Distribution and Abundance of Vertebrate Pests of Cultivated Maize and their Eco-Friendly Management in District Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan

For the current study, five plots were randomly selected in each of three randomly selected sites: Iqbal Colony fields, 33°59’39.70”N ,73°46’29.03”E, Harighel fields,33°56’35.00”N 73°42’0.71”E and the Grid colony field 33°58’39.84”N,73°45’47.00”E). The trapping was done from April through September for estimation of pre harvest pests and from October through December post harvest pest estimation by trap-line method (line-transect technique). A trap-line consisting of 30 trap stations laid on a straight line that the distance between the consecutive stations was 15.24 meters apart. At each of the stations, three snap traps, two rat traps and one mouse trap were set for capturing rodents described by Rudran et al. (1996). The traps were baited with bread with cooking oil and a few drops of oil were also rubbed on traps. Trapping nights were calculated by multiplying number of traps by number of nights. The trapping was done each month consecutively for a period of three nights and at each study site two trap lines with 30 stations was applied. The traps were set before sunset in the evening and checked before sunrise the next morning. The trapped specimens were removed and packed in plastic zipper bags and tagged with station number and sample number. The tagged samples were brought to the laboratory for identification and autopsy following the taxonomic keys of Robert (1997). The lagomorph and artiodactyl, populations were estimated by adapting the total count method (Sutherland, 1994). It is the average of sum of animals observed in at each site. The pest bird population was estimated by the point count method. The birds were counted, visualized and photographed in fixed radius plots (Hutto et al., 1986).

We recorded 23 pest species belonging to 13 families among which five species are large mammals (Table I). The percentage of variability ranged from 61.143 to 0.213, while the percentage of cumulative variability ranged from 61.143 to 100 (Fig. 1). The wild boar (Sus scrofa) is omnivorous and infests maize before the grain become hard and the infestation rate become high (Bueno et al., 2011). The habitat of the three studies is different and also proved statistically significant (Fig. 2) and correlation of species with habitat (Fig. 3). The Indian flying-foxe (Pterpus giganteus) infestation rate at the study area was recorded August, September and October (Mahmood et al., 2010). The russet sparrow (Passer cinnamomeus), infests crops at the time of sowing, seedling and post harvest (Summers et al., 1988). The rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri), feeds on buds, fruits, vegetables, nuts, berries, and causes significant economic losses (Jassra and Rafi, 2003). The plum-headed parakeet (Psittacula cyanocephala) has a wide feeding niche of cultivated crops, orchids and damage maize cobs and seeds (Dvir, 1985). The house crow (Corvus splendens), damages cultivations,

stored grains and causes significant economic loss (Feare et al., 1990). The greatest damage to the ripened crops is due to the foraging activities of the bird species (Ploceus philippinus), and can reduce crop yield by more than 55% (Bruggers et al., 1998). The tree sparrow (Passer montanus) feeds on seeds on the ground and maize cobs (Clement, 1993). The yellow-billed blue magpie (Urocissa flavirostris) is omnivorous, damages maize cobs. The geographic distribution of species in Azad Jammu Kashmir is reported by (Faiz et al., 2015). The rock pigeon (Columba livia) is sighted at sowing and post-harvest of the maize crop (Thamaraiselvi et al., 2015). The spotted dove (Spilopelia chinensis) is grainivore and is sighted at sowing and post-harvest (Shyama et al., 1998). The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) infests crops in the groups when maize grain goes to ripening which is similar in India (Rao et al., 2001). The distribution of this species is reported as being abundant and is a pest by various authors (Faiz et al., 2016). The Indian porcupine (Hystrix indica) is a pest of moist temperate forests, plantations, and cultivated land (Amori et al., 2008). The infestation of Royle’s pika (Ochotona roylei), normally occurs when maize grains are ripen. The house mouse (Mus musculus) infestation occurs post-harvest (Faiz et al., 2016). The bandicoot rat (Bendicota bengalensis) infestation occurs at the sowing of seeds and they damage seedling, while a second infestation occurs at the time of post-harvest stage. They collect maize in their burrows (Faiz et al., 2016).The black rat (Rattus rattus) shift their territory from house to fields when the abundance of food in house is less (Faiz, 2016). The Kashmir field mouse (Apodemus rusiges) infestation was recorded during seedling but they also raided fields at post-harvest (Faiz et al., 2016). The Asian house shrew (Suncus murinus) feeds on plant matter such as grains, nuts, and seeds (Prakash et al., 1999). Our results agree with the findings of (Faiz, et al., 2018) who reported that the density of (S. murinus) in fields is high because stored cereals at human houses are exhausted.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.