Effect of Supplementation of Hen Diet with Pennyroyal Extract (Mentha pulegium) on Performance, Egg Quality and Yolk TBARS Values

Abdüssamet Aydın1 and Ş. Canan Bölükbaşı2*

1Ministry of Agriculture, Ankara, Turkey

2Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pennyroyal extract supplementation at different levels (0, 32.5, 65 and 130 mg/kg) and 50 mg/kg BHA (Butylated hidroxyanisole) into diets of laying hens on performance, egg quality traits, thiobarbituric acid reactive substans (TBARS) of yolk, the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismütase (SOD) and glutation peroxidas (GSHPx) in serum. Sixty Lohman LSL white layers, 40 weeks of age, kept in individual cages were assigned randomly to five treatment groups, each group included 12 hens. The hens received one of five diets with 0, 32.5, 65 or 130 mg/kg pennyroyal extract and 50 mg/kg BHA, respectively. Experiment lasted for 60 days. At the end of the experiment, the supplementation of pennyroyal extract did not affect feed intake, rates of albumen, yolk and shell of egg, shell tickness, spesific gravity, Haugh unit and some serum parameters. It however, significantly improved feed conversion rate and egg production. Also, egg weights of groups fed on diets including 65 and 130 mg/kg of pennyroyal extract increased in present study. It was found that supplementation of 130 mg/kg pennyroyal extract significantly improved shell strength. TBARS was reduced in eggs stored during 42 days (P<0.05). In conclusion, pennyroyal extract ameliorated performance and lipid oxidation of eggs.

Article Information

Received 09 July 2018

Revised 22 May 2019

Accepted 17 September 2019

Available online 06 March 2020

Authors’ Contribution

SCB conceived the idea and supervised the study. AA executed the experiments. SCB and AA performed analytical examinations. SCB wrot the manuscript.

Key words

Laying hen, Pennyroyal extract, Performance, Egg quality, TBARS

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/20180709090735

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

0030-9923/2020/0003-1045 $ 9.00/0

Copyright 2020 Zoological Society of Pakistan

INTRODUCTION

The prohibition of growth stimulating antibiotic feed additives reduced the profitability in industrial animal production, therefore the use of alternative feed additives has become widespread. One of the most interesting alternative feed additives is plant extracts. Herbs and herbal extracts have been used since many years in many countries for medical purposes. Some researchers reported that plant extracts can be successfully used as feed additives in poultry (Hertrampf, 2001; Alçiçek et al., 2004; Williams and Losa, 2001; Bölükbaşı et al., 2009; Rahman et al., 2018).

It is considered that plants and plant extracts have a number of beneficial effects on poultry. They increase feed consumption and improve the immune system since they have antibacterial, anticoxidical, antihelminthic, antiviral and antioxidant properties.

Mentha belongs to the genus of Labiatae family, and it is estimated that there are 20 species of mentha spread all around the world. It is known that some species of mentha have been used by various traditional medical practices (Jager et al., 2006; Stafford et al., 2008; Vitalini et al., 2009). Furthermore, it is a commonly served garnish as herbal tea or spice in the Mediterranean diet (Conforti et al., 2008).

Mentha pulegium L. is a native species of Asia and the near East (Chalchat et al., 2000). It has been reported that M. pulegium L. has been used in traditional medicine for flu, respiratory illnesses, gastrointestinal disorders etc. Some researchers reported that M. pulegium L. have exhibited antimicrobial and antioxidant properties in vitro and in vivo (Sivropoulou et al., 1995; Mahboubi and Haghi, 2008).

There is no enough research which investigated the antioxidant activities of M. pulegium L. in laying hens. This study was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of M. pulegium L. extract on performance, the quality of egg, some blood parameters and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serum of laying hens.

 

MATERIALs AND METHODs

The experiment was performed with 60, 40 weeks old laying hens (Lohman LSL). They were fed ad libitum with feed and water. The control group was fed on basal diet, and the experiment group was given 32.5 mg/kg MPE (half of activity of BHA), 65 mg/kg MPE (equivalent to BHA activity) and 130 mg/kg MPE (twice the activity of BHA) and 50 mg/kg BHA supplementation.

 

Table I. The composition of the basal diet (g/kg).

Item	Composition (g/kg)
Corn	371.21
Wheat	208.63
Soybean meal	96.03
Sunflower meal	95.00
Poultry meal	40.00
Bonkalite	75.00
Vegetable oil	5.00
Salt	1.76
Lysine-HCL	0.85
Limestone	100.98
Vitamin mineral mixture1	2.00
NaHNO3	1.07
DCP	2.47
Total	1000
Calculated composition (%)
Crude protein	16.70
Crude fat	3.43
Crude cellulose	4.13
Crude ash	13.40
ME (kcal/kg)	2724
Analysed composition (%)
Crude protein	16.90
Crude fat	3.27
Crude cellulose	4.59
Crude ash	13.6
ME (kcal/kg)	2700

 

1Per kg diet added: 12000 IU vitamin A, 2500 IU vitamin D3, 30 IU vitamin E, 3.4 mg vitamin K3, 3 mg vitamin B1, 6 mg vitamin B2, 30 mg niacin, 10 mg calcium D-pantothenate, 5 mg vitamin B6, 0.015 mg vitamin B12, 1 mg folic acid, 0.050 mg D-biotin, 50 mg vitamin C, 125 mg choline chloride, 80 mg manganase, 60 mg iron, 60 mg zinc, 5 mg copper, 0.5 mg cobalt, 0.2 mg iodine, 0.15 mg selenium.

 

M. pulegium L. plant was harvested from its natural habitat, Erzurum, Turkey, in early July. The plant material was cleaned and then dried at room temperature. Then, M. pulegium was extruted according to Kordali et al. (2009). The antioxidant activity of M. pulegium extract was determined by DPPH method according to Gülçin (2005). The antioxidant activity of the extract is 65% based on BHA. The antioxidant activity of the extract is equivalent to 65% of BHA.

Feed intake and egg production were measured every two weeks and accordingy, feed conversion ratio was calculated. The criteria of egg quality such as Hough units, egg weight, shell breaking strength, shell thickness, yellowness, shape index and ratio of albumen, yolk and shell were also determined every two week.

The blood samples collected from six birds in each group at the end of the experiment were centrifuged at 4000×g for 10 minutes at +20 oC. Then, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), triglyceride (TG), glucose, serum cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured using biochemical automatic analysis. Serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) values have been determined by commercial kits (SOD Assay kit, No:706002, Cayman, USA; Glutathione Assay kit, No: 10009055, Cayman, USA; Glutathione Assay kit, N0: 703002, Cayman, USA).

Egg samples from each group at the end of the experiment were stored at + 4 ° C to determine the value of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), a marker of beta-oxidation of lipids. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were determined according to Tarladgis et al. (1960) at 0, 21 and 42 d.

Statistical analyses

The data obtained from this experiment were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test (SPSS, 1999). Least Significant Difference Test (P<0.05) was applied to the treatment means.

 

RESULTS

The measured values of feed intake, egg weight, egg production and feed conversion ratio are presented in Table II. Dietary supplementation of M. pulegium L . extract (MPE) had no effect on feed intake. Feed conversion ratio and egg production was significantly different between the control and experimental groups (P < 0.05). The dietary supplementation of MPE improved the feed conversion ratio and increased egg weight.

The impact of MPE on some egg quality criteria were listed in the Table III. The difference among the groups was not significant in terms of shell thickness, shape index, Hough units and ratio of albumen, yolk and egg shell. However, shell breaking strength increased in MPE supplemented groups (P<0.05), and the highest shell breaking strength value was observed in 130 mg/kg

 

Table II. Effects of MPE on performance of the laying hens.

Groups	Feed intake (g)	Egg weight (g)	Egg production (%)	Feed conversion ratio (g:g)
Control	128.3± 5.1	59.7±3.2b	76.2±3.2b	2.82±0.2a
MPE 32.5 mg/kg	126.6±3.9	66.3±1.3a	89.7±1.3a	2.13±0.1b
MPE 65 mg/kg	135.9±4.5	65.3±1.8a	88.2±1.8a	2.36±0.1b
MPE 130 mg/kg	123.5±6.0	59.5±2.9b	85.0±2.9a	2.44±0.1b
BHA 50mg/kg	122.1±4.1	63.3±3.8b	72.6±3.8b	2.65±0.9ab
P	NS	0.000**	0.000**	0.05*

 

a, b, The column average is significantly different; SE, standard error ; *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01; NS, Not significant.

 

Table III. Effects of MPE and vitamin E supplements on egg quality of the laying hens.

Groups	Albumen (%)	Yolk (%)	Egg shell (%)	Shape index	Shell breakingstrength (kg cm2)	Yellow-ness	Shell thick-ness (µm)	Hough units
Control	62.2±0.6	27.7±0.5	10.1±02	76.2±054	2.12±0.34b	12.3± 0.4a	442.1± 11.3	74.5±4.1
MPE 32.5 mg/kg	61.6±0.6	28.5±0.5	9.91±0.2	76.3±0.94	2.20±0.49b	12.3± 0.5a	445.0± 27.7	77.7±3.6
MPE 65 mg/kg	61.9±0.5	28.2±0.5	9.90±0.2	77.0±0.75	2.02±0.23b	11.0± 0.3ab	447.9± 24.4	76.7±3.0
MPE 130 mg/kg	60.7±0.6	28.9±0.6	10.5±0.2	77.4±0.66	2.52±0.31a	12.4± 0.4a	465.8± 23.8	73.7±4.1
BHA50 mg/kg	63.1±0.6	27.3±0.5	9.57±0.3	76.2±0.85	2.61±0.34a	10.4± 0.8b	494.2± 31.2	85.8±2.6
P	NS	NS	NS	NS	0.05*	0.020*	NS	NS

 

a, b, The column average is significantly different; SE, standard error; *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01; NS, Not significant.

 

Table IV. Effects of MPE supplements on blood serum biochemical parameters and some antioxidant enzymes of the laying hens.

Groups	Control	MPE 32.5 mg/kg	MPE 65mg/kg	MPE 130 mg/kg	BHA 50 mg/kg	P
MDA	5.30 ± 0.3a	6.90 ± 0.3a	6.25±0.2a	3.43 ± 0.4b	5.70 ± 0.2a	0.04*
GSHPx	51.8± 1.9a	45.6± 3.0a	53.9 ±2.0a	48.1 ± 3.9a	37.2 ±2.2b	0.05*
SOD	0.86 ± 0.1b	0.88 ±0.0b	1.04 ± 0.2a	1.08±0.1a	0.64±0.0b	0.037*
AST	209.3 ± 9.1	247.0± 23.3	171.3±9.5	209.3 ± 21.8	205.0± 12.1	NS
ALT	6.0±0.4	8.0±0.4	10.0±0.2	2.0±0.5	2.6±0.8	NS
TG	537±11.7	651±17.0	842±43.0	442±27.0	990±69.0	NS
Cholesterol	66.0±6.0	164±18.0	129±8.5	108±22.0	120±13.0	NS
HDL-C	30.0±5.5	36.3±7.4	42.0±5.6	45.0±4.1	34.0±1.0	NS
LDL-C	50.0±9.3	38.0±4.9	44.0±0.6	36.6±3.7	40.64±3.8	NS
Glucose	240±10.7	165±38.4	158±5.1	209±25.5	210±34.0	NS

 

a, b, The raw average is significantly different; SE, standard error; *, p<0.05; NS, Not significant.

 

MPE and 50 mg/kg BHA supplemented groups. In the BHA group, the value of yellowness was found to be significantly lower than the other groups.

There is no statistically significant difference (P> 0.05) between the groups in terms of AST, ALT, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and glucose in Table IV. Blood serum MDA, GSHPx and SOD values were significantly (P <0.05) different between the groups. MDA ration, which is an end product of lipid peroxidation and used to indicate the level of oxidative damage, was found to be significantly lower (P <0.05) in the group supplemented with 130 mg / kg of the extract than the other groups. GSHPx was found to be significantly lower in the BHA group as a synthetic antioxidant than in the other groups. SOD value was significantly higher in groups supplemented with 65 and 130 mg / kg of yarn extract.

MDA value decreased by supplementation with the addition of 65 mg /kg MPE at 1d. On the 21st and 42nd days of storage yolk MDA level was significantly decreased in MPE and BHA groups compared with control group. Group x Day interaction was found to be insignificant.

 

Table V. Effects of MPE supplements on TBARS (mg MDA/kg) values in egg yolk of the laying hens

Groups	1 d	21 d	42 d
Control	0.148±0.002a	0.160±0.026a	0.220±0.027a
MPE 32.5 mg/kg	0.146±0.003a	0.148±0.007b	0.198±0.022b
MPE 65mg/kg	0.111±0.003b	0.141±0.004b	0.154±0.019b
MPE 130 mg/kg	0.148±0.001a	0.149±0.007b	0.160±0.017b
BHA 50 mg/kg	0.110±0.015b	0.139±0.009b	0.155±0.011b
P	0.043*	0.045*	0.050*
Groups	0.015 *
Days	0.003**
Group × Days	NS

 

a, b, The column average is significantly different; SE, standard error; *, p<0.05; **, p<0.01; NS, Not significant.

 

DISCUSSION

We have determined that dietary supplementation of MPE did not lead to any change on feed intake. Similarly, Arjomandi et al. (2011) and Nobakth et al. (2011) discovered that pennyroyal supplement had no effect on the feed intake of laying hens. The supplementation of 32.5 and 65 mg/kg MPE in the diet increased egg weight. However, Paymard et al. (2013) noted that 0.3% pennyroyal extract supplementation decreased the feed intake and egg weight of laying hens.

The addition of MPE in the diet increased the egg production, and the feed conversion ratio was improved in all the dietary groups compared to the control group. Contrary to these results, Arjomandi et al. (2011), Nobakth et al.(2011a) and Paymard et al. (2013) reported that egg production and feed conversion ratio of laying hens decreased after the pennyroyal supplementation. However, Nobakht ve Mehmannavaz (2010) revealed that dietary supplementation of pennyroyal improved the performance and egg quality of laying hens. Furthermore, some researchers discovered the positive effects of dietary pennyroyal supplementation on performance of broilers (Erhan et al., 2012; Nobakht et al., 2011b; Hardai et al., 2010; Modiry et al., 2010; Geran et al., 2010).

The results of this experiment are inconsistent with the results of previous studies. The results obtained from the present study and the previous studies are contraversial, which may be related to practical differences such as the amount of supplementation of pennyroyal, the selection of animal breeds or using pennyroyal extract instead of pennyroyal plant.

Yellowness, which is an internal quality criterion which is gaining importance especially for marketing and consumer, is formed by color materials known as xanthophylls. It was determined that the BHA supplement significantly reduced the yellowness value. There was no relationship observed between shell thickness, shape index, Hough Unit and ratio of albumen, yolk and egg shell and dietary MPE and BHA supplementation. However, breaking strength significantly increased in the experimental group with MPE and BHA supplementation. Contrary to the findings of this study, Nobakth et al. (2011) reported that adding pennyroyal to the diet increased shell thickness in layers. Paymard et al. (2013) reported that dietary supplementation of pennyroyal extract in the diets of laying hens did not change egg shell weight, egg shell thickness, shell breaking strength and yellowness whereas the Hough Unit of egg increased. Similarly, Nobakth et al. (2011) concluded that pennyroyal did not cause any change in shell weight, yellowness and Hough Unit.

AST and ALT are important enzymes indicating the degree of damage in the liver. In this study, it was determined that no blood parameters including ALT and AST was affected by MPE and BHA. Similar our results, Bölükbaşı et al. (2018) reported that 50 and 100 mg/kg M. pulegium extract did not effect on ALT, AST, glucose, TG, cholesterol, HDL and LDL in blood serum of layers.

MDA, which is a marker of the oxidation level in the body, was reduced by addition of MPE in serum. Serum MDA level significantly decreased in 130 mg/kg MPE group compared to the other groups. Many researchers have found that some aromatic plants have antioxidant properties (Lado et al., 2004; Bölükbaşı et al., 2006; Chikhi et al., 2012). A series of studies conducted to elucidate the antioxidant properties of pennyroyal support the findings of this study (Kamkar et al., 2010; Çöteli et al., 2013). Ruberto and Baratta (2000) reported that menthole and pulegone have antioxidant properties. For this reason, it is estimated that the reduction in MDA level is due to the main components of MPE, menthone and pulegone.

GSH-Px and SOD are endogenously synthesized antioxidant enzymes. SOD neutralizes superoxide radicals and protects cells from harmful effects of superoxide radicals. According to our findings, BHA significantly reduced the GSHPx value, but the MPE had no effect on the GSHPx value. SOD activity significantly increased 65 and 130 mg/kg MPE groups. It is estimated that pennyroyal may have a positive effect on the SOD activity by lowering the MDA in the blood serum in 130 mg/kg MPE group. Some previous studies have obtained similar data (Lin et al., 2005; Jiang et al., 2013).

It was reported that 40 g/L Mentha spicata tea significantly decreased activity of SOD and GSH-Px in the rats kidney (Akdoğan et al., 2003). Similarly, it was reported supplementation thymol and carvacrol in broiler diet increased GSH-PX and SOD and reduced the MDA level in the muscles of broilers (Hashemipour et al., 2013). However, Kostadinoviç et al. (2010) found that 200 g/kg of Mentha piperita improved GSH-Px in blood of the broilers.

Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), secondary products of lipid peroxidation, are an important parameter used in the determination of lipid peroxidation. In our study, we found that egg yolk MDA values were significantly reduced by the addition of the MPE. It has been reported that M. pulegium belonging to the Labiatae family has antioxidant properties. The antioxidant effect of phenolic compounds is due to their ability to purify free radicals, to form compounds with metal ions, and to inhibit or reduce the formation of singlet oxygen. Erhan et al. (2015) reported that the addition of 0.50% M. pulegium powder to broiler chicks diets increased oxidative stability in the muscles.

 

CONCLUSION

As a result, it was found that the addition of MPE to the ration improved egg weight, egg production, feed conversion ratio, and egg shell strength. The supplementation of 130 mg/ kg MPE to layer hen rations had positive effects on SOD enzyme activity, which is responsible for the enzymatic defense of antioxidant metabolism, and also reduced serum MDA levels. In general, it has been concluded that it may be beneficial for MPE to participate as feed additives due to these positive effects on laying hens.

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The study has been supported by Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.

 

Statement of conflict of interset

The declare there is no conflict of interset.

 

REFERENCES

Akdoğan, M., Kılınç, İ., Oncu, M., Karaöz, E. and Delibaş, N., 2003. Investigation of biochemical and histopathological effects of Mentha piperita L. and Mentha spicata L. on kidney tissue in rats. Hum. Exp. Toxicol., 22: 213-219. https://doi.org/10.1191/0960327103ht332oa

Alçiçek, A., Bozkurt, M. and Çabuk, M., 2004. The effect of a mixture of herbal essential oils, an organic acid or a probiotic on broiler performance. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci., 34: 4 217-222.

Arjomandi, M., Nobakht, A., Pishchang, J., Mehmannavaz, Y. and Chekanıazar, S., 2011. Evaluoation the effects of using of probiotic, and pennyroyal, (Mentha pulegium L.) medicinal plant on perormance of laying hens. J. appl. environ. biol. Sci., 1: 164-167.

Bölükbaşı, Ş.C., Erhan,, M.K. and Özkan A., 2006. Effect of dietary thyme oil and vitamin E on growth lipid oxidation meat fatty acid composition and serum lipoproteins of broilers. S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci., 36: 189-196.

Bölükbaşı, Ş.C., Kaynar, Ö., Erhan, M.K. and Ürüşan, H., 2009. The effect of feeding Nigella sativa oil on laying hen performance, cholesterol and some proteins ratio of egg yolk and escherichia coli count in feces. Arch. Geflügelk., 73: 167-172.

Bölükbaşı, Ş.C., Ürüşan, H. and rhan, M.K., 2018. Effects of Mentha pulegium extract and vitamin E supplementation on laying hens performance, egg quality, antioxidant enzyme activity in serum. Fresenius Environ. Bull., 27: 2018

Chalchat, J.C., Gorunovlc, M.S., Maksimovlc, Z.A. and Petrovlc, S.D., 2000. Essential oil of wild growing Mentha pulegium L from Yugoslavia. J. Essent. Oil Res., 12: 598-600. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2000.9712166

Chikhi, I., Allali, H., Dib, H.E., Halla, H., Muselli, A., Tabti, B. and Costa, J., 2012. Free radical scavenging and antibacterial activity of essential oil and solvent extracts of Iris planifolia (Mill) from Algeria. J. med. Pl. Res., 6: 1961-1968.

Conforti, F., Sosa, S., Marrelli, M., Menichini, F., Statti, G.A., Uzunov, D., Tubaro, A., Menichini, F., Loggia, R.D., 2008. In vivo antiinflammatory and in vitro antioxidant activities of Mediterranean dietary plants. J. Ethnopharmacol., 116: 144-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.11.015

Çöteli, E., Erden, Y. and Karataş, F., 2013. Yarpuz (Mentha Pulegium L.) bitkisindeki malondialdehit, glutatyon ve vitamin miktarları ıle total antioksidan kapasitesinin araştırılması. SDU J. Nat. appl. Sci.,17: 4-10.

Erhan, M.K., Bölükbaşi, Ş.C. and Ürüşan, H., 2012. Biological activities of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) in broilers. Livest. Sci., 146: 189-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2012.01.014

Erhan, M.K., Bölükbaşi, Ş.C. and Ürüşan, H., 2015. The effects of supplementation of pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.) on meat fatty acid composition and shelf-life in broilers. Ataturk Univ. J. Vet. Sci., 10: 179-185.

Geran, M.P., Irany, M. and Dehpourjoybari, A., 2010. The effect of pennyroyal essential oil on performance of broilers. Proc. 5th Congress of Nnew Idea in Agriculture. pp: 1-3.

Gülçin, İ., 2005. The antioxidant and radical scavenging activities of black pepper (Piper nigrum) seeds. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutri., 56: 491-499.

Hardai, A., Nobakht, A. and Safamehr, A., 2010. Investigation the effects using nettle (Urtica dioica), Menta pulagum (Oreganum valgare) and zizaphora (Thymyus vulgaris) medicinal plants and there mixtures on biochemical and immunity parameters of broilers. Proc. 4th Iran Congress Animal Science. pp: 214-217.

Hashemipour, H., Kermanshahi, H., Golian, A. and Veldkamp, T., 2013. Effect of thymol and carvacrol feed supplementation on performance, antioxidant enzyme activities, fatty acid composition, digestive enzyme activities, and immune response in broiler chickens. Poult. Sci., 92: 2059-2069. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2012-02685

Hertrampf, J.W., 2001. Alternative antibacterial, performance promoters. Poult. Int., 40: 50-52.

Jager, A.K., Gauguin, B., Adsersen, A. and Gudiksen, L., 2006. Screening of plants used in Danish folk medicine to treat epilepsy and convulsions. J. Ethnopharmacol., 105: 294-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.10.015

Jiang, W., Zhang, L. and Shan, A., 2013. The effect of vitamin E on laying performance and egg quality in laying hens fed corn dried distillers grains with solubles. Poult. Sci., 92: 2956-2964. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03228

Kamkar, A., Javan, A.J., Asadi, F. and Kamalinejad, M., 2010. The antioxidative effect of Iranian Mentha pulegium extracts and essential oil in sunflower oil. Fd. Chem. Toxicol., 48: 1796-1800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2010.04.003

Kordali, Ş., Cakır, A., Akcin, T.A., Mete, E., Akcin, A., Aydin, T. and Kilic, H., 2009. Antifungal and herbicidal properties of essential oils and n-hexane extracts of Achillea gypsicola Hub-mor. and Achillea biebersteinii Afan. Ind. Crop Prod., 29: 562-570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2008.11.002

Kostadinovic, L.J., Levic, J., Pavkov, S., Dozet, G. and Galonjacoghill, T., 2010. Effect of Mentae piperitae on antioxidative status in broiler chickens. Savremena Poljoprivreda, 59: 3-4.

Lado, C., Then, M., Varga, I., Szokeb, E. and Szentmihalyid, K., 2004. Antioxidant property of volatile oils determined by the ferric reducing ability. Z. Natur., 59: 354–358. https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2004-5-611

Lin, Y.F., Tasi, H.L., Lee, Y.C. and Chang, S.J., 2005. Maternal vitamin E supplementation affects the antioxidant capability and oxidative status of hatching chicks. J. Nutri., 135: 2457-2461. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/135.10.2457

Mahboubi, M. and Haghi, G., 2008. Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Mentha pulegium L. essential oil. J. Ethnopharmacol., 119: 325-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.07.023

Modiry, A., Nobakht, A. and Mehmannavaz, Y., 2010. Investigation the effects using different mixtures of Nettle (Urtica dioica), Menta pulagum (Oreganum vulgare) and Zizaphora (Thymyus vulgaris) on performance and carcass traits of broilers. Proc. 4th Iran. Congress Animal Science. pp. 252-254.

Nobakht,, A. and Mehmannava Y., 2010. Investigation the effects of using of Thymus vulgaris, Lamiaceae menthapiperita, Oreganum valgare medicinal plants on performance, egg quality, blood and immunity parameters of laying hens. Iran J. Anim. Sci., 41: 129-136.

Nobakht, A., Solimanzadeh, E. and Pishjangh, J., 2011. Effects of varying levels of nettle (Urtica dioica l.), pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium l.) medicinal plants and enzyme on perormance and egg traits of laying hans. Global Vet., 7: 491-496.

Paymard, J., Nobakht, A., Mazlum, F. and Moghaddam, M., 2013. The Effects of different levels of dried aerial parts powder and extract of pennyroyal­ (Mentha pulegium) medicinal plant on performance, egg quality, blood biochemical and ımmunity parameters of laying hens. Iran J. appl. Anim. Sci., 3: 589-594.

Rahman, A., Cetingul, I.S., Bayram, I., Uyarlar, C., Akkaya, A.B., Gultepe, E.E., Keles, H., Ulucan, A. and Hayat, Z., 2018. Effect of supplementation of oregano (Origanum onites) dried leaves on the intestinal properties in Japanese Quails. Pakistan J. Zool., 50: 1577-1580. http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2018.50.4.sc

Ruberto, G. and Baratta, M.T., 2000. Antioxidant activity of selected essential oil components in two lipid model systems. Fd. Chem., 69: 167-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(99)00247-2

Sivropoulou, A., Kokkini, S., Lanaras, T. and Arsenakis, M., 1995. Antimicrobial activity of mint essential oils. J. Agric. Fd. Chem., 43: 2384-2388. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00057a013

SPSS. 1999. SPSS for Windows Release 10.0, SPSS Inc.

Stafford, G.I., Pedersen, M.E., Van Staden, J. and Jäger, A.K., 2008. Review on plants with CNS-effects used in traditional South African medicine against mental diseases. J. Ethnopharmacol., 119: 513-537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.08.010

Tarladgis, B.M., Watts, M.T., Younathan, L.R. and Dugan, A., 1960. Distillation method for the quantitative determination of malonaldehyde in rancid foods. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 37: 44–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02630824

Vitalini, S., Tome, F. and Fico, G., 2009. Traditional uses of medicinal plants in Valvestino (Italy). J. Ethnopharmacol., 121:106-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.10.005

Williams, P. and Losa, R., 2001. The use of essential oils and their compounds in poultry nutrition. World’s Poult., 17: 14-15.