Effects of Fermented Cottonseed Meal and Enzymatic Hydrolyzed Cottonseed Meal on Amino Acid Digestibility and Metabolic Energy in White Leghorn Rooster

Xiaopeng Tang1,3, Rong Xiang1, Sijia Chen1,3, Shufen Yang1,3, Hu Liu1,3, Rejun Fang1,3,* and Aike Li2,*

1College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China

2Academy of State Administration of Grain, Beijing, China

3Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, Changsha, China

The aim of this study was to study the effects of fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis treatment of cottonseed meal on crude protein (CP), water-soluble protein (WSP), amino acid (AA) and peptide fractions, and the AA digestibility and metabolic energy of fermented cottonseed meal (FCSM) and enzymatic hydrolyzed cotton seed meal (EHCSM) in white leghorn roosters. Firstly, CSM were fermented with Aspergillus niger, or hydrolyzed with alcalase and flavourzyme. Secondly, a total of 32 white leghorn roosters with similar body weight (1.95± 0.14 kg) were randomly assigned into 1 of 4 treatments, 1) starvation group, 2) untreated CSM group, 3) FCSM group, and 4) EHCSM group to determinate the Apparent metabolic energy (AME), True metabolic energy (TME) and AA digestibility. Results showed that: (1) CP content in FCSM and EHCSM increased 8.42% (P < 0.05) and 1.11% (P > 0.05), WSP content increased about 5.64 -fold (P < 0.05) and 6.39 -fold (P < 0.05), total AA content increased 8.95% and 8.95%, respectively; the peptide fractions (≤ 600 Da, 600-1800 Da and ≥1800 Da) in FCSM and EHCSM increased significantly (P < 0.05). (2) FCSM, and EHCSM has no effects on AA digestibility and AME (P > 0.05), but the TME for FCSM was significant higher than untreated CSM and EHCSM (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that the solid-state fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis method offer effective approach to improving the quality of unconventional protein sources, such as the CSM.

XT and RX designed and performed the experiments. XT wrote the paper. SC, SY and HL took part in lad analysis. AL and RF provided technical and financial support, and revised the paper.

AA digestibility, Cottonseed meal, Enzymatic hydrolysis, Fermentation, Metabolism energy.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2018.50.3.957.962

* Corresponding authors: [email protected];[email protected]

Cottonseed meal (CSM), a byproduct of the process of extracting the oil from cotton seeds, is the third most widely traded protein ingredient after soybean meal (SBM) and rapeseed meal (Li et al., 2012), which considered as an attractively alternative protein source in China (Sun et al., 2012). However, the use of CSM in poultry diets is limited due to the presence of gossypol and a relative low lysine level compared to SBM (Tang et al., 2012; He et al., 2015). Free gossypol (FG) is a main anti-nutritional factor of CSM, which can bind with amino acids, mainly lysine, and therefore, reduces the availability of lysine in CSM further (Mahmood et al., 2011).

Solid-state fermentation has been reported as an effective way to reduce free gossypol (FG), and to improve AA and small-size peptides content of CSM (Zhang et al., 2007; Tang et al., 2012; Sun et al., 2012; Nie et al., 2015a). Aspergillus niger is one of the most common used strains in fermentation process due to its strong enzymes secreting ability (Adav et al., 2010). Solid-state fermentation with A. niger could improve the nutritional quality of by-products through biodegrading anti-nutritional factor, cellulose and high molecular weight protein (Yang et al., 2012; Tang et al., 2012; de Castro et al., 2014). But studies on protein biodegradation of CSM by A. niger are lacking. Enzymatic hydrolysis is another important way to breakage of high molecular weight protein into low-molecular-weight protein, small peptide and AAs (Moure et al., 2006; Chabnon et al., 2007; Sun et al., 2012).

Although, enhancing CSM nutritional quality by solid-state fermentation or protease hydrolysis methods have been reported (Tang et al., 2012; Sun et al., 2012), and the fermented CSM (FCSM) and enzymatic hydrolyzed CSM (EHCSM) have been used in poultry diets (Sun et al., 2013; Nie et al., 2015a, b), but the amino acid digestibility and metabolic energy of fermented CSM and hydrolyzed CSM in broilers are lacking. So, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Aspergillus niger fermentation or protease hydrolysis of cottonseed meal on CP, water-soluble protein (WSP), amino acid (AA) and peptide fractions, and the amino acid digestibility and metabolic energy of fermented CSM and hydrolyzed CSM in white leghorn roosters.

Aspergillus niger was purchased from Agricultural Culture Collection of China (ACCC 30786) and maintained on potato dextrose agar (PDA) slants at 4°C and transferred every three month. Before used in solid-state fermentation, a loop of A. niger on the PDA slant was transferred into a 250 mL flask containing 50 mL potato-dextrose and incubated at 28°C, 150 r/min for 24 h.

Alcalase (0.8AU-NH/g) and Flavourzyme (1000 LAPU/g) were purchased from Novozymes (China) Investment Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China).

The CSM was purchased from Xi’an, China. CSM (50 g) was transferred into a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask, inoculated with 10% (v/w) of A. niger. The samples in flasks were incubated at 28°C for 48 h. After fermentation, fresh samples were dried at 65°C for 48 h, and then milled fitted with 40 -mesh screen for chemical analysis. Triplicate flasks were used for each experimental variation.

Dry matter (DM), CP content of CSM, FCSM and EHCSM were determined according to AOCS (2009) method. To measure the WSP content, the samples were pretreated according to the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) sample preparation method, and then CP was measured according to AOCS (2009) method. AAs profile of CSM, FCSM and EHCSM were analyzed using an automatic AA analyzer (L-8800; Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) according to the instructions of the manufacturer. Peptide fractions of CSM, FCSM and EHCSM were determined by HPLC method according to the instructions of the manufacturer.

The experimental procedures were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the Hunan Agricultural University (Changsha, Hunan Province, China). Emptying-force-feeding method was used to determine the true AA digestibility and metabolic energy (Sibbald, 1976). A total of thirty-two white leghorn roosters with similar weight (1.95± 0.14 kg) were divided into 4 treatment groups, 1) starvation group, 2) untreated CSM group, 3) FCSM group, and 4) EHCSM group. Each treatment had 4 replicates, and each replicate had 2 roosters. Starvation group was used to estimate metabolic and endogenous excretion (da Silva et al., 2012).

The roosters were housed in individual metabolic cages and feed commercial pelleted diets during the pre-experimental period. Before force-feeding, the feathers around cloacae were cut off, and a 4-cm bottle cap was sewed on the cloacae. After 1 week of recovery phase, birds can conduct force-feed trial. Before force-feed feedstuffs, birds were subjected to a period of fast for 48 h, to empty the digestive tract. After fasting, birds were fed 50 g CSM, FCSM and EHCSM, respectively. The birds in starvation group were kept under the same experimental conditions at fasting receiving only water for determination of the metabolic and endogenous losses (da Silva et al., 2012). Once fed, the collecting bottle was fixed on bottle cap immediately. The excreta were collected for 48 h. Water was available ad libitum during the experimental period.

The excreta samples were dried at 65°C for 48 h, and then milled fitted with 40 -mesh screen for DM, AA and energy analysis. DM was determined according to the AOCS (2009) method. AA was analyzed using an automatic AA analyzer (L-8800; Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan). Energy was measured according to ISO-9831 (1998).

Calculations

The data were used to calculate AME, TME and True amino acid digestibility (TAAD) values according to the following formulae:

Where, IE is ingested energy; FE is fecal energy voided by the fed birds; EEL is endogenous energy loss determined by starvation group.

Where, EAAL is endogenous AA loss determined by starvation group.

Statistical analysis

Results were expressed as mean ± SE (except AA). Results were analyzed by One-way ANOVA using the SPSS 21.0 programs. Differences among treatment mean were determined using Duncan’s multiple comparison test, P < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

CP and WSP content in CSM, FCSM and EHCSM

Analyzed nutrient contents in the CSM, FCSM and EHCSM are presented in Table I. Compared to CSM, the CP and WSP content in FCSM and EHCSM increased all. The CP content in FCSM increased 8.42% (P < 0.05), and WSP content increased about 5.64-fold (P < 0.05). Enzymatic hydrolysis has no effect on CP content improvement (P > 0.05), but the WSP content increased 6.39-fold compared to CSM (P < 0.05), and increased 9.12% compared to FCSM (P < 0.05).

Table I.- CP and WSP contents in CSM, FCSM and EHCSM (dry matter basis /%).

Table II.- Content of peptide fractions in CSM, FCSM and EHCSM (dry matter basis /%).

For abbreviations and statistical details, see Table I.

Content of peptide fractions in CSM, FCSM and EHCSM

The peptide fractions of CSM, FCSM and EHCSM are presented in Table II. Both fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis treatment on CSM can increase the under 600 Da peptide (< 600 Da), 600-1800 Da peptide and above1800 Da peptide (> 1800 Da) content (P < 0.05). Compared to untreated CSM, the < 600 Da peptide content in FCSM increased 4.91-fold (P < 0.05), and the < 600 Da peptide content in EHCSM increased 4.47-fold (P < 0.05). Compared to untreated CSM, the 600-1800 Da peptide content in EHCSM increased 97.60% (P < 0.05), and > 1800 Da peptide content increased 89.09% (P < 0.05).

The AA content in CSM, FCSM and EHCSM are presented in Table III. Compared to untreated CSM, the total AA content in FCSM and EHCSM increased 8.95% and 7.24%, respectively. Especially, the Lys content in FCSM and EHCSM increased 6.83% and 10.44%, respectively. The Tyr content in FCSM was increased 32.02%, and the Val content in EHCSM increased 32.64%.

Table III.- Content of amino acids in CSM, FCSM and EHCSM (dry matter basis /%).

For abbreviations and statistical details, see Table I.

Amino acid digestibility of CSM, FCSM and EHCSM

The results of true AA digestibility are shown in Table IV. True AA digestibility of CSM ranged from 0.46 for Met to 0.94 for Glu and Arg, true AA digestibility of FCSM ranged from 0.54 for Met to 0.95 for Arg, true AA digestibility of EHCSM ranged from 0.56 for Met to 0.95 for Met and Arg. In total, the FCSM and EHCSM had a higher true AA digestibility than CSM, but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05).

Table IV.- The true amino acid digestibility of CSM, FCSM and EHCAM in white leghorn roosters.

For abbreviations and statistical details, see Table I.

Table V.- Metabolic energy for CSM, FCSM and EHCSM in white leghorn roosters.

n, 4; For abbreviations and statistical details, see Table I.

AME and TME value for CSM, FCSM and EHCSM

Data on AME and TME values for CSM, FCSM and EHCSM are shown in Table V. The AME value for CSM, FCSM and EHCSM was 2.08 Mcal/kg, 2.17 Mcal/kg and 2.05 Mcal/kg, respectively. No significant difference was found among CSM, FCSM and EHCSM. The TME value for CSM, FCSM and EHCSM was 2.34 Mcal/kg, 2.43 Mcal/kg and 2.31 Mcal/kg, respectively. The TME value for FCSM was significantly higher than CSM and EHCSM (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between CSM and EHCSM.

In the present study, the content of CP, WSP, AA, and peptide fractions increased after fermentation by A. niger, which was similar to previous reports (Tang et al., 2012; Sun et al., 2012; Nie et al., 2015a). This may be partly due to the use of carbon sources in CSM during the fermentation process, leading to the concentration of other nutrients (Khalaf and Meleigy 2008; Sun et al., 2012). What important, A. niger has a strong enzymes secreting ability during fermentation (Dinu et al., 2007; Adav et al., 2010; Shi et al., 2015). The secreted protease can degrade the high molecular weight protein into small peptide and free AA, thus resulted an increased WSP, AA and peptide fractions. What else, the growth and propagation of A. niger can produce a large number of bacteria protein also contribute to the elevated level of WSP and AA.

Enzymatic hydrolysis was another important way to break high molecular weight protein into low molecular weight protein, peptide fractions and amino acids. In the present study, the CP contents increased a little, WSP increased 6.39-fold, total AA increased 7.24%, < 600 Da peptide increased 4.47-fold after hydrolyzed with alcalase and flavourzyme. The increase of CP is mainly due to the additional added of enzymes (alcalase and flvourzyme), because the enzyme itself was a kind of protein, thus resulted an increase of total protein. Alcalase and flavourzyme can degrade the high molecular weight protein into small peptide and free AA, thus resulted an increased WSP, AA and peptide fractions (Ordonez et al., 2008; Berends et al., 2014).

In the the present study, the FCSM and EHCSM had a higher true AA digestibility than CSM. The following reasons may explain why FCSM and EHCSM had a higher AA digestibility. First, fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis treatment on CSM can degrade the high molecular weight protein into small peptide and free AA, the utilizable CP was increased (Sun et al., 2012). Second, some AA and small peptides would adsorb in cellulose, that make this part AA which can not fully contact with the digestive enzymes, so, reducing the AA digestibility. While, during fermentation process, Aspergillus niger can secret celluase to degrade cellulose (Tang et al., 2012; Shi et al., 2015), and adsorbed AA would release from cellulose and fully contact with the digestive enzymes, which resulted an increased AA digestibility. Third, FG is the main anti-nutritional factor of CSM, which can bind with amino acids, thereby reduce the availability of AA (Arinbasarova et al., 2012; He et al., 2015), while fermentation treatment can degrade FG in CSM (Tang et al., 2012; Sun et al., 2013), and enzymatic hydrolysis treatment can produce antioxidant activity peptide to reduce the toxicity of FG (Gao et al., 2010), thus increasing the amino acid digestibility.

Previous studies have reported that the ME ranged from 1860 kcal/kg to 2963 kcal/kg for CSM (Panigrahi et al., 1989; NRC, 1994, 2012; Reddy et al., 1998; Salas et al., 2013). In the present study, the AME value for CSM, FCSM, EHCSM was 2080 kcal/kg, 2170 kcal/kg, 2050 kcal/kg, respectively, the TME value for CSM, FCSM, EHCSM was 2340 kcal/kg, 2430 kcal/kg, 2310 kcal/kg, respectively, which was within the range of previously reported values (Panigrahi et al.,1989; NRC, 1994; Reddy et al., 1998; NRC, 2012; Salas et al., 2013). No significant difference of AME was found among CSM, FCSM and EHCSM, but the TME value for FCSM was significant higher than CSM and EHCSM. Because, during the fermentation process, A. niger can secret cellulase and amylase to degrade cellulose and starch (Dinu et al., 2007; Adav et al., 2010; Dojnov et al., 2015), thus resulting in increased available energy.

Conclusion

The fermentation of CSM by Aspergillus niger effectively increased CP, WSP, AA and peptide fractions. Enzymatic hydrolysis treatment on CSM can increase WSP, AA and peptide fractions. Both fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis treatment on CSM can improve AA digestibility. TEM for CSM was significantly improved after fermented by Aspergillus niger. Our results suggest that the solid-state fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis method offer effective approach to improving the quality of unconventional protein sources, such as the CSM.

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