South Asian Journal of Life Sciences

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Research Article

Floristic Inventory of Baghdad-Ul-Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan

Hafiz Muhammad Wariss1, 2, 3*, Saeed Ahmad4, Khurshid Alam5, Naila Sarwer6, Shazia Anjum3

1Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China; 2Plant Germplasm and Genomics Center, The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China; 3Cholistan Institute of Desert Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan; 4University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan; 5Department of Forestry, Rang & Wildlife Management, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan; 6Department of Botany, Bahawalnagar Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.

Abstract | The aim of the present study was to record the floristic composition and to make an account of plant diversity of Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur covering an area of 1250 Acres. The area was divided into three categories as cultivated area, desert area and faculty area. The area was systematically explored and 305 plant species belonging to 235 genera and 78 families were recorded. Poaceae was found to be the largest family with 45 species followed by Papilionaceae (23 species), Asteraceae (18 species), Euphorbiaceae (12 species), Solanaceae (12 species), Mimosaceae (11 species), Cucurbitaceae (10 species), Moraceae (8 species), Apocynaceae (7 species), Aizoaceae (6 species), Boraginaceae (6 species) and Brassicaceae (6 species). The faculty area had thehighest number of plant species (257) species followed by the cultivated area (191)then the desert area (60). The findings of this study will guide strategies aimed at better management of plant resources in the area.

Keywords | Baghdad-ul-jadeed campus, Natural vegetation, Cultivated plants, Life form, Floristic diversity.

Editor | Muhammad Nauman Zahid, Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.

Received | May 11, 2017 Accepted | June 14, 2017; Published | June 29, 2017

*Correspondence | Hafiz Muhammad Wariss, Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China; Email: muhammad@mail.kib.ac.cn

Citation | Wariss HM, Ahmad S, Alam K, Sarwer N, Anjum S (2017). Floristic inventory of Baghdad-ul-jadeed campus, the Islamia university of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. S. Asian J. Life Sci. 5(1): 5-18.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.sajls/2017/5.1.5.18

ISSN | 2311–0589

Copyright © 2017 Wariss et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Introduction

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur is located in Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. Bahawalpur has always been a seat of higher learning. Uch Sharif (a nearby ancient town) had one of the largest universities in the world where scholars from all over the world studied. As a continuation of this tradition a religious university (Jamia Abbasia) was established at Bahawalpur in 1925, following the academic pursuits of Jamia Al-Azhar, Egypt. The renowned scholars spread the beacon of Islam by teaching Tafseer of Quran, Hadith, Fiqh and History along with other contemporary subjects. In view of changing scenario, Jamia Abbasia was declared a general University in 1975, and renamed as The Islamia University of Bahawalpur. Initially, it started functioning at Abbasia and Khawaja Fareed Campus with ten departments. In order to construct a modern and self-contained campus, 1250 acres of land was allotted to the university on eight Kilometer Bahawalnagar road (Figure 1).

The Baghdad-ul-Jadeed campus, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur (Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, IUB) has three basic habitats, i.e. cultivated area is specific for crop cultivation and agricultural experiment practices, desert area having sand dunes supporting xeric vegetation and faculty area specified for educational, administration, residential and recreational buildings of the campus. The climate of the area is of subtropical continental type, characterized by high temperature, low relative humidity, high rate of evaporation, strong summer winds and low and sporadic rain fall. Annual rainfall ranges between 90-200 mm and temperature between -2ᴼC 50ᴼC. The soil is made up of alluvial deposits with cultivated area loamy soil, while the desert areas clayey loam soil with low sand dunes at scattered places (Hameed at al., 2002).

Figure 1: Map of Baghadad-ul-Jadeed Campus, IUB, Pakistan. (Source: Geography Department; The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan)

The floristic studies of an area are a prerequisite for ecological and phytogeographical studies and conservation management activities. From an ecological point of view, studies on vegetation structure need to link the flora and vegetation with habitat types (Nicholes, 1930). Floristic inventories provide a baseline for future taxonomic, ecological, ethnobotanical, phytochemical investigations and conservation managements. Ecosystems are continually changing due to pollution, deforestation, habitat destruction and fragmentation. Thus periodic updating of floral diversity in the form of checklists of a region is necessary to understand species to species and species to environment interactions (Tastad et al., 2010; Shaheen et al., 2014; Shinwari et al., 2012, 2015). Many researchers have worked on floristic inventories, composition and vegetation structure in different parts of Pakistan and also floristic studies of different universities campuses also recorded (Sant, 1962; Singh, 1967; Arshad and Rao, 1994; Arshad and Akbar, 2002; Qureshi et al., 2011; Singh, 2011; Ahmad et al., 2012; Malik et al., 2013; Choudhary et al., 2014; Wariss et al., 2013, 2014a, 2014b, 2015).The present study sought to document the floristic diversity, update species naming with local names and determine species distribution in the study area. It will be helpful and serve for the conservation and sustainable management of plant resources of the area.

Materials and methods

An extensive survey was carried out in the study area during the period between the years 2010-2012 with the objective of collecting plant specimens. The study area was divided into three categories on the basis of topography, soil condition and vegetation type: cultivated, desert and faculty areas. The life form, habit, wild/cultivated status was also observed and recorded. The collected specimens were identified based on previous flora descriptions (Jafri, 1966; Chaudhary 1969-1989, Ali and Nasir, 1989-1992, Ali and Qaiser, 1986; Ali and Qaiser, 1993-2007; Bhandari, 1987, THE PLANT LIST).

Results and Discussion

A total of 306 plant species belonging to 235 genera and 78 families were identified. The major plant families that contributed in the formation of vegetation of the study area were Poaceae with 45 species followed by Papilionaceae (23 species), Asteraceae (18 species), Solanaceae (12 species), Euphorbiaceae (12 species), Cucurbitaceae (10 species), Mimosaceae (11 species) and Moraceae (8 species). The complete checklist of species along with their family names in alphabetical order, local name, presence in cultivated, desert and faculty area (Habitat wise distribution) and wild or cultivated species, habit and also life form is given in (Table 1, Figure 2 and 3). The floristic composition represented by Gymnosperms with 4 families of 5 genera and 5 species while Angiosperms represented by 73 families, of which 65 families of dicots with 185 genera and 242 species while monocots contributing with 59 species, 45 genera and9 families (Table 2).

The faculty area mostly comprises wild and exotic shrubs and trees such as Alstonia scholaris, Nerium oleander, Plumeria rubra, Cassia fistula, Halorrhena pubescens, Tecoma stans, Bombax ceiba, Cordia myxa, Delonix regia, Canna indica, Conocarpus erectus, Quisqualis indica, Terminalai arjuna, Cupressus sempervirens, Thuja orientalis, Jatropha curcas, Lagerstroemia indica, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Azadirachta indica, Melia azedarach, Albizia lebbeck, Leucaena lecuocephala, Ficus bengalensis, Ficus religiosa, Moringa oleifera, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Bougainvillea glabra, Pongamia pinnata, Saraca asoca, Calligonum polygonoides, Rosa indica, and Tamarix aphylla.

In faculty area, grassy lawn also having some wild grasses and herbaceous species as Cenchrus biflorus, Cenchrus ciliaris, Cymbopogon jwarancusa, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Cynodon dactylon, Dichanthium annulatum, Digitaria sanguinalis, Panicum antidotale, Ochthochloa compressa, Poa annua, Vicia sativa, Oxalis corniculata, Fumaria indica, Euphorbia prostrata, Sonchus asper and Launaea nudicaulis.

Figure 2: Floristic composition, habitat distribution, wild or cultivated species and life form at Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, IUB.

Figure 3: Habit of the recorded Species at Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, IUB

Table 2: Comprehensive breakdown of plant groups at Baghdad-ul Jadeed Campus, IUB.

Plant Group	Genera	Species	Families
Gymnosperms	5	5	4
Dicots	185	241	65
Monocots	45	59	9
Total	235	305	78

Several of the naturally growing herbs, Shrubs and woody species in the desert area like Acacia nilotica, Acacia jacquemonti, Capparis decidua, Calotropis procera, Aerva javanica, Dipterygium glaucum, Dalbergia sissoo, Leptadenia pyrotechnica, Crotalaria burhia, Asphodelus tenuifolius, Limeum indicum, Launaea resedifolia, Heliotropium crispum, Nonea edgeworthii, Farsetia hamiltonii, Haloxylon salicornicum, Suaeda fruticosa, Citrullus colocynthis, Boerhavia repens, Solanum surattense, Corchorus depressus and Tribulus terrestris.

Different crops grown in cultivated area which also having some weeds as Digera muricata, Carthamus oxycantha, Cirsium arvense, Conyza bonariensis, Eclipta alba, Coronopus didymus, Stellaria media, Anagallis arvensis, Cyperus rotundus, Melilotus officinalis, Echinochloa colona, and Solanum nigrum.

The majority of the plant species in the study area were cultivated species. It is interesting that the majority of the cultivated plants were the ornamentals, few species was edible ones and many having a medicinal value. In conclusion, University campuses are very diverse and dynamic systems which contain wild and many locally adapted crops, also known as landraces. Hence, these are particularly interesting for in situ conservation and sustainable management of plant resources.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Prof Dr. Muhammad Arshad (Late) who suggested and guided during this study and Muditha Kasun Meegahakumbura, Wambulwa Moses Chelotito review manuscript.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interest.

Author contribution

Hafiz Muhammad Wariss collected field data and prepared early draft of manuscript while help in preparing and designing the manuscript and figures.

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Table 1: A complete list of distribution, status (cultivated/wild), habit andlife form of plant species at Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, IUB.

Family	Species	Local Name	Cultivated area	Desert Area	Faculty Area	Cultivated/ Wild	Habit	Life Form
Agavaceae	Frucraea foetida (L.) Haw.		-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
Aizoaceae	Gisekia pharnaceoides L.		+	+	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Limeum indicum Stocks ex T. Anderson		-	+	-	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Sesuvium sesuvioides(Fenzl) Verdc.		+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Trianthema portulacastrum L.	Lal itsit	+	+	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Trianthema triquetra Rottl. and Willd.	Alvaiti	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Zaleya pentandra (Linn.) Jeffrey	It sit	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
Amaranthaceae	Achyranthes asperaLinn.	Phut kanda	+	-	-	Wild	Shrub	Perennial
	Aerva javanica(Burm. F.) Juss. Ex J.A. Schultes	Bui	+	+	+	Wild	Shrub	Perennial
	Alternanthera sessilis(Linn.) DC.		+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Perennial
	Amaranthus viridisLinn.		+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Digera muricata(L.) Mart.	Tandula	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
Anacardiaceae	Mangifera indica L.	Aam	+	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
Apiaceae	Anethum graveolens Linn.	Soy	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Foeniculum vulgareMill.	Saunf	+	+	+	Cultivated	Herb	Annual
	Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague	Ajwain	-	-	+	Cultivated	Herb	Annual
Apocynaceae	Alstonia scholaris(Linn.) R.Br.	Gul-shetaan	-	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Carissa carandas Linn.	Karanjwa	-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.) Wall. Ex G. Don	Chandni	-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Nerium oleander Linn.	Kaner	-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Plumeria rubra L.	Gul cheen	-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult.	Chiti chandni	-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) Schum.	Peeli kaner	-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
Araucariaceae	Araucaria cunninghamii Sweet		-	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
Arecaceae	Livistona chinensis (N.J. Jacquin) R. Brown ex Martius	Fan Palm	-	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Phoenix dactylifera Linn.	Khajor	+	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Phoenix sylvestris(Linn.) Roxb.	Khaji	+	-	+	Wild	Tree	Perennial
Asclepiadaceae	Calotropis procera (Ait.) Ait. F.	Ak	+	+	+	Wild	Shrub	Perennial
	Caralluma edulis (Edgew.) Hook. f.	Seetu	-	-	+	Cultivated	Herb	Annual
	Leptadenia pyrotechnica(Forssk.) Decne.	Khip	+	+	+	Wild	Shrub	Perennial
Asparagaceae	Asparagus officinalis L.	Asparagus	-	-	+	Cultivated	Climber	Perennial
Asphodelaceae	Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav.	Piazi	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
Asteraceae	Carthamus oxycantha M.Bieb.	Poli	+	+	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Carthamus tinctorius L.	Qurtam	-	-	+	Cultivated	Herb	Annual
	Cichorium intybus L.	Kasni	+	-	+	Cultivated	Herb	Annual
	Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.	Laih	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Conyza bonariensis (L.)Cronquist.	Phulni	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Perennial
	Echinops echinatus Roxb.	Unt katara	-	+	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk.	Bhangra	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Perennial
	Helianthus annuus L.	Soraj mukhi	+	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Annual
	Laphangium luteoalbum(L.) Tzvelev		-	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Launaea nudicaulis (L.) Hook.f.	Bhattal	+	+	+	Wild	Herb	Perennial
	Launaea resedifolia Druce		+	+	+	Wild	Herb	Perennial
	Orbivestus cinerascens Sch.Bip.		-	-	+	Wild	Shrub	Perennial
	Pulicaria crispa Sch.Bip.	Bui	-	-	+	Wild	Herb	Perennial
	Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.	Unt katara	-	-	+	Cultivated	Herb	Annual
	Sonchus arvensis L.		+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Sonchus asper (L.) Hill.		+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L.		+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Xanthium strumarium L.	Leedha	+	-	-	Wild	Herb	Annual
Bignoniaceae	Tecoma stans(Linn.) Juss. Ex H	Tecoma	-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Campsis radicans(Linn.) Seem.	Tecoma bail	-	-	+	Cultivated	Climber	Perennial
Bombacaceae	Bombax ceiba Linn.	Sumbal	+	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
Boraginaceae	Cordia myxa L.	Lasora	+	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Gastrocotyle hispida (Forssk.) Bunge		+	+	-	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Heliotropium crispumDesf.	Kali bui	+	+	+	Wild	Herb	Perennial
	Heliotropium europaeum L.		+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Heliotropium strigosum Willd.		-	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Nonea edgeworthiiA. DC.		+	-	-	Wild	Herb	Annual
Brassicaceae	Coronopus didymus (Linn.) Smith	Jangli Haloon	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Eruca sativa Mill.	Tara mera	-	-	+	Cultivated	Herb	Annual
	Farsetia hamiltonii Royle	Fareed buti	-	+	+	Wild	Herb	Perennial
	Lepidium sativumLinn.	Halion	+	-	+	Cultivated	Herb	Annual
	Malcolmia africana(Linn.) R. Br.		+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Sisymbrium irio Linn.		+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
Caesalpiniaceae	Bauhinia purpurea Linn.	Kachnar	-	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Cassia fistula Linn.	Amal tas	-	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Cassia occidentalis Linn.	Chasko	+	-	-	Wild	Shrub	Annual
	Delonix regia(Bojer) Rafin.	Gold mohar	-	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Parkinsonia aculeata Linn.	Walaiti kikar	-	+	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
Cannaceae	Canna flaccida Salisb	Gul-aqeeq peeli	-	-	+	Cultivated	Herb	Perennial
	Canna indica Linn.	Gul-aqeeq surkh	-	-	+	Cultivated	Herb	Perennial
Capparidaceae	Capparis decidua(Forssk.) Edgew.	Karir, deela	-	+	+	Wild	Shrub	Perennial
	Capparis spinosa Linn.	Deela	-	-	+	Wild	Herb	Perennial
	Cleome viscosa L.		+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Dipterygium glaucumDecne.	Fehl	-	+	+	Wild	Herb	Perennial
Caryophyllaceae	Arenaria serpyllifolia L.		-	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Spergula arvensis L.		+	-	-	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Spergularia media(L.) Presl		+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Stellaria media (L.) Vill		+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
Chenopodiaceae	Chenopodium album Linnaeus	Bathu	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Chenopodium muraleLinnaeus	Krund	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Haloxylon salicornicum(Moq.) Bunge ex Boiss.	Lana	-	+	-	Wild	Shrub	Perennial
	Salsola imbricata Forssk.	Lani	+	+	+	Wild	Shrub	Perennial
	Suaeda fruticosaForssk. Ex J. F. Gmelin	Kali lani	+	+	+	Wild	Shrub	Perennial
Combretaceae	Conocorpus erectus L.		-	+	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Quisqualis indica Linn.	Jhumka bail	-	-	+	Cultivated	Climber	Perennial
	Terminalia arjuna(Roxb. Ex DC.) Wight & Arm	Arjan	+	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
Convolvulaceae	Convolvulus arvensis Linn.	Vanvari	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Perennial
Cucurbitaceae	Citrullus colocynthis(Linn.) Schrad.	Kor tumma	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Perennial
	Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mats. & Nakai	Tarbooz	+	-	+	Cultivated	Herb	Annual
	Praecitrullus fistulosus (Stocks) Pangalo	Tinday	+	-	+	Cultivated	Herb	Annual
	Cucumis melosubsp.melovar. melo	Kharbooza	+	-	-	Cultivated	Herb	Annual
	Cucumis melosubsp.agrestisvar.agrestis Naudin	Chibhar	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Cucumis sativus Linn.	Kheera	+	-	-	Cultivated	Herb	Annual
	Cucurbita moschata (Duch. Ex Lam.) Duch. Ex Poir.	Halwa-kadoo	+	-	+	Cultivated	Herb	Annual
	Luffa cylindrica (Linn.) Roem.	Ghia-tori	+	-	+	Cultivated	Herb	Annual
	Momordica charantia Linn.	Karela	+	-	+	Cultivated	Herb	Annual
	Mukia maderaspatana(Linn.) M.J. Roem.	Chirati	+	-	-	Wild	Herb	Annual
Cupressaceae	Cupressus sempervirens L.	Saroo	+	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Thuja orientalis L.	Mor-pankh	+	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
Cuscutaceae	Cuscuta reflexa L.	Akas-bail	+	-	+	Wild	Parasite	Annual
Cycadaceae	Cycas revolutaThunb.	Cycas	-	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
Cyperaceae	Cyperus rotundusLinnaeus	Murki	+	+	+	Wild	Sedge	Perennial
Euphorbiaceae	Chrozophora plicata (Vahl) A. Juss. Ex Spreng.	Neel-kari	+	+	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Euphorbia granulataForssk.	Hazar dani	+	-	-	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Euphorbia helioscopia L.	Chatri dhodak	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Euphorbia hirta L.	Dhodal	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Euphorbia prostrataAit.	Hazar dani	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Euphorbia royleanaBoiss.	Danda thor	+	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Euphorbia tirucalli L.		-	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Jatropha integerrima Jacq.		-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Jatropha curcas L.		-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Phyllanthus emblica L.	Amla	-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Putranjiva roxburghii Wall.		-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Ricinus communis L.	Arind, harnoli	+	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
Fumariaceae	Fumaria indica(Hausskn.) Pugsley	Pit-papra	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
Gentianaceae	Centaurium pulchellum(Sw.) Druce		+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
Lamiaceae	Lallemantia royleana (Benth.) Benth.	Tukhm malanga	-	-	+	Cultivated	Herb	Annual
	Mentha arvensis L.	Podina	+	-	-	Cultivated	Herb	Perennial
	Ocimum basilicum L.	Niazbo	+	-	+	Cultivated	Herb	Perennial
	Ocimum tenuiflorum L.	Tulsi	+	-	+	Cultivated	Herb	Perennial
Liliaceae	Allium cepa Linn.	Piaz	+	-	+	Cultivated	Herb	Annual
	Allium sativum Linn.	Thoom,Lahsin	+	-	-	Cultivated	Herb	Annual
	Aloe vera (L.) Burm. F.	Kanwar gandal	-	-	+	Cultivated	Herb	Perennial
	Ruscus hypophyllum Linn.		-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
Linaceae	Linum usitatissimum Linn.	Alsi	+	-	-	Cultivated	Herb	Annual
Lytheraceae	Lagerstroemia indica Linn.		-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Lagerstroemia speciosa(Linn.) Pers.		-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Lawsonia inermis Linn.	Mehndi	-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
Malvaceae	Abelmoschus esculentus(Linn.) Moench	Bhindi	+	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Annual
	Abutilon muticum(Del.ex DC.) Sweet	Akari	+	-	-	Wild	Shrub	Perennial
	Gossypium hirsutum Linn.	Kappas	+	-	-	Cultivated	Shrub	Annual
	Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn.	Show flower	-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Malvastrum coromendelianum(Linn.) Garcke		+	-	-	Wild	Shrub	Perennial
Meliaceae	Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss.	Neem	+	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Melia azedarach Linn.	Bakain	+	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
Mimosaceae	Acacia ampliceps Maslin	Australian kikar	+	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Acacia farnesiana (Linn.) Willd.	Australian kikar	+	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Acacia jacquemontiiBenth.	Banwali	-	+	-	Wild	Tree	Perennial
	Acacia nilotica(Linn.) Delile	Kikar	+	+	+	Wild	Tree	Perennial
	Acacia victoriae Benth.	Australian kikar	+	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.	Shareen	+	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Leucaena leucocephala(Lam.) de Wit	Ipil-Ipil	+	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.	Jangal jalebi	-	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Prosopis cineraria(Linn.) Druce	Jand	+	+	+	Wild	Tree	Perennial
	Prosopis glandulosa Torr.	Maskit	+	+	+	Wild	Tree	Perennial
	Prosopis juliflora(Swartz) DC.	Maskit	+	+	+	Wild	Tree	Perennial
Molluginaceae	Mollugo cerviana (L.) Seringe		+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
Moraceae	Ficus bengalensis L.	Bohir	-	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Ficus benjamina L.	Ficus	-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Ficus carica L.	Anjeer	+	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Ficus elasticaRoxb. Ex Hornem.	Rubber plant	-	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Ficus infectoria	Pilkhan	-	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Ficus religiosa L.	Peepal	+	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Morus alba L.	Toot	+	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Morus macroura Miq.	Shatoot	+	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
Moringaceae	Moringa oleifera Lam.	Suhajna	+	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
Musaceae	Musa paradisica Linn.	Keela	-	-	+	Cultivated	Herb	Perennial
Myrtaceae	Callistemon lanceolatus (Sm.) Sweet.	Bottle brush	+	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.	Safeeda	+	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Eucalyptus citriodora Hook.	Safeeda	+	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Eugenia jambolana Lam.	Jaman	+	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Psidium guajava L.	Amrood	+	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
Neuradaceae	Neurada procumbens L.	Chapri	-	+	-	Wild	Herb	Annual
Nyctaginaceae	Boerhavia repens Linn.	Biskhapra	+	+	+	Wild	Herb	Perennial
	Bougainvillea glabraChoisy		-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Bougainvillea spectabilisWilld.		-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
Oleaceae	Jasminum grandiflorum Linn.	Chambali	-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Jasminum humile Linn.	Chambali	-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Jasminum sambac(Linn.) Ait.	Motia	-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Olea europaea Linn.	Zaitoon	-	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
Oxalidaceae	Oxalis corniculata L.	Khatti booti	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Perennial
Papaveraceae	Argemone mexicana Linn.	Sattya nasi	+	-	-	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Papaver somniferum Linn.	Khaskhas	-	-	+	Cultivated	Herb	Annual
Papilionaceae	Alhagi maurorumMedic.	Jamahan	+	+	+	Wild	Shrub	Perennial
	Crotalaria burhiaBuch.-Ham. Ex Benth.	Chag	-	+	+	Wild	Shrub	Perennial
	Crotalaria medicaginea var. medicaginea		+	-	-	Wild	Shrub	Annual
	Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Linn.) Taubert	Gawar	-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Annual
	Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.	Sheesham	+	-	+	Wild	Tree	Perennial
	Erythrina suberosa Roxb.	Gul-nishtar	-	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.	Mulathi	-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Indigofera sessiliflora DC.		+	-	-	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Medicago polymorpha Linn.	Maina	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Medicago sativa Linn.	Lucran	+	-	-	Cultivated	Herb	Annual
	Melilotus albaDesr.	Sinji chiti	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Melilotus officinalis (Linn.) Pall.	Sinji peeli	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Psoralea corylifolia Linn.	Banchi	-	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Rhynchosia capitata (Heyne ex Roth) DC.		+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Rhynchosia minima (Linn.) DC.		+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Perennial
	Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek	Mongi dal	+	-	-	Cultivated	Herb	Annual
	Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) Pierre	Sukh chan	+	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de Wilde	Ulta ashok	-	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Sesbania sesban var. sesban	Jantar	+	-	-	Wild	Shrub	Annual
	Trifolium alexandrianum Linn.	Berseem	+	-	-	Cultivated	Herb	Annual
	Trigonella monantha ssp.incisa (Benth.) Ali		+	-	-	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Vicia sativa Linn.	Rawari	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Vigna unguiculata subsp. cylindirica (Linn.) van Eseltine	Rawan	+	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Annual
Pedaliaceae	Sesamum indicum Linn.	Til	-	-	+	Cultivated	Herb	Annual
Pinaceae	Pinus roxburghiiSargent	Pinus	-	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
Piperaceae	Piper nigrum L.	Kali mirch	-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
Plantaginaceae	Plantago ovataForssk.	Isabghol	-	-	+	Cultivated	Herb	Annual
Poaceae	Aristida adscensionis Linn.	Lumb	-	+	+	Wild	Grass	Annual
	Aristida funiculataTrin. & Rupr.	Lumb	-	+	+	Wild	Grass	Annual
	Arundo donax Linn.	Narra	+	-	+	Wild	Grass	Perennial
	Avena fatua subsp. meridionalis Malz.	Jai, Javi	+	-	-	Cultivated	Grass	Annual
	Bambusa glaucescens (Willd.) Sieb. Ex Munro	Bans	-	-	+	Cultivated	Grass	Perennial
	Brachiaria reptens(Linn.) Gardner & Hubbard		+	-	+	Wild	Grass	Annual
	Cenchrus biflorusRoxb.	Leedha	+	+	+	Wild	Grass	Annual
	Cenchrus ciliaris Linn.	Dhaman	+	+	+	Wild	Grass	Perennial
	Cenchrus setigerusVahl	Dhaman	+	+	-	Wild	Grass	Perennial
	Chloris gayana Kunth		-	-	+	Cultivated	Grass	Perennial
	Cymbopogon jwarancusa(Jones) Schult.	Qatran, Khawi	+	+	+	Wild	Grass	Perennial
	Cymbopogon citratuts (DC.)Stapf.	Lemon grass	-	-	+	Cultivated	Grass	Perennial
	Cynodon dactylon(Linn.) Pers.	Khabar, talla	+	+	+	Wild	Grass	Perennial
	Dactyloctenium aegyptium(Linn.) Willd.	Madhana ghaa	+	+	+	Wild	Grass	Annual
	Desmostachya bipinnata(Linn.) Stapf	Dhabb	+	+	+	Wild	Grass	Perennial
	Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf		+	-	+	Wild	Grass	Annual
	Digitaria sanguinalis (Linn.) scop.		+	-	+	Wild	Grass	Annual
	Diplachne fusca(Linn.) P. Beauv. Ex Roem. & Schult.	Kallar gha	+	-	-	Wild	Grass	Perennial
	Echinochloa colona(Linn.) Link	Sawank	+	-	+	Wild	Grass	Annual
	Eleusine indica(Linn.) Gaertn.		-	-	+	Wild	Grass	Annual
	Eragrostis barrelieri Day.		+	-	+	Wild	Grass	Annual
	Hordeum vulgare Linn.	Jao	+	-	-	Cultivated	Grass	Annual
	Imperata cylindrica(Linn) Raeuschel.		+	-	-	Wild	Grass	Perennial
	Lasiurus scindicusHenr.	Sewan	-	+	+	Wild	Grass	Perennial
	Ochthochloa compressa(Forssk.) Hilu	Ghandhel, Chember	+	+	+	Wild	Grass	Perennial
	Panicum antidotaleRetz.	Murrat	+	+	+	Wild	Grass	Perennial
	Panicum turgidum Forssk.	Bansi ghaa	-	-	+	Cultivated	Grass	Perennial
	Paspalum paspalodes (Michx.) Scribner		+	-	-	Wild	Grass	Perennial
	Pennisetum divisum (Gmel.) Henr.		-	-	+	Cultivated	Grass	Perennial
	Pennisetum glaucum (Linn.) R. Br.	Bajra	+	-	-	Cultivated	Grass	Annual
	Phalaris minor Retz.		+	-	+	Wild	Grass	Annual
	Poa annuaLinn.		+	-	+	Wild	Grass	Annual
	Polypogon monspeliensis(Linn.) Desf.	Dumbi citi	+	-	+	Wild	Grass	Annual
	Saccharum bengalenseRetz.	Sarkanda, Kana	+	+	+	Wild	Grass	Perennial
	Saccharum officinarumLinn.	Ganna	+	-	-	Cultivated	Grass	Perennial
	Saccharum spontaneumLinn.	Sachi sir	+	+	-	Wild	Grass	Perennial
	Setaria pumila(Poir.) Roem. & Schult.		+	-	+	Wild	Grass	Annual
	Setaria verticillata (Linn.) P. Beauv.		-	-	+	Wild	Grass	Annual
	Sorghum halepense (Linn.) Pers.	Baroo	-	-	+	Wild	Grass	Annual
	Sorghum bicolor (Linn.) Moench.	Jawar	+	-	-	Cultivated	Grass	Annual
	Sporobolus ioclados(Nees ex Trin.) Nees		-	-	+	Wild	Grass	Perennial
	Tragus roxburghiiPanigrahi		+	-	+	Wild	Grass	Annual
	Triticum aestivumLinn.	Gandam	+	-	-	Cultivated	Grass	Annual
	Vetiveria zizanioides (Linn.) Nash	Khaskhas	-	-	+	Cultivated	Grass	Perennial
	Zea maysLinn.	Maki, Corn	+	-	-	Cultivated	Grass	Annual
Polygonaceae	Calligonum polygonoides Linnaeus	Phog	-	+	+	Wild	Tree	Perennial
	Persicaria glabra (Willd.) M. Gomes	Kala vera	+	-	-	Wild	Herb	Perennial
	Rumex dentatusLinnaeus	Jangli palak	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
Portulaceae	Portulaca oleraceaLinn.	Launak	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Portulaca quadrifida Linn.	Launak	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
Primulaceae	Anagallis arvensis L.		+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
Punicaceae	Punica granatum Linn.	Anar	+	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
Ranunculaceae	Nigella sativa L.	Kalonji	-	-	+	Cultivated	Herb	Annual
	Ranunculus muricatus L.		+	-	-	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Ranunculus sceleratus L.		+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
Resedaceae	Oligomeris linifolia(Vahl.) Macbride		-	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
Rhamnaceae	Zizyphus mauritianaLam.	Beri	+	+	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Zizyphus nummularia (Burm. F.) Wight & Arn.	Beri	+	+	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Zizyphus spina-christi(L.)Willd.	Beri	+	+	+	Wild	Shrub	Perennial
Rosaceae	Prunus persica(L.) Batsch	Aroo	+	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Rosa banksiaeW. T. Aiton	Gulab	+	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Rosa centifolia L.	Gulab	+	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Rosa x damascena Herrm.	Gulab	+	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Rosa indica L.	Gulab	+	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
Rubiaceae	Gardenia jasminoides J.Ellis		-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Hamelia patensJacquin		-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
Rutaceae	Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle	Kaghzi nimbo	-	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Citrus sinensis (Linn.) Osbeck,	Malta	+	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Murraya paniculata (Linn) Jack	Marva	-	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
Salicaceae	Populus euphratica Olivier	Popular	-	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
Salvadoraceae	Salvadora oleoides Decne	Jal, Peelu	-	+	+	Wild	Tree	Perennial
Sapindaceae	Dodonaea viscosa (Linn.) Jacq.	Sanatha	-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
Sapotaceae	Manilkara zapota (L.) P. van Royen	Chiku	-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
Scrophulariaceae	Leucophyllum candidum I.M. Johnst.	Silvri	-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
Simmondsiaceae	Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C.K. Schneid.	Jojoba	-	+	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
Solanaceae	Capsicum annuum L.	Lal mirch	+	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Cestrum nocturnum L.		-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Cestrum diurnum L.	Din-ka-raja	-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Datura innoxia Miller	Dhatora	+	+	+	Wild	Shrub	Perennial
	Lycopersicon esculentumMiller	Tamatar	+	-	+	Cultivated	Herb	Annual
	Nicotiana plumbaginifoliaViv.	Jangli tambakoo	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Physalis divaricata D. Don	Mamoolay	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Solanum melongena L.	Baingan	+	-	+	Cultivated	Herb	Annual
	Solanum nigrum L.	Mako	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Solanum surattense Burm. F.	Kaindari	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal	Paneer	+	-	-	Wild	Shrub	Perennial
	Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal	Ak sin	+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
Sterculiaceae	Brachychiton populneum (Schott & Endl.) R. Br.		+	-	-	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
	Pterospermum acerifolium (Linn.) Willd.		-	-	+	Cultivated	Tree	Perennial
Tamaricaceae	Tamarix aphylla(L.) Karst.	Ukhan	+	+	+	Wild	Tree	Perennial
	Tamarix dioicaRoxb. ex Roch	Lai	-	+	-	Wild	Shrub	Perennial
Tiliaceae	Grewia asiaticaLinn.	Falsa	+	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Corchorus depressus(Linn.) Stocks	Boh phalli	-	+	-	Wild	Herb	Perennial
	Corchorus trilocularis Linn.		+	-	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
Typhaceae	Typha domingensis Pers.	Dib	-	-	+	Wild	Sedge	Perennial
Verbanaceae	Duranta repens Linn.		-	-	+	Cultivated	Shrub	Perennial
	Lantana camara Linn.		-	-	+	Wild	Shrub	Perennial
	Phyla nodiflora (Linn.) Greene	Bukan booti	+	-	-	Wild	Herb	Perennial
Vitaceae	Vitis vinifera Linn.	Angoor	-	-	+	Cultivated	Climber	Perennial
Zygophyllaceae	Fagonia bruguieri var. laxa Boiss.	Damahan	-	+	+	Wild	Herb	Perennial
	Peganum harmala Linn.	Harmal	-	+	-	Wild	Herb	Perennial
	Tribulus longipetalusViv.	Bhakra	-	+	+	Wild	Herb	Annual
	Tribulus terrestris Linn.	Bhakra	+	+	+	Wild	Herb	Annual

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