Research Article

 

Extraction Methods and Technological Means of Drying Maggots (Musca domestica) for Good Nutritional Quality

 

Isidore Noudéhoungbèa Odjo1*, Gaston Antoine Djihinto4, Chimène Agrippine Rodogune Yelouassi2, Arnauld Sèdjro MartinDjissou1, Bernard Adjakossa1, Pierre Dossou-Yovo2, Guy Apolinaire Mensah3, Emile Didier Fiogbe1

1Laboratory of Research on Wet Lands, LRZH, FAST, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin; 2Laboratoire de Recherche en Traitement et Conservation des Produits Halieutiques; 3Institut National des Recherches Agricoles du Bénin (INRAB); 4Direction de la production halieutique, Benin, West Africa.

 

Editor | Muhammad Nauman Zahid, Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.

Received | February 07, 2019 Accepted | February 22, 2019; Published | April 01, 2019

*Correspondence | Isidore Noudehoungbea Odjo, Laboratory of Research on Wet Lands, LRZH, FAST, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin, West Africa; Email: odjoisidore@gmail.com

Citation | Odjo IN, Djihinto GA, Yelouassi CAR, Djissou ASM, Adjakossa B, Dossou-Yovo P, Mensah GA, Fiogbe ED (2019). Extraction methods and technological means of drying maggots (musca domestica) for good nutritional quality. S. Asian J. Life Sci. 7(1): 14-18.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.sajls/2019/7.1.14.18

ISSN | 2311–0589

Copyright © 2019 Odjo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

 

Introduction

 

Food self-sufficiency in animal protein is nowadays a challenge for Benin’s economic development. Fish products play a very important role in human nutrition. They constitute the most important source of animal protein in the diet of the Beninese population and represent 31.9% of the proteins of animal origin then 5.5% of the total proteins (FAO, 2016). In Benin, the supply of fishery resources is proving difficult on an ongoing basis because of overfishing, which is leading to a considerable reduction in fish stocks. Despite this, some of these resources are used for the production of farmed food. This is the case of flour and fish oil considered as good food for fish. It is therefore imperative to promote fish farming in its diversification in order to reduce, on the one hand, the import of frozen fish and to reduce the fishing pressure that threatens the survival of several fish species on the other hand. But this fish farm is facing the problem of food because of the use of fishmeal as the main source of protein in the fish diet. It is therefore necessary to find alternative and available sources of protein capable of meeting the nutritional needs of fish.

 

In the past, flour and fish oil have been used largely as main ingredients in aquaculture. These less and less used ingredients (Hardy, 2010; Oliva-Teles et al., 2015) have fluctuated in availability and cost. Today, their use is increasingly reduced to cover the amino acid and other nutrient content of fish for growth and meat quality.

 

Increasingly, aquaculture feed manufacturing industries are using alternative sources (nutritious wealth, availability and reduced costs) for fishmeal (Gatlin et al., 2007; Naylor et al., 2009). Among these alternative sources, animal proteins appear as potential candidates with excellent nutritional qualities (Djissou, 2017). They contain high levels of protein and lipids that make them even more interesting in the formulation of profitable foods in aquaculture. Sources of animal protein including insects such as locusts, termites, maggots, earthworms, etc. have been used in fish feed (Krogdahl et al., 2010; Desai et al., 2012; Djissou et al., 2016; Djissou, 2017).

 

Maggots (Musca domestica), short cycle and easy to produce, are rich in nutrients including protein (Ogunji et al., 2008; Aniebo et al., 2008) offering real potential for partial or total replacement of fishmeal (Djissou et al., 2015; Odjo et al., 2018). Their nutrient richness of fly larvae (maggots), their high digestibility (> 90%) and low levels of antinutritional factors have been proven in fish feed (Djissou et al., 2016). Otherwise, the production of maggots from organic waste and / or household waste contributes to sanitation and environmental management.

 

To make maggots available for fish feed, continuous production is required based on criteria such as production density by unit area, harvesting methods and technological means of drying. All this to make profitable the production in order to pass on the industrial scale. The objective of this study was to present, after the production of maggots, methods to maximizing their harvest and the different technological means of drying them.

 

Materials and Methods

 

Experimental Production Design

The production of larvae (maggots) of houseflies (Musca domestica) was conducted on the fish diversification station of the Laboratory for Research on Wetlands of the University of Abomey-Calavi.

 

The maggots used were produced at the (LRZH) station from a combination of substrate (2: 1 ratio) of chicken viscera and soy cakes (Djissou et al., 2015, Odjo et al., 2018). 3 kg of this combination were seeded in circular plastics, surface 0.5 m-2 each, and placed in a box away from sunlight, rain and predators (lizards, birds, rats etc.) at an average temperature of 30°C with a relative humidity of 92%. The maggots produced were obtained and dried according to different harvesting methods and means of drying.

 

Harvesting Methods

For the maggots harvest, different methods were used: simple sifter method (MTS), simple water method (MES), hot water method at 15°C (MEC), method of the simple sifter-water association (MTES), method of the association sifter-hot water (MTEC). For each method, a container is used to collect the collected maggots.

 

Drying

The drying of the maggots harvested was carried out according to four (04) different technological means namely: an improved device of drying in the sun1 which is solid wood with stainless wire mesh being able to turn on trestles (Dossou-Yovo et al., 2010), a sifter sun drying2 consists of a frame made with wooden battens, a lyophilizer3 that allows a cold drying (at low temperature and vacuum) and electric oven4 that allows to dry

 

Bromatological Analysis

The biochemical analyzes (proteins, dry matter, ash) were carried out in duplicate according to the standard methods of AOAC (1990) and concerned the maggot meal resulting from the different technological means of drying.

 

Crude proteins (%N × 6.25) were assayed by the kjeldahl method. The lipids were determined by the Soxhlet hot method, the dry matter by weight loss measurement after drying for 24 hours in an oven at 105°C. Ashes were determined after burning the samples in the oven at 550°C for 24 hours.

 

Statistical Analysis

The resulting data were subjected to a one-way analysis of variance after verification of homogeneity and normality using Statviews statistical software (version 5.01). If there is a significant difference, Fisher’s LSD test was used to compare two to two of the averages, the significance level being set at 5%.

 

Results

 

Table 1 shows the duration and density of production of maggots by unit area according to harvesting methods. The maggot harvesting time did not vary significantly from one method to another (P>0.05) except when using the simple

 

Table 1: Time and density production by unit area of maggots according to harvesting methods

 

	MTS	MEC	MES	MTEC	MTES
Harvesting time (min)	27±1a	18±2b	20±2b	15±3b	23±2ab
Density Production (g.m-2)	533±91a	562±70a	391.11±69b	833.33±121c	498±26a

 

Table 2: Technological means for drying maggots

 

Means of drying	Mean temperature (°C)	Duration (day)	Physical aspect (color and texture)	Energycost	Accessibility with producers
Improved device of drying	30	4	Slightlydegraded	Without	Accessible
Sifter sun	30	3-4	Degraded	Without	More accessible
Lyophilizer	7	2	Normal	Mean	Not very accessible
Electric oven	40	1	Stronglydegraded	Mean	Not very accessible

 

Table 3: Biochimical composition of the Maggots according to the drying technique

 

Centesimal composition	Proteins	Lipids	Ash	Dry matter
Improved device of drying	49.6±0.8a	11.76±0.84a	8.67±0.5a	86.12±1.33a
Sifter sun	47.2±1.6a	10.88±1.27a	8.16±0.7a	87.58±0.73a
Lyophilizer	54.6±0.2b	15±0.71b	8±0.66a	92±1.71a
Electric oven	41.63±1.61c	15.26±1.1b	9.38±0.97a	89.28±2.39a

 

 

sieve method. When hot water is used in the harvesting method (MEC, MTEC), the harvest time (15-18 minutes) is relatively short unlike the other methods (20-27 minutes) for MTS, MES and MTES. The same trend is observed for the density of production by unit area where the average production densities obtained are higher at the MEC and MTEC using hot water. This density of production by unit area varies significantly from one method to another (P<0.05) with the sieve-hot water (MTEC) method that led to the highest density (833.33 g.m-2).

 

With regard to the technological means used for drying maggots (Table 2), the average temperature and the drying time varies from one technological means to another. These parameters, including temperature, have many consequences on the physical appearance (color and texture) of dried maggots where it is found that the higher the temperature, the more the physical appearance of the maggots is degraded. The drying cost varies according to the type of energy used (expensive for electrical energy) and therefore determines the accessibility of the technological means of drying to the producers.

 

The biochemical composition of the maggots according to the drying technique (Table 3) reveals that the quality of the maggot meal (proteins and lipids) varies significantly according to the technological means of drying (P<0.05). The higher the drying temperature, the lower the quality of the maggot meal.

 

Discussion

 

Insect meal is one of the best alternatives to partial or total replacement of fish meal, mainly because of its amino acid content and fatty acid profile quite interesting (Nogales-Mérida et al., 2018). The potential use of insect meal has recently attracted a lot of attention (Barroso et al., 2014; Henry et al., 2015). These insects are true sources of animal protein for fish, especially for continental species (Nyinawamwiza, 2007; Djissou et al., 2017). Increasingly, larvae of maggots (Musca domestica) are used as a partial or total replacement for fishmeal in the diet of tropical freshwater fish (Djissou et al., 2016). The high utilization of maggots in fish feed is due to their relatively easy production, relatively short production cycle (3-5 days) and above all their high nutrient content (Djissou et al., 2018). But their permanent availability and their nutritional quality conditions their use for obtaining good zootechnical performances.

 

For a large scale use of maggots in fish feed, many criteria including the production substrate, the production density by unit area and the production time are highlighted to make them available. The work of several authors has shown the different types of maggot production substrates. Most of these substrates are organic waste (Ajani et al., 2004; Djissou et al., 2015; Kovtunova et al., 2017; Pomalègni et al., 2016), food scraps or restaurant waste (Devic et al, 2018; Xiao et al, 2018). The ability of the flies to attract by the substrates (egg lying) is a function of the color, the texture and especially the odor released by them.

 

These characteristics as a function of ecological conditions determine the density of production of maggots that are harvested in different ways. Thus, our work has shown that when produced maggots are harvested by a sieve and hot water, the density of production by unit area is maximized. This is justified on the one hand, by the immobilization of maggots due to hot water (preventing them from sinking further into the substrate) since they are at this stage for most of the surface substrates (geotropism positive) and on the other hand, by the probable opening of the mesh of the sieve which allow more easily and quickly their harvest.

 

Results on the use of insects in the aquaculture of aquaculture species were carried out on the types of larvae used, their condition (fresh or dry, whole, defatted, etc.) or their heat treatment (sun drying, electric oven, lyophilizer) by Gasco et al. (2018). The results of our work revealed that the technological means of drying maggots harvested plays an important role in the physical and nutritional quality of dried maggots. These technological means, mainly depending on the temperature and the duration of drying, alter or not the physical quality of the dried product. This alteration or degradation of the product obtained is easily explained because the higher the drying temperature, the more the finished product is affected (degraded). Indeed, as the drying temperature increases, maggots undergo a biological alteration to their physical appearance (Djissou, 2017). This assertion is confirmed by the results of our work where freeze dryer drying (cold drying, 7°C) allowed the conservation of the physical appearance of the maggot (color, texture) unlike the electric oven (40°C) with a strongly degraded appearance. But these two means of drying require an energy cost unlike those using the sun as a source of energy with a slightly degraded aspect of the dried product at the level of the improved drying device.

 

Moreover, the biochemical composition of dried maggots varies greatly depending on the technological means used in particular for their protein and crude lipid contents. Freeze Dried Cypress and Enhanced Dryer have a high protein content compared to the others with the lowest content achieved with electric oven dried maggots. This indicates that the protein content of dried maggots decreases with increasing drying temperature. These results confirm the work of Djissou et al. (2017) who asserts that the chemical composition of biological samples are no longer conserved as the drying temperature increases thus denaturing the binding of peptide chains. The improved drying device maggots appears as the technological means of drying does not require energy cost of drying and to have a good nutritional quality of maggots.

 

Maggots that are sources of animal protein are high in protein with a good content of essential amino acids (Gasco et al., 2018). Its richness in vitamins including group A and its content in growth factor make it, besides the absence of cellulosic compounds and antinutritional factors, an excellent substitute for fishmeal in animal feed, especially fish. But the risk of bacterial contamination often arises for animal protein sources, hence the need to find an effective means of preservation in order to prolong its duration for effective use on the one hand, and to maintain its nutritional quality on the other hand share.

 

Acknowledgements

 

The authors thank the director of Laboratory of Research on Wet Land for having accepted us on his site, Mr Salvain KOUGBLENOU for the analyses.

 

Conflict of interest

 

There is no conflict of interest.

 

Authors contribution

 

All authors, Isidore Noudéhoungbèa Odjo, Gaston Antoine Djihinto, Chimène Agrippine Rodogune Yelouassi, Arnauld Sèdjro Martin Djissou, Bernard Adjakossa, Pierre Dossou-Yovo, Guy Apolinaire Mensah and Emile Didier Fiogbe have made adequate effort on all parts of the work necessary for the development of this manuscript according to his expertise. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

 

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