Research Article

 

 

Effect of Hatching Eggs Injection with Inactivated Newcastle Disease Vaccine and Two Doses of Cod Liver Oil on some Productive Traits and Immune Response of Broilers

 

Mushtaq Talib Abdulwahid1*, Mashaan Abbas Abd Al-Zuhairy1, Mayada Jawad Kadhum2

1Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baghdad University, Iraq; 2Department of Biology and Medicine Supervision/Veterinary Directorate, Iraq.

 

Editor | Kuldeep Dhama, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Received | January 13, 2017; Accepted | February 16, 2017; Published | February 28, 2017

*Correspondence | Mushtaq Talib Abdulwahid, Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baghdad University, Iraq; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Abdulwahid MT, Al-Zuhairy MAA, Kadhum MJ (2017).Effect of hatching eggs injection with inactivated newcastle disease vaccine and two doses of cod liver oil on some productive traits and immune response of broilers. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 5(2): 100-106.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2017/5.2.100.106

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316; ISSN (Print) | 2309-3331

Copyright © 2017 Abdulwahid et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

 

INTRODUCTION

 

The production of hatching eggs that will provide strong viable chicks is a key factor in the successful propagation of poultry, the nutrition of the breeding hen is one of the most factors important in these situations (Koreleski and Switakiewicz, 2006; Yegani, and Korver, 2008). The egg must contain all the nutrients needed by the embryo when it is laid by the hen. Nutrient deficiencies can cause marked reduction in hatchability and often malformed embryos grow as a result of the nutrient deficiency (less supply of energy, less supply of some vitamins and minerals) responsible for poor hatchability by examination of the embryo (Uni et al., 2005). About 5-6 gm of lipid found in the yolk of the egg, nearly 80% of it was absorbed by the embryo for energy production and structural membrane synthesis. Lipid peroxidation of low quality fat may predispose the embryo to increase metabolic disorder and damage to cellular membranes (Noble and Cocchi, 1990). Fat sources are essential to fuel the heart and for the deposition of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in tissues such as the brain as important roles in energy production for the embryo (Cherian and Sim, 1992). Thus, the additional energy source supported the late-term embryos and improve early growth to enhance the genetic potential for late embryonic and early post hatch growth (Uni and Ferket, 2004; Al-Daraji et al., 2010b) and help chicks to enhance ability of digestion and metabolism after hatching which led to improving the productive traits and accelerate access to marketing weight (Dos Santos et al., 2010; Selim et al., 2012). Cod liver oil is a source of omega-3 essential fatty acids (Eicosapentaenoic acid EPA and decosahexaenoic acid DHA) (Guillen et al., 2008). In ovo administration of high quality polyunsaturated fatty acids such as Cod liver oil may improve energy during embryogenesis and hatching process, also, are important constituents of the immune cell structure with great physiological effects in birds, as well as, increase poultry productivity (Heird and Lapillonne, 2005; Shaikh and Edidin, 2006; Chang et al., 2010; Abdulwahid and Al-Zuhairy, 2013). The objective of this study to find out the impact in ovo administration with inactivated ND vaccine and two doses of Cod liver oil on hatchability, some physiological, productive traits and immune response of broiler.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 

This study includes two stages; the first stage was the incubation period for fertilized eggs which was carried out at automated incubator after graded and culled the abnormal and misshapen. Two hundred fertilized eggs of Ross 308 broiler breeders were distributed into four groups; fifty fertilized eggs were assigned to each group, the first group (Group 1) was injected with 0.1ml/egg of Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) into amniotic fluid at day 18th of incubation which was considered as a control, the second group (Group 2) was injected with 0.1ml/egg of inactivated oil emulsified ND vaccine, the third group was injected with 0.1ml/egg of inactivated oil emulsified ND vaccine and 0.1 ml/egg of Cod liver oil (CLO) and the fourth group was injected with 0.1ml/egg of inactivated oil emulsified ND vaccine and 0.15 ml/egg of CLO. Handel egg injection method applied for injection of CLO and ND vaccine after candled and only embryonated eggs selected for injection. Complete disinfection was done after every injection by alcohol 70% to prevent cross contamination between individual eggs. Injection depth was 2.5 cm from the broad end. After the eggs were injected, the injection holes were sealed with sterile wax and return to the incubator for complete hatching process, maintained in the biology and medicine supervision Department /Veterinary Directorate (Iraq). The second stage was started when hatched chicks were transported to the poultry farm of Veterinary College /Baghdad University and then distributed into four groups (with two replicates of each group) depending on the previously treated groups up to end of the study. The hall ground was covered with suitable litter (softwood shaving) after cleaning the floor, wall and ceiling and other factors like lighting and ventilation were controlled according to recommendations. All chicks of treated groups were given ad libitum access to feed and water.

 

The diet was formulated according to the recommendations of (NRC, 1994). The chicks were given the starter diet for the two weeks (starter period), then after, it fed grower diet for the end of the study. All chicks of this study were vaccinated with 0.03 ml/ chick of attenuated ND IB (Volvac®) at 7 days old via the ocular route. Cod Liver Oil (CLO) was used in ovo injection produced by Vitex Pharmaceuticals Pty Ltd-Australia. Also, the vaccine was used in this study was Volvac® ND KV (Boehringer Ingelheim-HQ Germany) inactivated oil emulsified vaccine elaborated with ND virus, LaSota strain. Each 0.5 ml contains a minimum titer: 108.2 EID50/dose of ND before inactivation. A total of 40 blood samples (10 samples per group) were taken randomly from the wing vein, after coagulation, the blood was centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 5 minutes to obtain the serum. The serum samples were frozen at (-20ºC) until analyzed for biochemical parameters changes and ELISA test at day 35th of birds age (Allan, 1978).

 

The concentrations of total serum protein, Albumin, Globulin, Cholesterol, Triglyceride and High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) were measured with the use of spectrophotometer by commercial enzymatic Kits (BioSystems S.A. company /Spain) according to (Wotton, 1964; Fossati and Prencipe, 1982). Productive traits represented by (body weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio) were determined each week until five weeks. The antibody (Ab) titers against ND virus in chicks serum samples were detected at (7, 21 and 35) days of age by using ELISA test for different groups. ND virus antibody test kit ProFLOK® PLUS Synbiotics Corporation –San Diego/USA was used in this study.

 

Statistical Analysis

 

All data were submitted to statistical analysis by analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Snedecor and Cochran, 1980) by using SPSS program (SPSS, 1999). The least significant differences (L.S.D) were used to assess the differences the mean. P≤0.05 considered significant.

 

RESULTS

 

The data of Table 1 showed that hatchability% and weights of newly hatching chicks were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased in groups 3rd and 4th as compared with the 2nd and control, while, there were no significant (P>0.05) differences between the groups 3rd and 4th in these traits. Also, the results showed significant (P≤0.05) increases in mean body weight and body weight gain of third and fourth groups as compared with the second group and control in (3rd, 4th and 5th) weeks. As well as, the mean body weight of the fourth group was increased significantly (P≤0.05) more than other groups and control in weeks (4th and 5th). Although there were no significant (P> 0.05) differences

 

Table 1: Hatchability, body weight, body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio for different groups (Mean ± SE)

 

Groups			First group (Control)	Second group	Third group	Fourth group
Variables	Age
Hatchability%			83.3± 0.577 C	86.6± 1.154 B	93.3± 1.154 A	93.3± 1.732 A
Body weight (gm)		1stday	44.72±0.56 B	44.78±0.52 B	45.92±0.63 A	46.66±0.41 A
		1st wk	107.2±0.72	106.8±0.41	110.7±0.75	111.1± 0.77
		2nd wk	274.9±1.89	273.7±1.80	273.2±1.24	271.2± 1.03
		3rd wk	595.5± 2.10 B	590.2± 2.85 B	613.6± 1.36 A	605.5± 1.58 A
		4th wk	1162.8± 9.46 C	1162.8± 9.46 C	1230.8± 4.95 B	1241.0± 3.11 A
		5th wk	1713.0± 4.15 C	1758.8± 5.28 C	1851.1± 3.57 B	1861.2± 1.62 A
Body weight gain (gm)		1st wk	62.50± 0.10	62.10± 0.08	64.80± 0.10	64.50± 0.11
		2nd wk	167.7± 0.84 A	166.9± 1.11 B	162.5± 1.43 B	160.1± 1.22 B
		3rd wk	321.3± 1.44 B	317.0± 2.57 B	340.3± 4.62 A	334.2± 2.88 A
		4th wk	587.3± 2.63 C	587.8± 6.73 C	617.2± 2.17 B	635.5± 2.14 A
		5th wk	550.2±7.41 C	580.2± 2.59 B	620.3± 2.01 A	620.2± 1.28 A
Feed intake (gm)		1st wk	156.2± 0.75	155.4± 0.60	154.7± 0.30	151.6± 1.65
		2nd wk	369.1± 0.90 A	362.9± 2.95 A	342.5± 2.45 B	337.2± 1.75 B
		3rd wk	663.1± 3.85 A	660.8± 2.15 AB	658.7± 1.30 AB	653.4± 3.40 B
		4th wk	1217.8±2.85 AB	1212.6± 2.15 B	1220.3± 5.30 A	1202.6± 2.35 C
		5th wk	1232.8± 2.85 B	1243.7± 1.25 A	1207.6± 2.65 C	1196.8± 1.80 D
Feed conversion ratio		1st wk	2.48± 0.04 A	2.49± 0.04 A	2.38± 0.04 B	2.37± 0.05 B
		2nd wk	2.19± 0.10 A	2.19± 0.04 A	2.09± 0.01 B	2.09± 0.01 B
		3rd wk	2.05± 0.07 A	2.07± 0.05 A	1.93± 0.06 B	1.96± 0.01 B
		4th wk	2.15± 0.05 A	2.06± 0.01 B	1.98± 0.07 C	1.88± 0.04 D
		5th wk	2.24± 0.01 A	2.14± 0.07 B	1.95± 0.04 C	1.93± 0.03 C

 

Different large letters horizontally refer to significant differences at level (P ≤ 0.05) among mean of groups

 

Table 2: Biochemical parameters for different groups at 35 days old (Mean ± SE)

 

Parameters	First group (Control)	Second group	Third group	Fourth group
Total Protein (gm/L)	48.67± 0.185 D	52.45± 0.117 C	56.81± 0.157 B	58.74± 0.139 A
Albumin (gm/L)	23.46± 0.181 A	23.97± 0.092 B	20.39± 0.168 C	20.51± 0.125 C
Globulin (gm/L)	25.21± 0.052 D	28.47± 0.081 C	36.41± 0.058 B	38.22± 0.0.32 A
Total Cholesterol (mg/dl)	179.97± 0.532 A	178.30± 0.382 B	160.70± 0.505 C	153.74± 0.526 D
Triglycerides (mg/dl)	120.66± 0.810 A	120.39± 1.132 A	102.99± 1.299 B	99.66± 1.219 B
HDL-Cholesterol mg/dl)	26.22± 0.276 C	25.21± 0.332 D	27.94± 0.191 B	29.40± 0.187 A

 

Different large letters horizontally refer to significant differences at level (P≤ 0.05) among mean of groups

 

between the third and fourth groups in body weight gain at the 3rd and 5th week. The fourth group was (P≤0.05) the second and third groups and control in the 4th week. The third and fourth groups were recorded significant (P≤0.05) decreases in feed intake and improvement in feed conversion efficiency in the 5th week as compared with the second and control; also the fourth group was recorded significant (P≤0.05) reduces values in feed intake as compared with the third group and other groups at 5th week. As well as, data of the same table indicated that significantly (P≤0.05) improvement in feed conversion efficiency of third and fourth groups as compared with the second group and control up to the end of this in the study.

 

According to data of Table 2, the results showed that total protein concentration of the fourth group at (35) days of age significantly (P≤ 0.05) increased as compared with the other groups and control, as well as, the results illustrated that significant (P≤ 0.05) decreases in albumin onc. and significant (P≤ 0.05) increases in globulin conc. of the fourth group as compared with the other groups and control. Data of the fourth group showed significant (P≤ 0.05) decrease in cholesterol concentration (153.74± 0.526 mg/dL) as compared with second, third groups and control which there were (178.30±0.382, 160.70±0.505 and 179.97±0.532) mg/dl respectively.

 

The analysis of blood triglycerides conc. of the third and the fourth groups were significantly (P≤0.05) lower than the second group and the control, but there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in triglycerides values between the third and the fourth groups. The fourth group mentioned significantly (P≤ 0.05) higher level in high density lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol conc. (29.40± 0.187mg/dL) as compared with the second, the third groups and the control (25.21± 0.332, 27.94± 0.191 and 26.22± 0.276) mg/dl respectively (Table 2).

 

Although, there were no significant (P> 0.05) differences in Ab titer against ND virus measured by ELISA among the groups at 7 days old, the data showed significant (P≤ 0.05) higher Ab titer in blood serum samples of the fourth group than the other groups at 21and 35 days old (2262.8± 255.30 and 5159.8± 212.76) respectively as the illustration shown in (Table 3).

 

Table 3: Antibody titre against ND virus measured by ELISA for different groups (Mean ± SE).

 

Group Age	First group (Control)	Second group	Third group	Fourth group
7 days	2322.0± 152.17	2240.0± 119.68	2320.8± 178.94	2255.0± 142.65
21 days	1106.0± 56.61 C	1947.8± 178.71 B	1879.0± 236.78 B	2262.8± 255.30 A
35 days	812.4± 56.80 D	3193.8± 104.34 C	4525.4± 72.25 B	5159.8± 212.76 A

 

Different large letters horizontally refer to significant differences at level (P ≤ 0.05) among mean of groups.

 

DISCUSSION

 

The increment of hatchability in third and fourth groups might be due to in ovo administration with Cod liver oil (enriched of Omega-3) which improving the energy production during embryogenesis. The results demonstrated that using inoculation with Cod liver oil (CLO) had a significant role in the growth of chicks by increment mean body weight of chicks as compared with control; this could be due to the positive effect of omega-3 on energy needed by the body for the metabolic process without exhausted of glycogen. Omega -3 PUFAs has importance in the development of the body cells; it enters in the composition of cell membranes (Schaal, 2008). The gastrointestinal tract will be best with Omega -3 PUFAs. Then, digestibility and absorption of necessary nutritional elements were enhanced. Also, fat rich with Omega -3 increased growth due to activating of bile secretion which leads to increase digestion of fats in the intestine and increase the efficiency of digestion and absorption of diets in intestine lumen lead to more useful from diets. The results were obtained are in agreement with the results obtained by (Bou et al., 2004; Safamerher et al., 2008). Furthermore, (Salih, 2009; Tako et al., 2004, Lopes et al., 2006) concluded that in ovo feeding Omega-3 PUFAs were enhanced the muscle growth due to the higher proliferation of myoblasts during embryonic development and to the presence of more satellite cells in early post hatch development. In addition, (Smirnov et al., 2006) revealed that increased of body weight gain and improved feed conversion efficiency when broilers fed diet enriched with Omega-3 PUFAs and 200 mg vitamin E/ kg feed as compared with control, they were attributed to the interest of vitamin E as antioxidant in keeping body tissues from degenerating due to free radicals formation. The results which obtained from the current study were similar to the results of (Basmacioglu et al., 2009) who confirmed that significantly (P≤0.05) improvement in feed conversion efficiency of treated chicks with 2% fish oil during all experimental period (six weeks), they were ascribed to fish oil which enriched of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acid oil (Alparslan and Ozdogan, 2006; Pike, 1999; Saleh et al., 2009) documented that fish oil supplementation at 1.5% to a diet of chickens significantly improved feed conversion ratio, body weight and daily body weight gain, in addition, the same study observed a significant reduction in feed intake, body weight and average daily body weight gain when the diet was supplemented with the highest level of fish oil (6%). The results of the current study are in agreement with several studies (Uni and Ferket, 2004; Gore and Qureshi, 1997; Ipek et al., 2004; Kidd et al., 2005; Foye et al., 2006; Moran and JR., 2007; Zhai et al., 2008; Dos Santos et al., 2010; McGruder et al., 2011a) who found that in ovo feeding with various nutrients was enhance the energy status of late term embryos and were improved weights of newly hatching chicks that enhance the genetic potential for late embryonic and early post hatch growth, but the results of the current study disagree with (Schaal, 2008) who showed that in ovo injection of Omega-3 (ALA) was significantly reduced the hatchability due to using ethanol as a carrier to dilute the fatty acids and provide an aqueous solution to embryos. The highest significant increase of total protein and globulin conc. may be due to the role of CLO to improve immunity and increasing of immunoglobulins. The results of the present study were agreement with that of (Al-Mayah, 2009) who found that broilers fed 50 gm of fish oil/kg of diet accelerates production of immunoglobulins (IgM and IgG) then increased serum total protein. The increasing in globulin conc. than Albumin conc. may be due to the role of CLO in rising immunity response in the body by stimulating lymphocyte; these results confirmed increasing in total protein conc. in blood serum samples of treated chicks with Omega -3 PUFAs (Jaffer, 2010). The results of the treated group which embryonic injection with CLO showed a reduction in cholesterol, triglycerides concentrations and increasing in HDL- cholesterol conc. as compared with untreated groups at 35 days old of chicks. These results could be due to the positive role of CLO which is a rich in Omega-3 unsaturated fatty acid (Roy et al., 2008).

 

The antioxidant properties of unsaturated fatty acids in CLO should be considered as a major component of its beneficial effects on antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation of body tissues, (Hunkar et al., 2002) recorded that CLO play important role in decreasing of plasma cholesterol, triglyceride and it has a protective effect against lipid peroxidation products, by enhancing the antioxidant status.

 

Sultan (2005) reported that fish oil effect on the cholestlerol conc. is mainly by reduction diverting lipids metaboism to phospholipids formation. Similar results were also observed by (Saleh et al., 2009) in broilers fed diets supplemented with fish oil showed lowered levels of cholesterol and triglyceride conc. in the plasma compared with those fed the control diet.

 

On the other hand, (Chashnidel et al., 2010) mentioned that broilers dietary fish oil supplementation at percentage (1.5,3,4.5)% showed a significant decrease in cholesterol and triglycerides conc. in blood serum, this result might be due to reducing of hepatic synthesis by suppressive synthetic enzymes HMG-CoA synthase which enter cholesterol formation and increase B-oxidation process. Omega-3 fatty acids increase the removal of very low density lipoprotein by peripheral tissues or the liver, and increase the excretion of bile in feces which can also reduce the serum concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides. So, higher omega-3 levels were associated with lower triglycerides and higher HDL-cholesterol, lower LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol (Dewailly et al., 2001; Leaf and Weber, 1988).

 

The results revealed increased in blood serum HDL-cholesterol of treated birds with embryonic cod liver oil, these led to increase transfers cholesterol molecules from blood and tissues to the liver (Pamela, 2009). Furthermore, the results indicated that CLO elevated HDL-cholesterol receptor activity and promote lipoprotein metabolism by altering the activity and function of certain lipolytic and transferring enzymes in plasma, so dietary omega-3 fatty acids facilitated the transfer of fatty acids from LDL HDL-cholesterol (Roy et al., 2008; Aviram, 2000). The results of the current study suggested that high Ab titer against ND virus of the treated groups in ovo injected with CLO which improved immune status and lessen inflammatory conditions. Results of current study also, are in agreement with (Saleh et al., 2009) who explained that supplementation of 3% fish oil in the diet improved the level of omega-3 PUFAs, then, the positive effect on the immune system were determined, the role of omega-3 fatty acids as immunity stimulators of cytokines and help B-lymphocytes to increase Ab production. The long chain omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) have the ability to increase the immune response (Calder, 2001). Despite, the fish oil has shown immunosuppressive at high concentrations and immunostimulatory at lower concentrations when used in chicken diets (Wang et al., 2000).

 

(Klasing, 1998; Sakr, 2007) considered that omega-3 in fish oil is immune modulator and they recommended to be given after vaccination against Newcastle disease. (Torki et al., 2000) described significant health benefits from diets that include marine fish oil supplements, these benefits include immunological properties such as immunomodulation (Kidd, 2004). Consumption of omega-3 PUSFAs such as CLO markedly modulates the immune and inflammatory response (Kehn and Fernanetes, 2001; Jessica, 2001; Al-Mayah, 2009) explained that chicks fed 50 gm/kg of diet fish oil were accelerated antibody production and maintained proper immune function after vaccination against ND with LaSota type vaccine at 35th day of age. Several studies demonstrated that chickens fed diets supplemented with lower concentrations of fish oil were improving immune system functions (enhancement the cellular and humoral immunity) (Prickeet, 1982; Al-Khalifa et al., 2012). The diets supplemental with CLO have kept high immune response against Newcastle disease (Aydin, 2007; Zhang et al., 2005).

 

CONCLUSION

 

Our results obtained from this study indicated that in ovo injection with inactivated ND vaccine and different doses of CLO caused enhancement in productive traits and immune response of the hatching chicks. The chicks were treated with 0.15 ml of CLO recorded that significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in mean body weight at the 4th and 5th week of age with a significant increasing in total protein and decreasing in cholesterol conc. at the 35th day of age, also showed a significant increasing in Ab titer against inactivated ND vaccine at (21 and 35) days of age as compared with other study groups.

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTs

 

We are thankful to all staff in Biology and Medicine Supervision Department / Veterinary Directorate for assisted us through carrying out tests of the current study. Also we would like to thank anyone in Veterinary College /Baghdad University who helped us during the study period.

 

Conflict of interest

 

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

 

Authors Contribution

 

All authors contributed equally in constructing the experimental design, analysing data and preparing manuscript.

 

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