Research Article

Effect of Different Management Strategies on Melon Fruit Fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), Infestation in Cucurbit Vegetables

Muhammad Ibrahim Kubar1, Fahad Nazir Khoso1*, Imran Khatri1, Niaz Hussain Khuhro2 and Arfan Ahmed Gilal1

1Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan; 2Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan.

Received | March 27, 2021; Accepted | May 03, 2021; Published | July 01, 2021

*Correspondence | Fahad Nazir Khoso, Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Kubar, M.I., F.N. Khoso, I. Khatri, N.H. Khuhro and A.A. Gilal. 2021. Effect of different management strategies on melon fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), infestation in cucurbit vegetables. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 37(3): 915-920.

DOI | https://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2021/37.3.915.920

Keywords | Attractant, Bactrocera, Cucurbits, IPM, Parasitoids

Introduction

The vegetables belonging to family cucurbitae have great importance and considered as one of the largest group of vegetables cultivated throughout the world in humid as well as tropic environments (Nath, 2007). Most of these cucubit vegetables are extensively cultivated for their edible fruits with higher nutritional values and long shelf life. Moreover, flowers and leaves have ornament values and cultivated for aesthetic attraction (Weinberger and Genova, 2005). These vegetables are enriched with protein, vitamins and minerals that are basic components of nutrition and essential for human health (Slavin and Lloyd, 2012).

The farmers are facing many difficulties in cultivating these vegetables due to disease and insect pests. The fruit flies are one of the most notorious and problematic pests. The fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are not only harmful for fruits but they also cause serious damage to vegetables and other crops in different regions of the world (Demeyer et al., 2010). The member of family tephritidae is the most commonly appearing insect pests in cucurbits. One of these, melon fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett) is distributed throughout the world. It is a noxious pest of a variety of vegetables especially family cucurbitaceae (Bharathi et al., 2004). In vegetable crops, B. cucurbiate can cause 30-100% yield losses (Dhillon et al., 2005). It not only cause direct damage to the yield and marketability of fruits and vegetables, but they also pose as significant threats to quarantine security that results in hurdles to international trade in fruits and fresh vegetables world-wide (Joomaye, 2000). The damage percentage or infestation of B. cucurbitae varies from host to host and the environmental condition of the area (Muhammad et al., 2007).

The damage starts with the appearance of larvae from the eggs laid by the female adult fly just below the upper epidermis or sometime little deeper in the pulp of the fruit (Shang et al., 2014). The visit of the B. cucurbitae golden colored flies is the sign of infestation started in the field (Weems and Heppner, 2004). Females oviposit eggs by puncturing the fruit that result in excretion of fluid that accumulates on the surface. Later on, the droplets appears like brown resinous deposit and dark spots on the surface are the visible symptoms. These symptoms are the clear indication of larval presence inside the fruit (Hafiz et al., 2020). The maggots cause damage by making tunnels inside the fruit, the pulp becomes soft and contaminated with frass due to feeding of larvae that support the development of pathogenic infection (Abro et al., 2017b). The infested fruit become deformed, rotten or losses fluid which makes it hard and unfit for human consumption (Dhillon et al., 2005). Several management options have been adopted against to minimize the pest infestation. The most promising strategies are application of protein hydrolysate spray, field sanitation, installation of pheromone trap, cue-lure trap, spraying of botanical extracts (ailanthus, cashew leaf extract, neem products), bagging of fruits, food baits and spray of chemical insecticides (Akhtaruzzaman et al., 2000). It is always very hazardous to control pest population only through pesticides because indiscriminate use of chemical insecticides has increased resistance of noxious fruit flies, heavy resurgence to infestation by some insect species because of the destruction of natural enemies i.e., predators and parasitoids (Sarwar et al., 2013). Therefore, developing an insect pest management program for a specific agro-ecosystem, it is necessary to gather basic information and firsthand knowledge on the incidence of the pest in relation to appropriate time of action and suitable methods of control. Monitoring pest population round the year is one of the most important and basic information in formulating an IPM program for sustainable B. cucurbitae management. The use of lure for male fruit flies and food attractants for female fruit flies has suggested for male and female attractants (Mahmood et al., 2002). Therefore, this study focused on the combination of various control techniques to manage the population of B. cucurbitae in various cucurbit vegetables to get healthy fruits with better yields.

Materials and Methods

Experimental site

Experimental field, Nuclear Institute of Agriculture, Tandojam (NIA), District Hyderabad.

Cultivation of vegetables

The seeds of cucurbit vegetables i.e. bottle gourd (var. Digho), sponge gourd (var. Geeha), Indian squash (var. Achho) and bitter gourd (var. Nasarpuri) was obtained from Sindh Horticulture Research Institute (SHRI), Mirpurkhas. The sowing was done during 1st week of March, 2016 on the ridges prepared with the help of ridger. Plant spacing (hill x ridge) of 0.5 x 2 m was maintained in all vegetables. Total sixteen treatments as mentioned below were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), where each treatment was replicated five times; thus, size of each experimental plot was 195×195 m. All the recommended cultural practices viz. irrigation, fertilization, weeding was applied to all vegetables as per recommendations of SHRI, Mirpurkhas.

Treatments

Basically, there were five treatments: T1= Untreated control, T2 = Chemical Spinosad (Tracer) 0.4 ml/ Litre) organophosphours group (Manufacturer Dow Agro Sciences, USA), T3= Cue-lure 4ml (95%+5%) [cue-lure (4-p- acetoxyphenyl 2-butanone) and Tracer treated cotton wool wick, recharged at 15 days interval (Shanghai Kayi Chemicals Co. Ltd.), T4= Proteinhydrolysate 200ml/Litre (Hangzhou Lingeba Technology Co. Ltd). T5=T.daci (Bio-control agent) (30,000/acre and release 5000/cage every fortnightly provided by fruit fly and Parasitoids laboratory NIA Tandojam. Further, these five treatements were combined to make combinations to make the modules, as given below, to find out the best combination to control the fruit flies.

T1= Untreated control, T2= Spinosad (Tracer), T3= Cue-lure, T4= Protein hydrolysate, T5= Trybliographa daci, T6= Tracer + Cue-lure, T7= Tracer + Protein hydrolysate, T8= Tracer + T. daci, T9 = Cue-lure + Protein hydrolysate, T10= Cue-lure + T. daci, T11= Protein hydrolysate + T. daci, T12= Tracer + cue-lure + Protein hydrolysate, T13= Tracer + cue-lure + T. daci, T14 = Cue-lure + Protein hydrolysate + T. daci, T15 = Tracer + Protein hydrolysate + T. daci, T16 = Tracer + Protein hydrolysate + cue-lure + T. daci

Observations recorded

Total sixty fruits were randomly selected from each treated plot (twenty fruits per picking) to record following parameters: (1) Number of infested fruits plant-1; (2) Number of punctures fruit-1

Statistical analysis

The collected data was subjected to statistical analysis using STATIX 8.1 computer software (Statix, 2006). Two-way Analysis of Variance was used to determine the effect of various management practices on the population reduction of B. cucurbitae on the studied four cucurbit vegetables. Moreover, means with significant differences were separated using the Least Square Difference (LSD).

Results and Discussion

Infested fruits and punctures fruit-1

Efficacy of combined control methods were tested on number of fruit infestation on cucurbit vegetables. The data shown in Table 1 revealed that number of fruit infestation varied significantly among different treatments (F=1.52, P=<0.05). The highest reduction in fruit infestation was recorded in fruits collected from plot treated with M16. The mean infestation number of punctures/fruit was 3.00±0.41, 4.00±0.91 and 6.00±0.91 on bitter gourd, Indian squash, sponge gourd and bottle gourd, respectively. After application of T16, the least mean infestation was observed on plots treated with M12 treatment that has statistical data 2.44±0.58 for bitter gourd, 3.13±0.83 for Indian squash, 4.63±0.85 for sponge gourd, and 6.88±1.16% for bottle gourd. Moreover, the highest infested fruits i.e., 49.25±2.32, 41.00±2.27, 39.50±2.25 and 37.00±1.83% were observed on bottle gourd, sponge gourd, Indian squash and bitter gourd, respectively when T1 was used, followed by T5 as 38.00±2.74, 36.25±2.46, 35.00±2.72 and 34.25±2.87% infestation was observed on bottle gourd, sponge gourd, Indian squash and bitter gourd, respectively. Results regarding number punctured fruits are given in Table 2. According to observations, T16 was significantly more effective as there were lowest number of punctured fruits were recorded on bitter gourd (1.05±0.38), Indian squash (1.88±0.39), sponge gourd (2.00±0.94), and bottle gourd (2.10±1.08), followed by T12 with 1.06±0.41, 2.38±1.03, 2.95±1.07, and 3.75±1.13, bitter gourd, Indian squash, sponge gourd and bottle gourd, respectively on above mentioned cucurbit vegetables. However, the highest punctured fruits 23.25±2.21, 20.38±2.11, 18.70±2.1 and 17.69±1.6, observed on bottle gourd, sponge gourd, Indian squash and bitter gourd, respectively were recorded in T1, followed by M5 where 12.62±1.25, 9.83±1.48,11.22±1.57, 8.45±0.91 punctures were observed on bottle gourd, sponge gourd, Indian squash and bitter gourd, respectively.

Various studies have highlighted the significance of various management practices in reducing the damage percentage of B. cucurbitae in different cucurbit vegetables (Khatiwada and Pokhrel, 2004; Weems and Heppner, 2004). Abro et al. (2017a) also found that in comparison to control, application of protein hydrolysate on various cucurbits suffered lowest losses of B. cucurbitae, followed by Nu-lure. Similarly, in our study, protein hydrolysate was also a key component that may have played a significant role in reduction of B. cucurbitae on cucurbit vegetables used. Studies also highlighted that comparatively higher attraction of B. cucurbitae has been recorded to various attractants i.e., cue-lure and methyl euginol when they were used in same trap, in comparison to their individual application (Uzair and Unab, 2016). Vargas et al. (2000) observed that lures i.e., methyl eugenol and cue-lure are highly attractive lures for fruit flies, however cue-lure was the best attractant lure for B. cucurbitae while methyl eugenol was the best attractive for B. dorsalis. Same as in present studies cue-lure was observed to be the most important attractant lure for attraction of adult male flies. Moreover, the reason behind using the T. daci was that it is found in the vicinity of experimental area (Tandojam) and also reared in the laboratory

 

Table 1: Infested cucurbit vegetables after application of different treatments.

Treatmets	Vegetables
	Bottle gourd	Sponge gourd	Indian squash	Bitter gourd
T1 = Control	49.25±2.32a	41.00±2.27b	39.50±2.25bc	37.00±1.83b-e
T2 = Tracer	33.00±2.27e-j	32.75±2.29e-j	31.75±2.10f-j	29.75±2.69ij
T3 = Cuelure	34.25±2.29d-i	33.75±2.29d-i	32.75±2.10e-j	30.75±2.69g-j
T4 = Protein hydrolsate	35.00±2.35c-g	34.75±2.10c-h	33.75±2.39d-i	31.00±2.48g-j
T5 = T. daci	38.00±2.74bcd	36.25±2.46b-f	35.00±2.72c-g	34.25±2.87d-i
T6 = Tracer+Cuelure	20.50±1.04l-p	16.50±1.04p-s	14.75±1.38q-u	10.00±1.08u-x
T7 = Tracer+ Protein hydrolysate	21.50±1.04l-o	17.50±1.04o-r	15.75±1.38p-t	11.00±1.08t-w
T8 = Tracer+T. daci	30.00±2.48hij	23.75±2.56klm	18.75±1.93n-q	16.50±1.94p-s
T9 = Cuelure+Protein hydrolysate	31.00±2.89g-j	24.00±1.68kl	22.50±1.71lmn	17.50±1.94o-r
T10 = Cuelure+T. daci	29.75±2.14ij	22.50±1.85lmn	19.00±1.41m-q	14.50±1.85q-u
T11 = Protein hydrolysate+T. daci	28.50±1.19jk	24.75±1.38kl	18.50±1.85n-q	13.50±1.55r-v
T12 =Tracer+Cuelure+ Protein hydrolysate	6.88±1.16w-C	4.63±0.85y-C	3.13±0.83ABC	2.44±0.58BC
T13 = Tracer + Cuelure + T. daci	20.00±1.47l-p	15.75±1.38p-t	11.75±1.93s-w	7.50±0.65w-A
T14 = Cuelure+Protein hydrolysate + T. daci	15.00±1.08q-t	11.25±0.48t-w	9.00±0.71v-y	7.00±0.91w-B
T15 = Tracer+ Protein hydrolysate+ T. daci	11.25±1.38t-w	11.25±1.11t-w	11.00±1.58t-w	8.25±1.11w-z
T16 = Tracer + Protein hydrolysate+ Cuelure +T. daci	6.00±0.91x-C	4.00±0.91z-C	3.00±0.41ABC	2.00±0.41C

LSD @ 0.05 =4.90; P value = 0.02

 

Table 2: Punctures fruit-1 of cucurbit vegetables after application of different treatments.

Methods	Vegeta bles
	Bottle gourd	Sponge gourd	Indian squash	Bitter gourd
T1 = Control	23.25±2.21a	20.38±2.11ab	18.70±2.17b	17.69±1.63b
T2 = Tracer	11.02±1.01c-i	9.06±1.46d-n	7.59±1.69g-r	6.40±1.20l-u
T3 = Cuelure	13.00±1.08c	11.00±1.27c-i	8.00±1.08f-o	7.00±1.10j-s
T4 = Protein hydrolsate	11.99±1.29cde	11.38±1.43c-g	9.55±1.20c-m	8.38±1.03e-o
T5 = T. daci	12.62±1.25cd	11.22±1.57c-h	9.83±1.48c-l	8.45±0.91e-o
T6 = Tracer+Cuelure	10.10±1.05c-l	8.14±1.71e-o	7.06±1.70j-s	5.71±1.17m-w
T7 = Tracer+ Protein hydrolysate	10.48±1.15c-k	9.28±1.82c-n	8.57±2.35e-o	8.14±1.55e-o
T8 = Tracer+T. daci	11.13±1.20c-h	9.41±1.47c-m	7.22±2.10i-r	6.85±1.24j-s
T9 = Cuelure+Protein hydrolysate	10.63±1.43c-j	8.72±2.15e-o	7.34±1.89h-r	6.46±1.75l-u
T10 = Cuelure+T. daci	11.52±1.51c-f	9.25±1.38c-n	7.75±1.25f-p	7.70±2.28f-q
T11 = Protein hydrolysate+T. daci	11.13±1.01c-h	9.02±1.93d-n	8.11±1.78e-o	6.71±1.27k-t
T12 =Tracer+Cuelure+ Protein hydrolysate	3.75±1.13r-x	2.95±1.07t-x	2.38±1.03vwx	1.06±0.41x
T13 = Tracer + Cuelure + T. daci	9.13±1.20c-n	6.73±0.83k-t	4.86±1.48o-x	3.25±0.85s-x
T14 = Cuelure+Protein hydrolysate + T. daci	7.80±1.08f-p	5.88±1.43m-v	3.95±1.04p-x	2.75±0.83u-x
T15 = Tracer+ Protein hydrolysate+ T. daci	7.95±1.20f-o	5.50±1.19n-w	3.83±0.78q-x	2.38±0.24vwx
T16 = Tracer + Protein hydrolysate+ Cuelure +T. daci	2.10±1.08vwx	2.00±0.94vwx	1.88±0.39wx	1.05±0.38x

LSD @ 0.05 = 3.8; P value = 0.03

 

established in NIA. Previously, T. daci is also reported to be associated with the fruit flies in mango orchard (Shah et al., 2014). The results of this study are in line with the studies conducted by Papadopouls and Katsoyanos (2003) and Andleeb et al. (2010) which conclude that fruits punctures on fruits in plot where T. daci were released had less number of punctures/fruit when compared with control plots.

Moreover, in different parts of the world various researchers worked on the different IPM strategies against B. cucurbitae depending on the availability of local resources. The recent work by Kumari et al. (2021) on bitter gourd, proved that integration of seed treatment with thiamethoxam 70 WS 5-10 g/kg seed, removal of cotyledonary leaves 7 days after germination, spraying Emamectin benzoate 25 WG @ 0.4 g/l, spraying- /Neem oil 3000 ppm @ 5 ml/l, Installation of cuelure traps 15/acre and spraying spinosad 45 SC @ 0.3 ml/l caused the least infestation in the bitter gourd fruit. Similarly, the implementation of IPM modules in bitter gourd and muskmelon minimized the fruit infestation (Haldhar et al., 2014; Sarkar et al., 2017). The observation of this particular study is also in agreement with published literature that the integration of different control measured can reduce the infestation and damage significantly as compared to conventional methods.

Conclusions and Recommendations

Integrations of T16 comprised of Tracer + Protein hydrolysate + cue-lure + T. daci was found comparatively more effective in reducing the infestation of B. cucurbitae on all four vegetables, hence, suggested for the management of B. cucurbitae.

Acknowledgements

The authors are highly thankful to Nuclear Institute of Agriculture (NIA) Tandojam for providing necessary material and facilities to conduct the experiments.

Novelty Statement

The present research work investigated the management of B. cucurbitae through different control methods which could help in management of B. cucurbitae along with safe environment.

Author’s Contribution

Muhammad Ibrahim Kubar conducted experiments and wrote the article. Fahad Nazir Khoso designed and supervised the entire work. Imran Khatri helped in techanical assistance. Niaz Hussain Khuhro provided necessary material and Arfan Ahmed Gilal helped in data analysis.

Conflict of interests

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

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