Description of Paradorylaimus dorsocaudali, New Species (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) with Notes on Plectus (Ceratoplectus armatus) from Pakistan
Description of Paradorylaimus dorsocaudali, New Species (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) with Notes on Plectus (Ceratoplectus armatus) from Pakistan
Nasira Kazi1, Muhammad Israr2 and Shahina Fayyaz1,*
1National Nematological Research Centre, University of Karachi, Karachi–75270, Pakistan
2Pakistan Science Foundation, Constitution Avenue, Sector G-5/2, Islamabad, Pakistan
ABSTRACT
A new species of the genus Paradorylaimus Andrassy 1969 is described and illustrated from Pakistan. Paradorylaimus dorsocaudali new species differ from all known species of the genus in having smaller body length, tail length and odontostyle length. The new species is characterized by 1.3-1.6 mm long female body, lip region truncate, offset by weak depression, odontostyle 21.4-23.2 µm long is and 2.8-3 µm wide, twice as long as the lip region width; vulva longitudinal; female tail 5.9-6.6 anal body diameter long, dorsally curved; prerectum 1.7-2.6 anal body diameter long.Plectus (Ceratoplectus) armatus (Butschli, 1873) Andrassy, 1984 is recorded for the first time in Pakistan and is briefly described and illustrated.
Article Information
Received 12 December 2016
Revised 24 March 2017
Accepted 02 May 2017
Available online 26 October 2017
Authors’ Contribution
NK conceived and designed the study ad drafted the manuscript. MI collected, analysed and processed samples. SF critically reviewed and revised the article.
Key words
Paradorylaimus, Ceratoplectus, Nematode, Plectus.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2017.49.6.2043.2049
* Corresponding author: [email protected]
0030-9923/2017/0006-2043 $ 9.00/0
Copyright 2017 Zoological Society of Pakistan
Introduction
During surveys of nematode fauna from different vegetable crops of Pakistan, specimens of undescribed species of the genus Paradorylaimus (Andrassy, 1969) was encountered. This species is described as Paradorylaimus dorsocaudali new species collected from soil around the roots of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.).
The genus Paradorylaimus was proposed by Andrassy (1969) for the species P. parafecundus (de Connick, 1935) (type species). He based its diagnosis mainly on the presence of a short prerectum, 10-20 supplements in male and longitudinally striated cuticle. Later on, Loof and Coomans (1986) considered Paradorylaimus synonym of Laimydorus (Siddiqi, 1969). The validity of the genus was also considered by Vinciguerra (2006) and Andrassy (2009) once again confirmed his opinion on the validity of the genus Paradorylaimus in the subfamily Afrodorylaiminae of the family Dorylaimidae based in the arrangement of labial papillae. Orsello et al. (2012) also agree with Andrassy’s opinion on the validity of the genus and so far ten species of the genus have been recorded. Emended diagnosis is also provided along with the compendium and key to the valid species.
During the recent survey a new species of the genus Paradorylaimus (Andrassy, 1969) was identified from Pakistan. It is described here as P. dorsocaudali n. sp. A known species of the genus Plectus (Ceratoplectus) armatus (Butscheli, 1873) Andrassy (1984) is also reported as a new record from Pakistan.
Materials and Methods
The nematode were extracted from soil samples by Cobb’s sieving and decantation technique (Cobb, 1918) and by a modified Baermann (1917) funnel technique. Nematodes so obtained were killed and fixed in hot 4% formalin, dehydrated to glycerin by a slow evaporation method (Seinhorst, 1962) and mounted on slides in anhydrous glycerin. Measurements were taken using an ocular micrometer and line illustration were made using a drawing tube attached to the compound microscope. Photographs of new species were made by a Nikon DS-Fi 1 camera.
Paradorylaimus dorsocaudali, new species
Measurements
For measurements see Table I.
Description
Female
Body of medium length, straight to ‘S’ shaped. Cuticle with very fine transverse striae, 3-3.5µm thick at mid body and 2-2.2 µm at level of odontostyle. Lateral chords occupying about one half of maximum body diameter.
Table I.- Morphometrics of Paradorylaimus dorsocaudali n. sp. All measurements in µm (except L.). Values in the form of Mean ±SD (range)
| Characters | H | Paratypes |
| n | - | 8 |
| L (mm) | 1.62 | 1.51±0.1 (1.30-1.66) |
| a | 43.2 | 38.2±0.3(35.4-44.5) |
| b | 3.9 | 3.8±0.27(3.3-4.1) |
| c | 11.3 | 11.0±0.7(9.9-11.8) |
| c’ | 6.4 | 6.3±0.21(5.9-6.6) |
| V | 49.1 | 49.7±1.1(48.6-51.3) |
|
G1 |
8.2 | 8.6±0.7(7.4-9.4) |
|
G2 |
9.5 | 9.5±0.8(8.7-11.3) |
| Amphid aperture | 5.0 | 5.0±0.1(4.8-5.5) |
| Amphid from anterior end | 4.0 | 3.5±0.5(3-4) |
| Lip region width | 11.2 | 11.2±0(11.2-11.2) |
| Lip region height | 4.0 | 4±0 (4.0-4.0) |
| Odontostyle length | 22.4 | 22.6±0.6(21.4-23.2) |
| Odontostyle width | 2.8 | 2.9±0.1 (2.8-3.0) |
| Odontophore length | 12 | 12.5±1.3 (10-14) |
| Neck length | 408 | 393.1±20.2(357-420) |
| Expanded part of pharynx | 184 | 170.4±11.0(152-184) |
| Nerve ring from anterior end | 132 | 130.8±2.4(126-133) |
| Guiding ring from anterior end | 14.4 | 14.0±0.37(13.6-14.4) |
| Cardia length | 38 | 36±2.72 (32-40) |
| Body diameter at neck base | 36 | 34.8±1.77(31-36) |
| Body diameter at mid body | 37 | 36.6±2.24 (32-38.4) |
| Body diameter at anus | 23 | 21.9±1.41 (19.2-23) |
| Anterior ovary | 96 | 87.1±13.5(70-100) |
| Posterior ovary | 120 | 95.5±15.5 (74-123) |
| Vaginal depth | 17 | 16.5±1.25 (14-17.6) |
| Vulva from anterior end | 800 | 774.6±63.4(653-844) |
| Prerectum length | 44 | 45.4±3.25 (40-50) |
| Rectum length | 40 | 38.3±4.39 (30-43.2) |
| Tail length | 144 |
138±5.88 (130-144) |
H, holotype.
Two dorsal and two ventral body pores, at odontostyle level. Lip region truncate, slightly offset by depression, lips partly fused, three times as wide as high. Amphid aperture about half of the corresponding body width. Odontostyle dorylaimoid straight, aperture occupying about one third or 25-34% of its length. Odontophore simple linear. Guidingring double, fixed ring located 11-18-µm from anterior end. Pharynx constituted by an anterior slender part, gradually expanding into a wider part which occupies 43-44% of the total pharynx length. Nerve ring surrounding the pharynx at 31-33% of its length. In the pharynx glandularium subventral nuclei small and hardly visible. The location of pharyngeal gland nuclei, according to Andrassy’s formula is as follows: (n=2) DN= 14-16; AS1=44-54; AS2= 60-64; PS1= 124-128, PS2 130-130. Cardia composed of a disc like and a conoid part. Reproductive apparatus didelphic, amphidelhpic. The reflexed ovaries are generally long occupying 53.3-66% of each genital branch. Oocytes in a single row except at the tip of ovary. Oviduct simple tube, a sphincter is present at the junction oviduct-uterus. Vulva longitudinal with sclerotized tips. Vagina 14-17µm long and 42-47% of body diameter. Prerectum short 1.78-2.6 anal body diameter long; rectum 1.65-1.9 anal body diameter long. Tail long, gradually narrowing, tail tip dorsally curved, the hyaline part 16-19% of tail length. A dorsal and two ventral pairs of caudal pores are present.
Male
Not found.
Type habitat and locality
Specimens were collected from soil around the rhizosphere of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Islamabad, Punjab Pakistan.
Type material
Holotype (female) Slide No. NNRC 23/1 and paratype slide No. NNRC 23/2-3 (Six females) are deposited in the National Nematode Collection of National Nematological Research Centre, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan. One paratype female have been deposited with the nematode collection at Nematode Taxonomy Laboratory, 24 Brantwood Road, Luton, England, UK.
Etymology
The name refers to the dorsally curved tail tip in females.
Diagnosis and relationships
Paradorylaimus dorsocaudali n. sp differs from all known species of the genus is having smaller body length, tail length and odontostyle length.The new species is characterized by 1.3-1.6 mm long female body, lip region truncate, offset by weak depression, odontostyle 21.4-23.2 µm long and 2.8-3 µm wide, twice as long as lip region width; vulva longitudinal; female tail 5.9-6.6 anal body diameter long, dorsally curved; prerectum 1.7-2.6 anal body diameter long. On the basis of stylet length and ‘a’ ratio the new species comes close to P. flagellicaudatus (Orsello et al., 2012) but differs from it in having shorter tail length, more posterior located vulva and in odontostyle/lip width ratio (Tail length=130-144 vs 465-480 µm; V= 48.6-51.3 vs 39.7-40.6%; Odontostyle/lip width = 1.9-2 vs. 2.4-2.7).
Table II.- Morphometrics of Plectus (Ceratoplectus) armatus (Butschli, 1873) Andrassy, 1984. All measurements in µm (except L). Values in the form of Mean ± SD (range).
| Characters | Females (n=3) |
| L | 365.3±22.4 (0.34-0.39) |
| a | 16.3±1.35 (15-17) |
| b | 3.7±0.25 (3.4-4.0) |
| c | 8.5±0.35 (8.2-8.9) |
| c’ | 3.8±0.2 (3.6-4.0) |
| V% | 47.5±2.2 (45.6-50) |
| Labial region width | 9.0±1 (8-10) |
| Stoma length | 15.5±0.5 (15-16) |
| Stoma/lip region width | 1.7±0.1 (1.6-1.8) |
| Amphid location | 8.7±0.40 (8.2-9.5) |
|
Corpus length |
42.6±1.52 (41-44) |
| Isthmus length | 27.8± 0.47 (27.3-28.2) |
| Bulbus length | 20±1 (19-21) |
| Cardia length | 7.7± 0.46 (7-8) |
| Nerve ring from anterior end | 54.4±1.95 (52.4-56.3) |
| Nerve ring (% of neck) | 55.2±2.0 (52.9-56.8) |
| Excretory pore from anterior end | 60.3±2.5 (58-63) |
| Excretory pore (% of neck) | 62.1±3.92 (58.5-66.3) |
|
G1% |
5.42±0.12 (5.2-5.5) |
|
G2% |
11.3±14 (9.9-12.7) |
| Rectum | 13.8±0.49 (13.3-14.2) |
| Rectum/anal body diameter | 1.26±0.07 (1.1-1.3) |
Plectus (Ceratoplectus) armatus (Butschli, 1873)
(Fig. 3)
Measurements
For measurements see Table II.
Description
Female
Body small, curved ventrally upon fixation, cuticle thin 1-1.5 µm thick at midbody, finely annulated. Lateral field consist of three incisures 4-4.5 µm wide at mid body or one-sixth of the corresponding body width. Somatic setae thin, scattered. Labial region 8-10µm wide, low, not set off. Cephalic setae originating on the anterior margin of the first body annule 3.0-3.5 µm long directed forward, distinctly widened on their basis. Amphids about at middle of stoma, oval 2.5-3.0 µm wide, one fourth of corresponding body width. Stoma cylindrical 15-16 µm long, 1.6-1.8 times as long as labial diameter. Oesophagus 95-99 µm long, 27-28% of body length. Isthmus plump surrounded by nerve ring at its anterior end. Basal pharyngeal bulb strong oval, with simple valve. Cardia embed in the intestine 7-8 µm long, half as long as bulb or shorter. Excretory pore at 58-66% of oesophageal length. Female reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic, ovary branches almost symmetrical, reflexed. Each gonad 1.0-2.5 times as long as body width. Vagina straight about one third as long as vulval body width, epiptygmata absent, no eggs were observed. Rectum 1.0-1.5 times longer than and body width. Vulva-anus distance e qual to 3-3.4 tail lengths. Tail conical, gradually narrowing, ventrally curved, 42-44 µm long, 3.8-4.0 times anal body width long or 12-13% of body length. Three caudal glands and a terminal spinneret present.
Male
Not found.
Remarks
The genus Ceratoplectus was proposed by Andrassy (1984). Further, Zell (1993) and de Ley and Coomans (1994) treated Ceratoplectus as a subgenus of Plectus, that now includes four species. Recently specimens of Plectus (Ceratoplectus) armatus (Butschli, 1873) Andrassy (1984) was collected from soil around the roots of carrot (Daucus carrota L.). Morphological and morphometric characteristics of this species correspond well to the description given by Andrassy (2005).
Statement of conflict of interest
Authors have declared no conflict of interest.
REFERENCES
Andrassy, I., 1969. Taxonomische Übersicht der Familien Prodorylaimidae n. fam. und Dorylaimidae de Man, 1876. Opuscola Zool. Inst. Zoosyst. Univ. Budapest., 9: 187-233.
Andrassy, I., 1984. Klasse nematoda (Ordnungen Monhysterida, Desmoscolecida, Araeolaimida, Chromadorida, Rhabditida) In: Bestimmungsb. Bondenfauna Europus, pp. 509.
Andrassy, I., 2005. Free-living nematode of Hungary I (Nematoda errantia). Pedozool. Hung., 3: 518
Andrassy, I., 2009. Free-living nematode of Hungary III (Nematoda errantia). Pedozool. Hung., 5: 608.
Baermann, G., 1917. Eine einfache Methode zur Auffindung Von Anklyostomum (Nematoden) Larven in Erdproben Genseek. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind., 57: 131-137.
Butschli, O., 1873. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der freilebenden Nematoden. Nova Acta Acad. Nat. Curios, 36: 1-124.
Cobb, N.A., 1918. Estimating the nematode population of soil. Agric. Tech. Circular-1. Bureau of Plant Industry, U.S. Department of Agriculture, pp. 48.
de Coninck, L.A., 1935. Contribution à la connaissance des nematodes libres du Congo belge. I-Les nematodes libres des marais de la Nyamuamba (Ruwenzori) et des sources chaudes du Mont Banze (Lac Kivu). Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr., 26: 211-232.
de Ley, P. and Coomans, A., 1994. Terrestial nematodes from the Galápagos Archipelago. IV: The genus Plectus Bastian, 1865 with description of three new species (Leptolaimina: Plectidae). Bull. Inst. R. Sci. Nat. Belg. Biol., 64: 43-70.
Loof, P.A.A. and Coomans, A., 1986. The genus Paradorylaimus Andrassy, 1969 (Dorylaimoidea: Nematoda). Hydrobiologia, 133: 179-186. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00031866
Orsello, L., Clausi, M. and Vinciguerra M.T., 2012. Thegenus Paradorylaimus Andrassy, 1969 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) with description of three new species from Ecuador. Zootaxa. 32:43-54.
Seinhorst, J.W., 1962. On the killing, fixation and transferring to glycerine of nematodes. Nematologica, 4: 64-69.
Siddiqi, M.R., 1969. Crateronema n. gen. (Crateronematidae n. fam.), Poronemella n. gen. (Lordellonematinae n. sub-fam.) and Chrysonemoides n. gen. (Chrysonematidae n. fam.) with a revised classification of Dorylaimoidea (Nematoda). Nematologica, 15: 81-100. https://doi.org/10.1163/187529269X00128
Vinciguerra, M.T., 2006. Dorylaimida. Part II: Superfamily Dorylaimoidea. In: Freshwater nematodes: Ecology and taxonomy (eds. Eyualem-Abebe, I. Andrassy and W. Traunspurger). CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, pp. 393-467.
Zell, H., 1993. Die Gattung Plectus, Bastian, 1865 sensu lato (Nematoda, Plectidae). Ein Beitrag zur Ökologie, Biogeographie. Phylogenie und Taxonomic der Plectidae. Andrias, 11: 3-90.
To share on other social networks, click on any share button. What are these?
