Research Article

 

Effect of Systemic Ivermectin on Epidermal Tunnel Size, Severe Asthetic Appearance of Skin, Haematological and Biochemical Inbalances Caused by Sarcoptes scabie var caprae in West African Dwarf Goats, in Ibadan, Nigeria

 

Olufarati Oludunsin Falohun*, Nurudeen Ayinde Sadiq

Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

Editor | Muhammad Imran Rashid, Department of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.

Received | February 20, 2015; Revised | March 21, 2015; Accepted | March 30, 2015; Published | April 08, 2015

*Correspondence | Olufarati Oludunsin Falohun, University of Ibadan, Nigeria; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Falohun OO, Sadiq NA (2015). Effect of systemic ivermectin on epidermal tunnel size, severe asthetic appearance of skin, haematological and biochemical inbalances caused by Sarcoptes scabie var caprae in West African Dwarf Goats, in Ibadan, Nigeria. J. Adv. Parasitol. 2(1): 11-18.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.jap/2015/2.1.11.18

ISSN | 2311-4096

Copyright © 2015 Falohun and Sadiq. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

 

INTRODUCTION

Goat production in developing countries like Nigeria is beset with series of constraints like poor health, which results in spread of infections such as mange disease. Mange is a contagious disease of animal and man (Scabie) caused by mite infestation, which damages their skin and hides, thereby reducing its quality (Blood et al., 1983; Oladeji, 2006).

 

Mange mites are the most notorious ectoparasite of goats and are responsible for great economic losses especially in humid area of West Africa (Akomas et al., 2011).

 

The condition predisposes animals to other bacterial and viral infections and it is also of zoonotic importance as the infection can be transferred to humans during husbandry (Dominguez et al., 1977). The diagnosis of mange is usually based on the detection of mites in skin scrapings.

 

Ivermectin, a macrocyclic lactone acaricide showed remarkable improvement in goat infested with sarcoptic mange when treated with a dosage of 0.2mg/kg (Alayande et al., 2002; Akomas et al., 2011). Ivermectin treatment has also been shown to reduce the prevalence and intensity of parasitism in West African Dwarf goats (Daramola et al., 2003). Ivermectin effectively cure goats of infestation by mange mites and thereby relieve them of the adverse effect of the mites especially on blood (Akomas et al., 2011).

 

MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY

 

Animals Used and Sample Collection

A total of 10 naturally infested West African Dwarf goats were bought from different villages in Ibadan which includes Ijaye and Maale areas in Akinyele Local Government, Adaba area in Ido East Local Government, and Lalupon village in Lagelu Local Government. The animals were housed separately in pens in the University of Ibadan Teaching and Research Farm. During the acclimatization period, the animals were screened for haemoparasites and dewormed with curative dose of Albendazole 5mg/kg PO and administered with oxytetracycline at 5mg/kg. They were fed with dried cassava peels, corn bran and elephant grass and were given water ad-libitum. Deep skin scrapings were collected from lesion sites for identification of the mites, deep shaved skin biopsies were also collected for histology of epidermis. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein in EDTA bottle for hematological studies and in plain vacutainer bottle for serum biochemical studies.

 

Skin Scrapping

Skin scrapings were collected from different regions of the body (face, shoulder, ear, neck, limbs and abdomen) of each animal by scrapping the edges of the lesion with scalpel until capillary bleeding was seen and the scrapped material transferred to clean sample bottles and parasitological identification of the mites was conducted as described by Soulsby (1982). Skin scrapings at the area of around 2.5-cm² was treated with 20ml 10% (KOH) solution for 10min to digest the keratin. This was then centrifuged at 1500rpm for 5 min, and the supernatant was discarded and the sediment carefully mixed with saturated glucose solution. After 10 min the upper layer was collected and examined under a stereoscopic microscope to determine the presence of mites. Identification of mites was carried out with the help of morphological characteristics as described by Wall and Shearer (1997).

 

Skin Biopsy and Sectioning

Deep Shaved Skin Biopsy was performed as described by Olbricht (2003) in which an area of the lesion was shaved to the skin and 2% lignocaine hydrochloride subcutaneously was given, before an incision was then made at the site of the lesion with a sterile scalpel vertically into the skin then moved forward horizontally in a sawing motion turning it up towards the surface to finish the excision. The skin biopsy was then put in 70% ethanol and taken to the laboratory for histopathology. The biopsies were processed, dehydrated in increasing concentrations of ethanol, cleared in xylene and embedded in paraffin. The paraffin blocks were sectioned with a microtome at 5um thickness, and placed on slides used for Haematoxylin and Eosin stain and examined as indicated by Bancroft and Harry (1994).

 

Histomorphometrics

Histomorphometric studies were done using a light microscope (Bio-microscope, YJ-2005 series) connected to a laptop computer (hp, china) with TSview 1.0 and AmscopeToupView 3.2 software measuring the tunnel heights and tunnel diameter in the skin created by the mites. These figures were automatically generated with the aid of the software.

 

Haematology and Biochemistry

10mls of blood were collected from the jugular vein of the WAD goats into labeled sterile EDTA bottle to investigate different hematological disturbances. The Packed Cell Volume (PCV) was determined by microhaematocrit method, Haemoglobin concentration was measured by cyanmethaemoglobin method, red blood cell (RBC), total white blood cell and differential WBC were all determined by haemocytometer method as described by Schalm (1986).

 

5mls of serum was collected into plain vacutainer tube for serum biochemistry. Total serum protein was measured by Biuret method, Albumin values was estimated by bromocresol green, method. Serum sodium and potassium value was determined by flame photometry using electrophotometer.

 

Treatment Plan

The naturally infested West African Dwarf goats were grouped into two, group A comprised of five animals which were placed on 1% Ivermectin (0.2mg/kg) subcutaneously at an interval of 2 weeks until two consecutive negative skin scrapings were obtained and complete recovery is achieved and group B also consisted of five animals which were placed on placebo as control. Rectal temperature evaluation, morphological identification, haematological and biochemical analysis were done 3 days before treatment and 3 times per treatment ( day 3, day 7, day 11 of first treatment, second, third and fourth treatments) while histo-pathological analysis was done at weekly interval until two consecutive negative skin scrapping results were obtained and complete recovery is achieved.

 

Statistical Analysis

The data obtained were summarized as means ± standard deviations and differences between the means determined at 5% level of significance using the T- test and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Graph pad Prism 5.

 

RESULT

 

Clinical Evaluation before Treatment

Dermatological examination of the goats revealed extensive alopecia, severe erythema, hyperkeratosis and areas of adherent crust formation affecting the ventral abdomen, chest, limbs, forehead and neck region. Heavy presence of adult mites and their eggs, histopathological lesions including acanthosis, spongiosis, hyperkeratosis, mite containing epidermal tunnel, hematological and biochemical in-balances were observed and confirmed before the onset of treatment. Sarcoptes scabie var caprae was the only mite specie identified infesting all the West African Dwarf goats used for this study. These mites have oval to round, dorsally convex tortoise-like body that is covered with spines and triangular scales with only the first two pairs of legs protruding beyond the body margin. The female mites were identified bearing long bristles on the third and fourth pair of legs while the male bears long bristle on the third pair of leg alone (Figure 1).

 

Effect of Ivermectin on Adult Mites and Egg Count

There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in adult mite count before ivermectin treatment (49.40±17.36) and in day 3 post treatment with ivermectin (30.75±9.07), however day 7 (25.50±4.17) and day 11 (20.50±4.43) showed significant reduction (p< 0.05) in the number of adult mite when compared with the control group. Day 3 (6.75±3.30) and day 7 (0.75±0.96) with second ivermectin treatment witnessed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the adult mite count while day 11 post second treatment showed that all mites had been eliminated (0.00±0.00), while the population of adult mite increased significantly (p< 0.05) in the control group from 89.33±10.26 before treatment to 125.30±6.51 on day 11 of third placebo injection.

 

The mite egg count in animals before treatment was 20.20±6.26 which reduced significantly (p<0.05) to 9.75±3.86 on day 3 post first treatment but there was significant reduction (p <0.05) on day 11 of first ivermectin treatment to 4.50±1.85. On day 7 of second treatment, no mite egg was observed (0.00±0.00) in the animals following ivermectin administration (Table 1).

 

Effect of Ivermectin on Epidermal Tunnel Size

The epidermal tunnel height and tunnel diameter decreased from week 1 to week 10 following ivermectin treatment, as there was significant reduction (p<0.05) in tunnel height from a pre-treatment mean value of 238.00±46.45 to 161.30±39.02 at week 4 post treatment while tunnel diameter also significantly reduced (p<0.05) from 158.00±74.55 pretreatment mean value to 92.50±40.52 also at week 4 post ivermectin treatment. The tunnel size further reduced significantly (p<0.05) with longer post treatment days as tunnel height decreased to 35.00±16.83 and tunnel diameter to 20.00±7.07 at week 10 post treatment. However, in the control group the tunnel size increased significantly (p< 0.05) from pretreatment height of 256.7±38.86 to 316.7±2.89 at week 10 and the epidermal diameter from pretreatment value of 165.0±82.61 to 238.3±55.08 at week 10 of observation (Table 2 and Figure 2).

 

 

 

Table 1: Efficacy of ivermectin on Adult mite and mite egg in goats naturally infested with mange

Parameters		Adult Mite Count			Mite Egg Count
		Ivermectin group	Control group		Ivermectin group		Control group
Pretreatment	DOSC	49.40±17.36a	20.20±6.26a	43.00±18.08a		89.33±10.26a
First Treatment	Day 3	30.75±9.07a	9.75±3.86a	48.33±16.01a		89.67±9.71a
	Day 7	25.50±4.17b	5.75±2.01a	52.67±7.79b		93.00±5.13a
	Day 11	20.50±4.43b	4.50±1.85b	54.33±12.50c		95.00±7.94b
Second treatment	Day 3	6.75±3.30b	2.00±1.63b	62.33 ±16.44c		97.67±5.51b
	Day 7	0.75±0.96c	0.00±0.00b	67.67 ±17.79c		103.00±6.08c
	Day 11	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c	90.00 ±7.94d		116.00±7.00c
Third Treatment	Day 3	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c	92.67 ±6.81d		117.00±8.89c
	Day 7	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c	95.33 ±4.04d		119.70±6.81c
	Day 11	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c	98.00 ±6.25d		125.30±6.51c
Fourth Treatment	Day 3	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c	103.00 ±9.17d		127.30±4.62d
	Day 7	0.00±0.00c	0.000.00c	107.30 ±10.69d		132.30±10.69d

 

a, b, c, d Superscripts between groups in columns differed significantly (p<0.05). DOSC : Days of sample collection

 

 

Table 2: Efficacy of ivermectin on epidermal tunnel size created by burrowing Sarcoptes scabie var caprae mite infesting the goats

Days of sample collection	Ivermectin Group		Control Group
	Tunnel Height (µm)	Tunnel Diameter (µm)	Tunnel Height (µm)	Tunnel Diameter (µm)
Pretreatment	238.00±46.45a	158.00±74.55a	256.7±38.86a	165.0±82.61a
Week 1	228.80±52.66a	128.80±60.60a	258.3±34.03a	173.3±76.38a
Week 2	218.80±38.38a	121.30±54.83a	266.7±25.17a	180.0±78.58a
Week 3	210.00±43.97a	117.50±60.76a	268.3±22.50a	180.0±78.58a
Week 4	161.30±39.02b	92.50±40.52b	273.3±22.55b	186.7±77.67b
Week 5	122.50±27.54b	66.28±28.69c	278.3±25.66b	193.3±77.51b
Week 6	117.50±33.04b	61.25±27.80c	286.7±15.28b	206.7±67.14c
Week 7	105.00±26.46c	50.00±18.26c	303.3±15.28c	215.0±69.46c
Week 8	71.25±28.39d	30.00±18.26d	306.7±11.55c	218.3±68.25c
Week 9	67.50±25.98d	26.25±12.50d	311.7±7.64d	226.7±70.72d
Week 10	35.00±16.83d	20.00±7.07d	316.7±2.89d	238.3±55.08d

 

a, b, c, d Superscripts between groups in columns differed significantly (p<0.05)

 

 

Effect of Ivermectin on Haematological Parameters

There was improvement in the PCV of the animals following ivermectin treatment. PCV significantly increased (P <0.05) from pretreatment level of 11.40 ±1.67 to 27.74±3.37 at day 7 of second treatment. Haemoglobin concentration was significantly increased (p<0.05) to 8.78±0.71 at day 7 of second treatment from a pretreatment value of 3.74±0.62 and this further increased significantly (p< 0.05) to 10.50±0.99 after the fourth treatment as compared with the control group. Red blood cell increased significantly (11.0±0.96) at day 3 of second treatment from a pretreatment value of 6.04±1.55. White blood cell significantly increased (p< 0.05) from a pretreatment value of 15.28±1.82 to a value of 13.30±0.41 at day 7 of second treatment. A further significant decrease (P< 0.05) was also observed following third treatment (8.30±0.22) and fourth treatment (7.85±0.24) whereas the White blood cell value in the untreated (control) animals remained consistently high throughout the experiment. A significant reduction (P< 0.05) in eosinophil count was seen as the value reduced from 4.40±0.89 before treatment to 0.00±0.00 at day 11 of third treatment. The untreated animals did not witness any significant decrease (P>0.05) throughout the experiment. (Table 3).

 

 

Table 3: Efficacy of ivermectin on hematological parameter of WAD goats naturally infested with mange

Pretreatment

1st Treatment

2nd Treatment

3rd Treatment

4th Treatment

Day 3

Day 7

Day 11

Day 3

Day 7

Day 11

Day 3

Day 7

Day 11

Day 3

Day 7

PCV (%)

11.40 ±1.67ᶜ (11.67 ±1.53a)

14.00 ±1.71c (11.33 ±2.08ᶜ)

14.75 ±0.82c (13.00 ±2.00ᶜ)

14.25 ±2.06ᶜ (14.00 ±1.00ᶜ)

14.7 ±1.71c (14.23 ±1.00ᶜ)

27.74 ±3.37ᵇ (14.33 ±1.53ᶜ)

29.78 ±3.86b (14.67 ±2.52c)

30.00 ±2.16ᵇ) (14.33 ±1.53ᶜ)

331.25 ±2.25a 1(14.33 ±2.08c)

32.00 ±2.22a (14.33 ±2.31c)

30.75 ±1.83b (14.00 ±1.00ᶜ)

31.00 ±0.82a (14.67 ±0.58ᵇ)

HB (g/dl)

3.74 ±0.62a (3.77 ±0.15ᵃ)

4.40 ±0.61a (4.10± 0.20ᵃ)

4.93 ±1.14a (4.93 ± 0.78a)

5.30 ±1.27a (6.07± 0.85a)

7.80 ±0.98a (5.93± 0.60a)

8.78 ±0.71b (5.27± 0.81c)

9.30 ±0.88b (5.37 ±1.01c)

9.55 ±0.89b (5.13± 0.42c)

10.23 ±0.65c (5.07± 0.93c)

10.35 ±0.81c (5.27± 0.67c)

10.38 ±0.99c (5.17± 0.61c)

10.50 ±0.99d (5.57± 0.76c)

RBC (X106/µl)

6.04 ±1.55c (7.20± 1.15ᶜ)

6.95 ±0.48c (7.07± 0.67c )

6.45 ±0.76c (7.00 ± 0.46c )

6.28 ±1.13c (6.27± 0.55c )

11.0 ±0.96b (6.10± 0.20d)

12.05 ±0.97b (5.27± 0.85d)

12.73 ±0.97b (5.63 ±0.76d)

11.82 ±1.83b (5.30 ± 0.70d)

10.96 ±1.66b (6.37± 1.29d )

10.30 ±1.62b (6.30± 0.96c)

11.15 ±1.13b (5.73± 1.11d)

11.10 ±0.94b (5.80± 1.05d)

WBC (X10³ /µl)

15.28 ±1.82a (15.0 ±1.63a)

14.43 ±0.40a (14.80 ± 0.56a)

14.40 ±0.37a (14.7 ± 0.40a)

14.13 ±0.66a (14.93 ±1.01a)

14.1 ±0.34a (15.57 ±0.87a)

13.30 ±0.41b (16.90 ±0.62c)

10.60 ±0.93b (15.80 ±1.11c)

8.13 ±1.06b (17.00 ±0.76c)

8.78 ±0.56b (15.70 ±0.56c)

8.30 ±0.22b (15.63 ±0.35c)

8.05 ±0.13b (16.47 ±0.70c)

7.85 ±0.24b (15.33 ±0.81c)

EOS (x10³/µl)

4.40 ±0.89a (4.67 ±1.53a)

4.35 ±1.30ᵃ (4.00± 1.00c)

4.25 ±1.50a (5.00± 1.00a)

4.25 ±0.50a (5.00± 1.00a)

2.25 ±0.50a (5.33± 0.58a)

1.50 ±0.58a (5.00± 1.00a)

1.25 ±0.50c (5.00 ±1.00a)

1.00 ±0.82c (5.33± 1.16a)

1.00 ±0.82c (5.33± 1.53a)

0.00± 0.00c (6.00± 1.00a)

0.00 ±0.00c (5.33± 0.58a)

0.00 ±0.00c (4.67± 2.08a)

 

a, b, c, d Superscripts between groups in columns differed significantly (p<0.05); Parenthesis indicates control animals (not treated); EOS: Eosinophils, WBC: White blood cells, RBC: Red blood cell, HB: Haemoglobin, PCV: Packed cell volume.

 

 

Table 4: Efficacy of ivermectin on serum biochemistry on the goats naturally infested with mange

Pretre- atment

1st Treatment

2nd Treatment

3rd Treatment

4th Treatment

Day 3

Day 7

Day 11

Day 3

Day 7

Day 11

Day 3

Day 7

Day 11

Day 3

Day 7

T.P (g/ dL)

3.44± 0.23b (3.53± 0.25b )

3.48± 0.29b (3.37± 0.61b )

3.63± 0.28b (3.73± 0.15b )

4.38± 0.40b (4.03± 0.42b )

5.23± 0.40 b (4.70± 0.44 b )

5.65± 0.57d (4.27± 0.45a )

6.75± 0.26 d (4.63 ± 0.67 a )

7.07± 0.14d (4.70± 0.56a)

7.33± 0.09b (4.23± 0.31a)

7.40± 0.08c (4.23± 0.25a )

7.40 ±0.0 8c (4.37 ± 0.25 a )

7.35 ±0.0 6c (4.17 ± 0.15 a )

ALB (g/ dl)

1.20± 0.07c (1.23± 0.16c )

1.20± 0.22c (1.03± 0.38c )

1.33± 0.25c (1.30± 0.10c )

1.88± 0.26c (1.60± 0.40c)

2.30 ± 0.26 c (2.07 ± 0.21 c )

2.50± 0.18b (1.60± 0.10a )

2.55 ± 0.37 b (1.90 ± 0.46 a )

2.90± 0.22b (1.93± 0.31a)

3.08± 0.09b (1.67± 0.40a )

3.15± 0.06b (1.77± 0.25a )

3.20 ±0.0 8b (1.93 ± 0.15 a )

3.15 ±0.0 6b (1.53 ± 0.21 a)

GLO (g/ dl)

2.24± 0.23c (2.30± 0.17c )

2.28± 0.15c (2.33± 0.25c )

2.30± 0.08c (2.43± 0.06c)

2.48± 0.33c (2.43± 0.16c )

2.93± 0.29 c (2.63 ± 0.35 c)

3.15± 0.39c (2.67± 0.50c )

4.22 ± 0.14 a (2.73 ± 0.4 0b )

4.15± 0.19a (2.77± 0.25b )

4.25± 0.06a (2.57± 0.15b)

4.25± 0.06a (2.47± 0.25b )

4.20 ±0.0 8a (2.43 ± 0.16 b)

4.20 ±0.08 a (2.63 ± 0.25 b )

K (mm ol/L)

5.80± 0.27a (6.00 ±0.10a)

5.82± 0.41a (6.03± 0.21a)

5.89± 0.19a (5.93± 0.15a)

5.72± 0.07a (5.83± 0.15a )

5.54 ± 0.18 a (5.97 ± 0.17 a )

5.41± 0.14a (5.98± 0.13a )

5.05 ± 0.19 a (5.90 ± 0.20 a )

4.88± 0.12a (24.30± 31.79a)

4.69± 0.08a (6.20± 0.36a )

4.65± 0.13a (6.20± 0.20a )

4.68 ±0.0 9a (6.33 ± 0.40 a )

4.43 ±0.2 2a (6.17 ± 0.25 a )

NA (mm ol/L)

154.3± 2.31b (155.± 0.75b)

152.5 ± 1.18b (153.8 ±1.63 b)

153.4± 1.69b (152.7 ±0.92b )

151.6± 1.12b (151.7± 0.56b )

149.4 ± 1.00 b (152. 7 ±1.23 d)

147.2± 0.90b (153.7 ±0.77d)

144. 0± 1.77 a (152. 7± 1.21 d)

144.5± 0.79a (152.4± 1.20d )

143.9± 1.42a (152.5± 2.11d)

143.3± 1.59a (152.1± 0.70d)

142.8 ±1.31 a (153. 2± 3.80 d )

140.4 ±1.9 5a (153 .2 ±2.2 5d)

CL ( mm ol/L)

115.0± 1.87c (116.3 ±1.53c)

114.0 ± 3.37c (113.0 ±1.00 c)

112.5± 1.73c (112.3 ±0.58c )

111.3± 1.50c (112.7 ±0.58c)

108.3 ± 1.71 c (111. 7 ±1.53 c)

107.0± 1.41c (113.0 ±1.00c )

106.0 ± 1.63 c (113.0 ± 2.08 c )

102.0± 0.82a (112.7± 1.16b )

101.5± 1.29a (112.7± 2.52b )

101.3± 0.96a (112.7± 1.53b)

101. 5± 1.0 0a (112. 0± 1.00 b)

101. 5±1. 71a (112 .3 ±1.16 b)

 

a, b, c, d Superscripts between groups in columns differed significantly (p<0.05); Parenthesis indicates control animals (not treated); TP: Total protein, ALB: Albumin, GLO: Globulin, K: Potassium, NA: Sodium, CL: Chloride.

 

 

Effect of Ivermectin on Serum Biochemistry

There was no significant difference (p> 0.05) in the total protein level following first treatment (3.63±0.28) but a significant increase (p< 0.05) of 5.65±0.57 was observed at day 7 post second treatment and 7.40±0.08 at day 11 of third treatment from a pretreatment value of 3.44±0.23 as compared with the untreated group, Albumin value also increased at day 7 of second treatment (2.50 ±0.18) from a pretreatment value of 1.20±0.07 while globulin level also significantly increased (p< 0.05) from a pretreatment level of 2.24± 0.23 to 4.22± 0.14 at day 11 post second treatment as compared with control group in which neither albumin nor globulin level increased throughout the experiment. Potassium level of the ivermectin treated animals and that of the untreated (control) group did not change significantly (P> 0.05) throughout the experiment, while a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in sodium level at day 11 post second treatment (144.0±1.77) from a pretreatment level of 154.3±2.31 was observed and a significant decrease in chloride level (P < 0.05) following ivermectin administration at day 3 post third treatment (102.0±0.82) from a pretreatment level of 115.0±1.87 was also observed while the chloride level of the control group did not significantly show any reduction throughout the experiment (Table 4).

 

(a) showing massive excoriation with hyperkeratosis and epidermal tunnel height created by Sarcoptes scabie var caprae measuring 290microns Haematoxylin and eosin stain (b) showing mites in epidermis at week 4 of ivermectin treatment, epidermal tunnel height has reduced to 140microns haematoxylin and eosin stain

Effect of Ivermectin on Gross Lesion

From the improvement of lesions on skin, itching, scratching and biting ceased in the ivermectin treated goats on day 11 of first treatment. On day 3 of second treatment, breakage of crust at abdominal region was observed, skin coat thickening and alopecia has started resolving but mite wounds still present, while on day 3 of fourth treatment, Smooth and shinning skin coat with evidence of full hair growth on the body was noticed and mite lesions completely healed (Figure 3 and 4).

 

 

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSSION

 

Sarcoptes scabie was the only specie of mite found infesting all the goats used in this study, this is similar to the finding of Aikten (2007) who observed that sarcoptic mange caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var caprae is the most common cause of mange in goats and is found on sparsely haired parts of the body of the animals such as the face and ears.

 

Mite infestation caused by Sarcoptic scabie var caprae is a major constraint in goat production, which is highly debilitating and spreads rapidly within a herd by direct contact thereby causing severe damage to the skin by creating several epidermal burrows, leading to low productivity and death of animals (Morris et al., 1996; Radostits et al., 2007).

 

Systemic ivermectin treatment has been shown to be effective in the management of sarcoptic mange infestation in goats as these greatly reduce the intensity of parasitism in the infested animals (Manurung et al., 1990; Daramola et al., 2003).

 

The pretreatment investigation of this study revealed severe gross and histopathological lesions in the epidermis of the Sarcoptes scabie naturally infested goats, which lead to serious adverse aesthetic and physical effect on the skin quality of the animals as healing of these lesions was by scar formation which was visible on the skin, as this is in agreement with the observation of Gbolagade et al. (2009) and Nektarios et al. (2011).

 

The numerous epidermal tunnels with varying heights and diameter which was observed in the goats prior to commencement of treatment is possibly due to the burrowing ability of these mites into the skin as they feed on tissue fluids and continuously lay eggs in these tunnels which resultantly cause irritation and consequent scratching leading to inflammation and exudation that forms on the skin as this also was observed by Morris et al. (1996), Aikten (2007), Nektarios et al. (2011) and Falohun et al. (2015).

 

However, goats treated with ivermectin showed significant improvements in the reduction of adult mite and egg count, and in the appearance of skin coat post treatment, as there was marked reduction in the epidermal tunnel height and diameter after 4 weeks of treatment , as ivermectin has cleared all mite stages from the skin and gross lesions started resolving at day 11 of second treatment, this agrees with the work of Leon-Vizcaıno et al. (2001) in wild goat and Alayande et al. (2002) in West African dwarf goats who noted that there was marked decrease in the mean number of adult mites at 7 days post treatment with ivermectin in goats and at day 14 post treatment, almost all goats were cleared of infestation. This implies that ivermectin being systemic is fast in its mode of action and effectively rid the skin of the goats of infestation of mites and also neutralizing the histamine released by destroyed cells due to these burrowing mites thereby relieving the treated goats.

 

Furthermore, the marked reduction in hematological and biochemical parameters of all the infested goats which shows decrease Packed cell volume, erythrocyte count and hemoglobin level before the onset of treatment is indicative of anemia due to the blood consumption ability of mange mite and decrease cellular content in the blood after infestation (Sharma et al., 1990; Hafeez et al., 2007; Falohun et al., 2015) while the leukocytosis observed is likely due to excoriation of the skin of the animal which allows penetration of invading microorganisms which elicit the production of leucocytes in the goats and the decrease in serum protein, albumin and globulin level observed is probably due to the fact that sarcopte scabie continuously seep and suck fluid from mange infested animals as reported by Adejinmi et al. (2000).

 

However packed cell volume, red cell count and hemoglobin concentration increased while white blood cell level decreased in the treated animals, with these parameters falling within the range of values obtained for normal healthy WAD goats after recovery.

 

This implies that treatment with systemic ivermectin effectively restore the blood quality of the animals, as RBC with hemoglobin function to convey oxygen to body tissues which provide energy to the animals thereby allowing them to feed effectively and gain weight. The lower level of WBC observed in the treatment group as compared to the control depicts a reduction in mange burden. Higher immune response following recovery from mange infestation has been reported and were thought to be associated with massive release of antigen due to synchronous death of these mites (Akomas et al., 2011).

 

Although two consecutive negative skin scrapings was achieved in this study following second treatment with Ivermectin, treatment of infested goats was further extended to fourth regimen at two weeks interval to achieve complete recovery and prevent reoccurrence of infestation as systemic Ivermectin is safe to use and reaches its bioavailability unchanged with minimal toxicity.

 

AKNOWLEDGEMENT

 

We sincerely thank the management of Teaching and Research farm of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria for giving us approval to make use of the small ruminant ward during the period of this research.

 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

 

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

 

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