Association of Lifestyle and Physical Activity with the Components of Metabolic Syndrome - A Study of Bank Employees in Lahore, Pakistan

Rabia Khalid1, Saleema Bashir Shams1, Bibi Nazia Murtaza1,*, Gaitee Joshua1, Saira Mushtaq1, Hassan Al-Talhi2 and Abdulaziz Al-Amri2

1Department of Zoology, Kinnaird College for Women, 93-Jail Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan

2Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

ABSTRACT

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) leads to millions of preventable cases and deaths worldwide. Present study reveals the components of metabolic syndrome among the bank employees in Lahore area of Pakistan. Total 530 male individuals were recruited in the study. Associations of physical activity and sedentary behaviors with the tendencies of metabolic syndrome were evaluated. The experimental and laboratory values for BMI, total cholesterol (TC), total triglycerides (TG), high density lipoproteins (HDL), low density lipoproteins (LDL) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were used to demonstrate the incidence of metabolic syndrome. Overall, 39.025% of bank employees and 22.53% of randomly selected control individuals have metabolic syndrome. Among the bank employees, prevalence of obesity was 67.53% and in general population it was 57.1%. The mean values of body mass index (BMI) for bank employees and control population was 24.10± 0.5 kg/m2 and 20.43±1.0 kg/m2, respectively. Analysis of the components of metabolic syndrome demonstrate an abnormal level of low density lipoproteins (LDL) 24.4% and 17.5%, total cholesterol 15% and 7.8%, triglycerides 17.35% and 8.8%, fasting blood glucose 24.49% and 16.5% among bank employees and general population, respectively. Our studies have revealed that the high intake and less caloric burning due to inactive lifestyle has placed the bank employees at higher risk for MetS leading to CVD, diabetes type-II, atherosclerosis and hypertension.

Article Information

Received 11 November 2018

Revised 05 January 2019

Accepted 16 January 2019

Available online 24 June 2019

Authors’ Contribution

SBS and GJ conceived the idea and supervised the project. RK, SM, HA, AA and BNM conducted the research, RK and BNM wrote the manuscript.

Key words

Physical activity, BMI, Obesity, Blood glucose, Lipid profile.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2019.51.5.1761.1768

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

0030-9923/2019/0005-1761 $ 9.00/0

Copyright 2019 Zoological Society of Pakistan

Introduction

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension, low blood concentration of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), elevated cholesterol, increased low density lipoproteins (LDL), elevated fasting triglycerides (TG), abdominal obesity and higher fasting blood glucose (FBG) (Zimmet et al., 2007; Anagnostis, 2012; Huffman et al., 2014; Suarez-Ortegón and Aguilar-de Plata, 2016). Body mass index (BMI) is the most common parameter used for the measurement of visceral abdominal obesity (Jia et al., 2003). The connection between obesity, MetS and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMT2) and other diseases has been demonstrated in the recent years (Zhang et al., 2015; Vukovic et al., 2015). In case of MetS, the risk of DMT2 increases by 5 times and chances of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are doubled (Isomaa et al., 2001; McNeill et al., 2005; Alberti et al., 2005). Obesity and MetS are the leading cause of preventable death and avoidable health care burden worldwide. According to the estimates physical idleness causes almost 10-16% of diabetes, 22% of ischemic heart disease resulting in 2 million annual deaths worldwide (Laaksonen et al., 2002; Warren et al., 2010; Hamasaki, 2016). Physical activity and diet pattern have a significant negative correlation with the incidence of MS in adults and children (Brage et al., 2004; He et al., 2014). A moderate exercise can decrease the risk of MetS in men, can reduce the chances of hypertension (Ladabaum et al., 2014). A positive association has been reported between sedentary behavior and risk of MetS, abnormal BMI and waist circumference (Xiao et al., 2016). An association has also been demonstrated between lifestyle, long sleep durations and MetS (Durnin and Womersley, 1974). Present study was conducted to evaluate different lifestyle associated parameters of bank employees and healthy control population in Lahore Pakistan. The incidence of MetS and obesity was determined by the estimation of plasma lipid profile and fasting blood glucose (FBG) of the bank employees and control population.

 

Materials and Methods

Study design

It was a cross-sectional analytical study of bank employees.

Inclusion criteria

Healthy bank employees in the Lahore region were recruited in the study. The individuals suffering from diabetes, CVD, hypertension, renal failure and hepatitis were excluded. The control population included randomly selected individuals who were students, laborers, school teachers, shopkeepers etc.

Ethical approval

Participants were requested to read the information comprising the aims and objectives of study and to ask any question before providing written informed consent to participate. After willingness to participate in the study, each participant was assigned a reference number which was used in all future analysis to keep the data anonymous and confidential. Permission for publication of data was also obtained from participants. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Kinnaird College for Women. Each volunteer participant was provided with a self-reporting questionnaire about the demographic data, daily activities, tendency to use of oil rich food, use of transport types, participation in sports, exercise, awareness about reasons and consequences of obesity etc. The questionnaire was completed in the presence of a member of research team to avoid any confusion.

BMI and lifestyle analysis

Weight and height of participants was measured using a stadiometer, and weighing machine, without shoes and up to maximum accuracy. The criteria of World Health Organization (WHO) for the BMI (weight / height2; (kg/m2) calculations was used. The exact circumference of waist and hip was measured with accuracy using the measuring tape and waist to hip ratio was calculated, dividing waist the circumference by hip circumference. Measuring the skin thickness at biceps, triceps and subscapular areas, total body fat was determined by the procedure described in the literature.

Blood lipid and glucose analysis

An expert nurse was hired to collect 10 mL blood sample from each participant after 12 h fasting, transferred to a serum separator tube with clot activator. Serum was isolated by centrifugation at 2,500 rpm for 15 min and stored at −80°C in labelled tubes. These samples were used for the estimation of the total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), TG and FBG levels. The reference values used in the present study were adopted from the information available in the literature (USFDA, 2014; Koumaré et al., 2015; Kidd et al., 2016). The MetS was defined according to the guidelines given in literature. For obesity the waist circumference ≥94 cm for European men and ≥80 cm for European women, with ethnicity specific values for other groups, specifically 90 cm for South Asian and Oriental origin men. Participants having obesity and any two out of the following four factors was confirmed for MetS: (i) raised TG level: ≥150 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L), or specific treatment for this lipid abnormality; (ii) reduced HDL -C: <40 mg/dL (1.03 mmol/L) in males and <50 mg/dL (1.29 mmol/L) in females, or specific treatment for this lipid abnormality; (iii) raised blood pressure: systolic BP ≥ 130 or diastolic BP ≥ 85 mmHg, or treatment of previously diagnosed hypertension; (iv) raised FPG ≥100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L), or previously diagnosed type 2 diabetes if >5.6 mmol/L or 100 mg/dL.

Statistical analysis

Data about all variables was collected and analyzed. SPSS (version 20.0) was applied for statistical analysis. Bivariate correlation was applied with the significance level taken to be p < 0.05.

 

Results

The fasting blood samples were obtained from 330 individuals (230 bank employees and 100 control) with the mean age of 34.6 years. A vast majority of (67.53%) of them had no exercise like walking/ treadmill exercise, jogging in the field etc. The proportion of individuals with no exercise was comparatively low (57.1%) (Fig. 1). The bank employees had more tendency to use oil rich food during the breakfast and dinner as compared to the general population (Fig. 2). Only 3.06% of bank employees were using public transport, all others were using bike or car. On the other hand 25% of control population (who were laborers, students and teachers) were using public transport. None of the bank employees were using cycle as a way of transportation while 6.5% of control population was using cycles (Fig. 3). Analysis of lipid profile and FBG level was carried out. Through questionnaire the food habits, ways of transport and exercise pattern were also determined.

 

 

About 45% of investigated bank employees and 57% of control subjects had normal BMI and central body circumference. The percentage of obesity was 16.33% and 14%, respectively among the bank employees and control population. Similarly the percentage of overweight and underweight individuals was also determined (Fig. 4). Plasma analysis revealed that 24.49% of bank employees and 16.5% of control population was diabetic. The percentage prediabetic individuals were significantly high among the employees. Concentration of LDL of 24.4% of employees and 17.5% of control subjects was higher than upper reference range. Similarly, the 15% of bank employees had abnormal total cholesterol, 17.35% and 22.6% had abnormal TG and HDL, respectively (Fig. 5). Mean values of BMI were 24.10± 0.5 kg/m2 and 20.43±1.0 kg/m2 for bank employees and control population, respectively were significantly different with (p = 0.05). There was no significant difference between the mean weight and age of participants of both groups. The corresponding mean values for TG (191.32 ±1.2; 120.51±1.1), total cholesterol (196.08±0.7; 165.98± 0.9) and FBG (121.16 ± 1.1; 96.0±1.0) for bank employees and control population were different significantly (p = 0.001) (Table I). The prevalence of MetS was 39.025% and 22.53% among the bank employees control subjects, respectively.

 

Table I.- Correlation between the lipid profile, FBG (Fasting Blood Glucose) and BMI (Body Mass Index) of total participants, bank employees and general population (control). Values are expressed as Mean±SD.

Variables	Total participants (n = 530)	Bank employees (n = 430)	General population (control: n = 100)	p-value
BMI (Kg/m2)	22.26±1.3	24.10±0.5	20.43±1.0	0.050*
Weight (Kg)	75.90±1.1	81.14±2.4	70.57±2.1	0.250 -
Age (Years)	34.10±2.1	35.21±2.5	33.0±2.7	0.400 -
TC (mg/dl)	181.03±1.1	196.08±0.7	165.98±0.9	0.001**
TG (mg/dl)	155.90±1.4	191.32±1.2	120.51±1.1	0.001**
LDL (mg/dl)	112.69±2.3	124.69±1.5	100.7±1.6	0.050*
HDL (mg/dl)	37.17±2.6	33.84±2.0	40.5±2.3	0.250 -
FBG (mg/dl)	108.58±2.7	121.16±1.1	96.0±1.0	0.001**

TC: <200, normal; 200-239, borderline high; >240, high; LDL: <100, normal; 100-129, above optimal; 130-159, borderline high; 160-189, high; >190, very high; TG: < 150, normal; 150-199, borderline high; 200-499, high; ≥ 500, very high; FBG: 70-100, normal; 101-125, pre-diabetic; ≥ 125, diabetic; BMI: < 18.50, underweight; 18.50 - 24.99, healthy weight; 25.00 - 29.99, over weight; ≥ 30, obese; HDL: ≥ 60, normal; 40 – 59, the higher, the better; < 40, abnormal/risky. *, significant values; **, highly significant values; -, non-significant values.

 

Discussion

Banking is considered as a luxurious profession in developing countries like Pakistan. In the present study, we have found that the prevalence of MetS and obesity is considerably higher among the bank employees as compared to the general population in the Lahore area of Pakistan. We have also found that the moderate to vigorous physical activity are preventing factors for the components of MetS. Food habits are also found to play an important role in the regulation of MetS components. In the present study we have found that 67.53% of investigated bank employees have no routine exercise, the percentage of such individuals was 57.1 in the general population, 27.55% of bank employees and 34% of control population had regular walk. The percentage of individuals having strenuous exercise were 4.9% and 8.9% among the bank employees and control population, respectively (Fig. 1). Overall, 73.46% of bank employees and 55.3% of control population was using oil rich foods regularly (Fig. 2). A vast majority (96.95%) of bank employees were using bike or car for their transportation. In case of general population 68% were using bike, 25% were using public transport and 6.5% were using cycle as a mean of transportation (Fig. 3). The above findings have revealed that the bank employees have more sedentary lifestyle, less physical activity and use comparatively high lipid diet as compared to the control population. We have found that 44.9% of bank employees and 57% of general population had normal body weight, 37.76% of bank employees and 24% individuals of control population were overweight. The percentage of underweight individuals among general population was five times less than the bank employees (Fig. 4). The great proportion of overweight and obese individuals among the bank employees seems to be the consequence of low physical activity and oil rich diet (Huffman et al., 2014). Recent studies have revealed that moderate to vigorous physical activity can decrease the risk of MetS from 30% to 47% (Esteghamati et al., 2009).

 

A possible explanation for this association of physical activity with reduced MetS, obesity and resulting diabetes is induction of mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscles by heavy exercise, which comprises about 80 to 90% of all insulin sensitive tissues. Recently, it has found to play important role in preventing diabetes type 2 (Zurlo et al., 1990; Hesselink et al., 2016). The increased number and functional capacity of mitochondria is vital to increase the rate of oxidative phosphorylation and helps to utilize fatty acids (Holloszy and Coyle, 1984), the excess of fatty acids can cause metabolic dysfunction of skeletal muscles (Tumova et al., 2016). Contrary to the above, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is increased by mitochondrial dysfunction. Hence, the impaired mitochondrial biogenesis plays an important role in insulin resistance and obesity (Szendroedi et al., 2012; Yuzefovych et al., 2013). We have also investigated the plasma components of metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of diabetes was found 24.49% and 16.5% in bank employees and control population. A considerably high percentage (36.3%) of employees were pre-diabetic indicating a clear link of low physical activity and diet pattern with the onset of diabetes (Fig. 5). Recent reports have also shown such associations (Smith et al., 2016). According to our results, the plasma levels of LDL, TC and TG are significantly higher in bank employees as compared to the control population (Fig. 5; Table I). Elevated LDL and cholesterol have been considered as main preventable plasma component to reflect the mechanisms of MetS development in parallel with insulin resistance (Hurtado-Roca et al., 2017). Similarly, TG contribute to MetS by an increase in the waist circumference and MBI (Tao et al., 2016; Dharuni et al., 2016). We found that the mean BMI of bank employees were considerably high as compared to that of general population (control) (Table I). As a component of MetS, BMI has an important role in the CVDs. It has been reported that BMI value 25 kg/m2 or above increases the chances of coronary artery disease (CAD) (Hulten et al., 2017). MetS has not a single cause, it is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities. Several hereditary and environmental factors contribute to MetS including inevitable genetic factors such as hypertension, type II diabetes, family history and ethnic background (Rampal et al., 2012; Das et al., 2012). The preventable risk factors include low physical activity and dietary habits (Wagner et al., 2012). According to our results the prevalence of MetS is 39.025% and 22.53% among the bank employees control subjects, respectively. According to the reports, the incidence of MetS is rapidly increasing in the world (Chan et al., 2009). In the developing countries the prevalence ranges from 9.8% to 46.5% (Misra and Khurana, 2008). It is 15.1% in Chinese (Gul and Hafizullah, 2010), 20.8% in Japanese (Hao et al., 2007) and 13.7% in US Americans (Palaniappan et al., 2003). Our study indicates that the prevalence of general population is comparable with Japanese population. However, the bank employees have significantly high prevalence of MetS. Sedentary lifestyle, mental exertion and low physical activity seem to have an associated with high prevalence of MetS among the bank employees in Lahore, Pakistan.

 

Conclusion

In our observation, the bank employees have significantly high prevalence of MetS. Sedentary lifestyle, mental exertion and low physical activity seem to have an associated with high prevalence of MetS among the bank employees in Lahore, Pakistan. The investigated community is under the threat of CVDs and DMT2, atherosclerosis and hypertension. It was concluded that the physical activity can effectively prevent and control the components of MetS.

 

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the volunteers who participated in the study.

 

Statement of conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

 

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