour, texture, and general acceptability of the meat. Prior to the commencement of the assessment, a short training was organized for the panelists concerning the tenderness, flavor, and texture of meat.

Each panelist was given 10 samples to taste prior to finishing the pertinent questionnaire. Clean water at 20 ℃ was available for rinsing of the mouth in between samples throughout the tasting sessions. The survey comprised a 9-point hedonic scale, and the panelists responded to how they liked or disliked the sample. Table 3 show the scale used to categorize the panelist responses.

The samples were rated using the 9-point hedonic scale, with 9 as the maximum score and 1 as the least score (AMSA, 1995).

Data collection

Data were collected on daily feed intake (DFI) and weekly body weight for eight weeks and were used to calculate weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and feed efficiency (FE) using standard methods.

Sample collection, RNA concentration, reverse transcription and real-time qPCR

Four birds from each of the treatment groups were slaughtered at the end of the feeding trial (8th week) to examine the mRNA expression patterns of genes regulating immune responses (IL-10 and IL-1β). Spleen samples were collected from experimental birds and stored in eppendorf tubes with the aid of RNALater solution in a freezer prior to RNA extraction. RNA was extracted according to the protocol contained in the 100-preps Geneaid™ Tissue Total RNA Mini Kit with DNase. The concentration and purity of the isolated RNA were assessed by a spectrophotometer (Nanodrop), followed by reverse transcription. Reverse transcription and real-time PCR were done according to Sorhue et al. (2022). RNA extraction through to Real-time PCR was done at the African Biosciences molecular Laboratory in Ibadan, Nigeria. Table 4 shows details of the primers used for this study.

 

Table 3: Nine-point hedonic scale for panelist responses.

Scale	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Response	Dislike extremely	Dislike very much	Dislike moderately	Dislike slightly	Neither like nor dislike	Like slightly	Like moderately	Like very much	Like extremely

 

Table 4: Primer sequence for real time PCR.

S/N	Genes	F/R	Primer sequence for chicken	NCBI accession number	% GC
1	IL1B	F	5’GTCAACATCGCCACCTACAA3’	NM_204524.1	50
		R	5’CGGTACATACGAGATGGAAACC3’		50
2	IL10	F	5’AGCTGAGGGTGAAGTTTGAG3’	NM_001004414.2	48
		R	5’AACTCATCCAGCAGTTCAGAG3’		50
3	GAPDH	F	5’CCTCTCTGGCAAAGTCCAAG3’	NM_204305.1	45
		R	5’CATCTGCCCATTTGATGTTG3’		55

 

IL1B: Interleukin1beta; IL10: Interleukin 10; F: Forward, R: Reverse; GC: Guanine-Cytosine content (Sorhue et al., 2021).

 

Table 5: Performance indices of broiler chickens fed ACSM.

		T2	T3	T4
Initial BWT	12.41±0.73	12.26±0.23	12.00±0.11	12.16±0.35
Total feed intake	1355.74±5.78	1353.70± 5.78	1369.26±11.55	1349.95± 23.09
Final body weight	2215.00±41.24	1999.00±70.14	2199.00±107.4	2115.00±58.14
Total weight gain	2202.59±53.34ac	1986.74±13.54b	2187±50.23ac	2102.84±11.06a
FCR	0.62±0.01	0.68±0.01	0.63±0.02	0.64±0.02
Feed efficiency	1.62±0.12	1.47±0.06	1.60±0.12	1.56±0.13

 

FCR: Feed Conversion ratio, Means carrying different superscript are significantly different (P < 0.05).

 

Table 6: Organoleptic qualities of broilers fed different levels of ACSM.

	T1	T2	T3	T4
Flavor	5.50±0.56a	6.67±0.422b	7.17±0.543c	7.00±0.577c
Juiciness	4.83±0.60a	5.17±0.307b	6.83±0.833c	6.33±0.615d
Tenderness	5.67±0.333a	5.83±0.601a	6.50±0.428b	6.17±0. 477c
General acceptability	8.00±0.365a	7.83±0.307a	8.33±0.211b	8.50±0.500b

 

Means carrying different superscript are significantly different (P<0.05).

 

Statistical analysis

The data collected were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) in a completely randomized design with the aid of Prism 7.0 software (Graphpad Software Inc., San Diego, California), and significantly different means were compared using Turkey’s multiple comparisons test.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Performance indices of broiler chickens fed ACSM

The performance indices of broiler chickens after 8 weeks of experimentation are presented in Table 5. The initial body weight of birds across treatments was statistically not significant (P>0.05). Significant differences (P < 0.05) among treatments were only recorded for total weight gain, with T1 gaining more weight while T2 gaining the least weight; this trend accompanied FCR and feed conversion ratio, but the later were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The non-significant differences (P > 0.05) reported in this study are not knew, as phytochemical-containing plant parts have been reported to improve performance in birds (Ndukwe et al., 2020); though the antibiotic-based treatments performed better in terms of weight gain, FCR, and FE, the values were not significant except for weight gain. The report from our study runs contrary to records from Onainor et al. (2022) using scent leaf meal which reported that birds fed 1.5% scent leaf meal, performed better than control birds; these authors also reported significant differences (P < 0.05) in final body weight, feed intake, and FCR. However, the significant differences (P < 0.05) in total weight gain in this study align with Onainor et al. (2023). Medicinal plants were also shown to have no significant effect on carcass characteristics as a replacement for antibiotics at inclusion levels of 0.5% to 2% in broiler chicken diets (Onainor et al., 2023). The results from this study infer that ACSM contains the requisite phytochemicals necessary to improve gut health and enhance feed utilization because plant materials have properties that could potentially improve feed utilization and the performance of birds (Ertas et al., 2005). Aframomum melegueta seed meal obtained from species of the Aframomum genus was reported to have no significant effect on feed consumption, growth, meat sensory attributes, or FCR in domestic rabbits (Olatunji et al., 2018).

Organoleptic qualities of broilers fed different levels of ACSM

The result of organoleptic qualities of broilers fed different levels of Aframomumchrysanthum seed meal is presented in Table 6. The result shows that treatment varied significantly (P<0.05) in all sensory attributes evaluated. The best performance for flavor, juiciness and tenderness was recorded for treatment three (1.5%) ACSM, while control diet with 0% ACSM had the least. This is an indication that the test ingredient improved the sensory attributes of broiler meat at all levels of inclusion. These reports are in line with reports from Odoemelam et al. (2013) after feeding scent leaf-based-diets to broiler chickens. This study aligns with Adomeh and Eguaoje’s (2019) finding that the garlic and ginger mixture improved organoleptic qualities, with the best performance recorded for 1.5% inclusion levels. The increased tenderness with an increase in the test ingredient is an indication that the phytochemicals present are sufficient to the extent of releasing juicy contents from the meat of birds, leading to low pH and water loss. The improvement in flavor of treatments receiving ACSM is an indication that the test ingredient had a positive effect on this parameter as perceived by the panelists. Edeoga et al. (2006) reported that ingredients with sufficient alkaloids and flavonoids are expected to improve meat flour, which confirms the presence of these vital compounds in the test ingredients. The results showed an increase in meat juiciness with increase in ACSM levels. The least value of (5.50 ± 0.563) quality of juiciness was recorded in broilers without ACSM, while the highest (7.17 ± 0.543) quality of juiciness was recorded in broilers treated with 1.0% ACSM. However, this study contradicts the report by Nisar et al., (2020) and Mehdipour et al. (2013) that the inclusion of phytochemicals had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on broiler and quail meat quality at the varying levels.

Relative expression of interleukin 10 and interleukin 1β genes in spleen of broiler chickens

The result of interleukin 10 gene expression in the spleen of broilers fed Aframomum chrysanthum seed meal is presented in Figure 1. The result showed that the test ingredient affected the expression of the target gene. IL10 gene expression was higher in birds fed 2% ACSM; however, the control group was higher than birds fed 1% and 1.5% ACSM, respectively. The fold change indicates a ratio of 1.82, 1.39, and 0.81 folds for T2, T3 and T4 as compared to the control group. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the expression pattern of the gene. The result of interleukin-1β (IL1β) gene expression in the spleen of broilers fed ACSM is presented in Figure 2. The result showed that the test ingredient affected the expression of the target gene. IL1β gene expression was higher in birds fed 1% ACSM; however, the control group was higher compared to birds fed 1.5% and 2% ACSM, respectively. The fold change for IL1β indicates a ratio of 1.16, 1.20, and 4.0 folds for T2, T3, and T4 as compared to the control group. There were also no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the expression pattern of the gene.

There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the expression patterns of the genes studied. Expression of cytokine genes in the spleen of broiler chickens using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been reported over twenty years ago (Fujiki et al., 2000). The results of the present study show evidence of immune gene modulation by the test ingredients, as varying levels impacted gene expression of IL-10 and IL-1β. Increased inclusion of the test ingredient reduced the expression of IL-1β, while simultaneously increasing IL-10 expression. Sun et al. (2019) reported that a high IL10 level inhibits the production of IL1β. This is an indication that the test ingredients contain sufficient phytogenic substances capable of sustaining immune functions in broilers, which is in line with a study that found Escherichia coli serotypes-challenged birds had reduced IL10 as IL1β increased (Elnagar et al., 2021). The report from this study is similar to earlier studies reported by Sorhue et al. (2021) using Ocimum gratissimum leaf meal in two chicken strains. According to FAO (2014), enzymes and antibiotics are mostly used as feed additives for the purpose of reducing microbial load in the gut, leading to an abundance of nutrients for birds. Brisbin et al. (2008) further stated that this systematic use of antibiotics and enzymes helps to reduce inflammation by reducing the effects of IL- 1β and increase the expression of IL-10. This statement implies that the test ingredient used in this study followed the systemic action of antibiotics in the spleen of the experimental birds, as evident in the relative expression patterns of IL-10 and IL-1β.

 

 

However, while antibiotic usage may reduce IL-1β expression and prevent inflammation, which could eventually reduce body weight loss and stunted growth during infections in broiler chickens, its usage has led to a high incidence of necrotic enteritis and dysbacteriosis following the development of resistance from its prolonged usage (Huyghebaert et al., 2011). Although antibiotics help to reduce cases of pathogenic bacteria (Ravindrer, 2016), treatment of infections, prevention, promoting growth, and improving production are the main causes of antibiotic usage in broiler production (Castanin, 2007; Mattew et al., 2009). Following reports by the last four quoted authors, the result of the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and IL-1β infers that the test ingredient could also assume the functions of antibiotics, having reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines expression while simultaneously increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine in chicken spleen. It is known that bacteria use enzyme modification, efflux activity, and decreased permeability of their membranes to counter the actions of antibiotics (Basselti et al., 2013). Natural sources such as ACSM contain phytogenic substances such as phenol, flavonoid, and tannins that are efficient without creating room for bacteria to develop resistance to their usage. If natural sources such as ACSM are not effectively used to replace antibiotics, the public health challenge posed by antibiotic use will increase. The findings from this study support the suggestion that antibiotic alternatives ought to have antibodies and gut microbiome-modulating effects (Teirlynck et al., 2009). Nofrarias et al. (2006) have earlier reported that phytogenic feed additives control inflammatory processes in the intestinal mucosa, which aligns with the results of this study carried out in the spleen. Since cytokines (IL-10 and IL-1β), are said to coordinate, propagate, and inhibit immune responses, by virtue of the evolution of the immune system (Fujiki et al., 2000), plant materials containing phytochemicals capable of modulating immune gene expression can be established as a veritable feed additive in broiler production. Kogut-Rothwell et al. (2005) reported that chicken IL-1β expression is increased in response to bacterial, viral, and parasitic challenges. Yu et al. (2021) also reported that IL10 gene expression was downregulated as Eimeria tenella infection approached its peak period (6-8 days post-infection); this incidence could be averted by introducing anticoccidial, antibiotic, medicinal plant, or phytobiotic treatments. This implies that medicinal plant parts such as ACSM are expected to reduce expression of IL1β gene since they possess anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-parasitic properties. Earlier reports also showed that intraepithelial lymphocytes removed from the jejunum of Eimeria maxima-infected chickens contained high levels of IL-1β mRNA and less of IL-10 (Hong et al., 2006). Since feed conversion ratio and body weight gain are affected by inflammation that may arise from the expression of IL-1β, the inclusion of ACSM could be an alternative to antibiotics (Dinarello, 2011). Excessive inflammation and immune response are directly correlated with poor growth rates in birds, and the non–significant differences obtained in this study prove that there were no detrimental effects of feeding ACSM as a replacement for antibiotics, and this was also the case for feed conversion ratio and feed efficiency.

CONCLUSIONs and recommendations

This study concludes that ACSM is a good feed additive for improving the sensory attributes of meat without having a detrimental effect on growth performance or immune responses in chickens. However, inclusion at 1.5% level is recommended for optimum performance.

Acknowledgement

The authors wishes to appreciate the management and staff of DELSU Investment farms for their support during the period this experiment lasted.

Novelty Statement

This paper’s novelty rest on the fact that most studies conducted using medicinal plants in broiler chicken are centred on growth performance, blood indices or organoleptice qualities alone, without considering its effect on immune functions. On the other, studies that have based their objectives on immune responses haven’t linked the results with performance traits. This study has established a linkage with all the aforementioned characteristics using Aframomum crysanthum seed meal.

Author’s Contribution

Conception-UGS

Execution-UGS, AMM, EA, OSO, AJ, UJ

Data curation-UGS, POA, OSO

Analysis- UGS, OSO

Writing original draft-EA, AJ, UJ

Editing and revising-UGS, POA

Supervision-POA, UGS

Experimental location and ethical approval

The experiment was conducted at the poultry research farm of Delta State University Abraka. The experiment was approved by the Departmental Board of study, with approval reference number PGD – 18012023.

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