Research Article

 

Leverage of Nano-Selenium on Sexual Behavior, Reproductive Performance, Semen Characteristics, and Prophylactics in Rabbit Bucks at Hot Season

 

Ahmed A. Ali1, Shady T. Hassan2, Essam S. Soliman3*

1Animal Behavior and Management Division, Department of Animal Hygiene, Zoonosis, and Animal Behavior, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; 2Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt. 3Animal, Poultry, and Environmental Hygiene Division, Department of Animal Hygiene, Zoonosis, and Animal Behavior, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.

 

Received | August 15, 2021; Accepted | September 06, 2021; Published | September 25, 2021

*Correspondence | Essam S. Soliman, Department of Animal Hygiene, Zoonosis and Animal Behavior, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Ali AA, Hassan ST, Soliman ES (2021). Leverage of nano-selenium on sexual behavior, reproductive performance, semen characteristics, and prophylactics in rabbit bucks at hot season. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 9(11): 1908-1918.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2021/9.11.1908.1918

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316; ISSN (Print) | 2309-3331

Copyright © 2021 Ali et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

 

INTRODUCTION

 

Rabbit breeders demand a sustained progressive increase in rabbit buck fertility that contributes to higher farm productivity, thus provide solutions to the animal protein shortage. Several obstacles might hinder the mass rabbit production like lowered buck fertility as a result of age and breed variations (Kheradmand and Babaei, 2006), reproductive pattern, health conditions (Castellini, 2008), mineral requirements (Mateos et al., 2010), feeding strategies (Pascual et al., 2016), and macroclimatic conditions like temperature, relative humidity, ventilation, lighting program, and hot seasons stress (Marai et al., 2002, 2008).

 

Trace elements supplementation in feed or water could improve rabbit buck sexual behavior and fertility (Ojha et al., 2018). Some researches were conducted to evaluate the influences of different trace elements supplementations on productive and reproductive performance in rabbits like manganese (Chen et al., 2020), copper (Kasperczyk et al., 2016), zinc (Kumar et al., 2006), and selenium; Se (Oda et al., 2012). Selenium plays an important role in biological processes and physiological functions (Kryukov et al., 2003). Selenium participates in the dynamics of lowering diseases development by enforcing a prophylactic influence against the activities of free radicals (Mohanty et al., 2018; Soetan et al., 2010). Moreover, Se is a component of enzymatic antioxidants like glutathione peroxidase (GPx) which is a group of selenium-dependent enzymes that plays a prophylactic role against lipid peroxidation (Skalickova et al., 2017), protects the cell membrane, and takes part in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipids’ hydroxy peroxide metabolism (Pan et al., 2018). Hence, Se improves animals’ sexual behavior (Bhatt et al., 2017), reproduction (Mistry et al., 2012; Mehdi et al., 2013; Rezvanfar et al., 2013), and relieve stresses with high antioxidant capacity (Muller et al., 2002).

 

Selenium (organic or inorganic) has different forms that either possess low power against toxic metabolites and stresses (Li et al., 2012) or produce highly toxic metabolites (Tarze et al., 2007). Nano-Selenium (NS) has an advantageous structure, high absorption capability, high bioavailability, increased catalytic efficiency, minimal energy loss, and increased surface activity (Ali et al., 2020). Nano-selenium provides functional benefits for rabbit buck like prophylactic influences against reproductive toxicity, improves the serum testosterone, enhances sperm quality, increases spermatogenesis, and reduces spermatic DNA damage (Broadway et al., 2015). Therefore, the usage and application of NS as an alternative for improving rabbit buck fertility contributed to lower toxicity and provide acceptable bioavailability (Peng et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2007).

 

The current study aims to investigate the prophylactic and augmenting influences of NS water supplementation at a dose of 0.5 and 1 mL of 100 mg/L and inorganic commercial selenium at a dose of 1 mL of 100 mg/L on rabbit bucks’ productive and reproductive performance, libido, semen criteria, antioxidant levels, testosterone hormone, and cortisol hormone levels in the presence of hot season stress.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 

Ethical approval

The Scientific Research Ethics Committee approved the study design, materials, methods, handling, and management procedures used in the current experiment with approval number (2021019).

 

Study time and location

The study took place for 12 weeks from the beginning of the 2nd week of May to the end of the 1st week of August 2020. The current study was carried out in the Rabbit Research Unit, Teaching and Research Farm, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. The productive and reproductive indices, as well semen quality testing were carried out in the laboratories of faculty of Veterinary Medicine. Antioxidant and hormonal profiles were carried out in the Clinical Pathology laboratory, Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia, Egypt.

 

Selenium and nano-selenium preparation

Selenium inorganic form (Selenite-SEDICO®) was purchased from a veterinary clinic in Ismailia Governorate, Egypt. Nano-selenium particles were prepared using selenium powder (Merk®) as a precursor and polyvinyl alcohol as a capping agent according to Hassan et al. (2020). The produced NS was crystalline and valid for six months. The concentration of selenium in both commercial and synthesized products was 100 mg/L.

 

Housing management and microclimate

The floor of the Rabbit Research Unit was cleaned and disinfected before the beginning of the study using water under pressure to remove any sticky organic matter, a mixture of quaternary ammonium compound and glutaraldehyde, water under pressure, brushing with sodium hydroxide 5% to increase the penetration power, fogging with formaldehyde, closure for 24 h for optimization of action, and ventilation for 24 to 48 h before rabbit’s arrival. The removable objects were disinfected using potassium permanganate and hypochlorite 3%. The units were enforced with some essential biosecurity measures like fly and rodents proof, foot dip at the entrance, proper cleaning measures, waste management, and secured water and feed resources as recommended by Soliman and Abdallah (2020). The units were ventilated naturally by side windows that stimulate and intensify the stack effect. The units were supplied with a continuous lighting program for 16 h light and 8 h of darkness using white LED lights (Soliman and Hassan, 2019).

 

Experimental animals and study design

Twenty-four (24) adult New Zealand White rabbit bucks of five months old with an average body weight of 2.960 kg were purchased from a commercial rabbit farm - Ismailia, Egypt. Rabbits on their arrival were individually housed in a battery flat-deck system (Soliman and Hassan, 2020). The cages were about 50 × 60 ×40 cm3 and made of galvanized iron with J-shape feeders and automatic stainless-steel nipple drinkers. Rabbit bucks were assigned into four equal groups of 6 bucks in a completely randomized design. Rabbits were supplied with 150 g of commercial pelleted diet per buck daily. The diet consisted of crude protein, digestible energy, and crude fiber at a rate of 17.78%, 2525.2 Kcal/Kg, and 10.21%, respectively as recommended by the Nutrient Requirements of Rabbits (NRC, 1977).

 

Selenium and nano-selenium supplementation

The treatments were designed to be added per liter of drinking water. Rabbit bucks were treated as follows: the 1st group (G1) was supplemented with one mL commercial inorganic Se (Selenite-SEDICO®, 100 mg/L), the 2nd group (G2) was supplemented with 0.5 mL NS (100 mg/L), the 3rd group (G3) was supplemented with 1.0 mL NS (100 mg/L), and the 4th group (G4) was kept as control and supplied with clean un-supplemented water. The supplemented drinking water was provided daily for 12 weeks from the beginning of the experiment and going on.

 

Productive performance indices

Live body weights were measured for all rabbit bucks at the start point of the experiment (Initial body weights, IBW/g), then weekly, as well as the final body weights at the end of the experiment (Final body weights, FBW/g). Body weights were measured using a digital scale (WONHENG® Computing Electronic Digital Counting Weight Balance Scale, 220 V, 30 kg). Productive performance indices were calculated in weekly patterns as recommended by Soliman and Hassan (2017) like body weight gain (BWG/g) as the difference of the body weights at the end of each week from the body weights at the beginning of the same week for each group. Feed intakes (FI/g) were calculated by proportionating the amount of ration consumed by a group to the number of bucks in the same group. The feed conversion ratio was calculated by proportionating the feed intake (g) to the weekly body weight gains (g).

 

Libido testing and semen collection

At the 10th week, semen was collected by artificial vagina using a receptive female teaser rabbit. Sexual stimulation of the buck was achieved by leaving the doe on top of the buck’s cage for few minutes to increases sperm concentration. The inner sleeve temperature of the artificial vagina was adjusted between 41- 43°C. Semen was collected twice weekly from each buck (A total of 144 samples, 2 times/week × 3 weeks × 24 rabbit bucks). One ejaculate (n=72) was assigned for the analysis of semen characteristics, while the other one (n=72) was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min (Fisher®Thermo Scientific CL10 Centrifuge w/ F-G3 Rotor with a max RPM of 4000), seminal plasma was harvested and stored at –20°C until further analysis. The reaction time (RT) was recorded in seconds (sec) from the time at which the doe was placed within the buck’s cage up to successful ejaculation and was considered as an indication of libido (Rodríguez-De Lara et al., 2010).

 

Reproductive performance indices

Eight receptive nulliparous does were used for each group, each doe was matted by two bucks with 20 to 30 minutes intervals. Some reproductive criteria like kindling rate and litter size at birth (total and alive) and weaning were calculated. Kindling rate was also estimated using the following formula:

 

Kindling rate = (The number of kindled does / the number of mated does) × 100

 

Sampling

Blood samples were harvested every two weeks from the auricular marginal vein using a 2.5 mL syringe fitted with a butterfly needle after the local application of an anesthetic cream (EMLA®).

 

Sera samples (A total of 120, 24 samples × 5 times) were obtained from blood samples collected on serum vacutainer tubes (BD Vacutainer® Serum tubes, 10.0mL, 16 x 100mm, Plastic, Additive: Clot Activator, Silicone Coated, Red Conventional Closure, and Paper Label). Samples were allowed to coagulate at room temperature for 2 h, centrifuged at 3500 rpm for 15 min (Fisher®Thermo Scientific CL10 Centrifuge w/ F-G3 Rotor with a max RPM of 4000), pipetted into 2.5 mL Eppendorf tubes using an automatic pipette (Thermo Scientific™ Finnpipette™ Adjustable Volume Single-Channel Micro Pipettor, 100 to 1000 μL microliter Volume), and stored at –20°C until further analysis (Soliman et al., 2017).

 

Plasma samples (A total of 120, 24 samples × 5 times) were obtained from blood samples collected on a whole blood vacutainer (VACUETTE® TUBE 5 ml K3E K3EDTA 13x100 lavender cap-black ring), centrifuged immediately, pipetted into 2.5 mL Eppendorf tubes, and stored at -–20°C until further analysis.

 

Semen analysis

Semen samples (72 samples) were evaluated immediately after collection. Semen volume (S. vol. / mL) was assessed using a transparent graduated collector tube with 0.1 mL optically visible intervals, after removal of both air bubbles and gel material. Semen pH (S. pH) was determined immediately after collection using a pH cooperative paper ranging from 7 to 12 with 1 grade (Dual-Tint).

 

Sperm mass activity (SMA) was determined by a hot stage binocular microscope at a magnification of x100 according to Jimoh and Ewuola (2019). The sperm mass activity (SMA) was scored subjectively on a scale of “+” to “++++” according to the intensity of waves generated by the sperm cells.

 

Sperm motility (Sp. Motility, %) was measured according to Ewuola and Egbunike (2010) in a drop of fresh diluted semen with sodium citrate 2.9% placed on a warmed slide at 37°C using a hot stage binocular microscope at a magnification of x400. Three different microscopic fields were examined for detecting sperm progressive forward motility % (Elsayed et al., 2019).

 

Sperm concentration (Sp. Conc., 106/mL) was evaluated with the use of a new improved Neubauer hemocytometer (Boeckel Co., Germany) following Ewuola and Egbunike (2010). The percent of sperm viability and abnormalities were measured by staining a drop of each ejaculate with eosin/nigrosine stain and counting 200 sperms cells at a magnification of x400 (El-Desoky et al., 2017).

 

Some measures were calculated like Normal live sperm (NLS, %), Abnormal live sperm (ALS, %), Normal dead sperm (NDS, %), Abnormal dead sperm (ADS, %), and finally the normal alive motile sperm per ejaculate (NAM, million/ejaculate) was calculated from the following formula:

 

NAM = Sperm concentration/mL × Volume × Motility × Normal alive sperm %

 

Antioxidant activity and hormonal profile

Seminal plasma samples (n= 72) were analyzed for total glutathione activity (GSH, IU/L), Glutathione peroxidase (GHPx, mg/L), glutathione S-transferase (GST, IU/L), and superoxide dismutase (SOD, IU/L) using Roche Integra 400 Plus chemical analyzer. Plasma samples (n= 120s) were analyzed for testosterone hormone expressed by ng/dL as a biomarker of testicular function, as well as sera samples (n= 120), were analyzed for cortisol hormone expressed as mcg/dl using ROCHE Elecsys 1010 Immunoassay Analyzer.

 

Statistical analysis

The recorded data were analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS version 21.0) software package (SPSS, 2016). The data were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA to determine the overall influence of Se and NS (100 mg/L) treatments at a dose of 1.0, 0.5, and 1.0 mL/L drinking water, respectively on productive and reproductive performance, semen characteristics, antioxidant activity, testosterone hormone levels, and cortisol hormone levels in rabbit bucks. The statistical model empathized:

 

Yij = µ + αj + Ɛij

 

Where Yij was the measurement of dependent variables; µ was the overall mean; αj was the fixed effect of the treatments, and Ɛij was the random error. Results were expressed for high significance at (P < 0.01), significant at (P ≤ 0.05), and non-significant at (P > 0.05).

 

RESULTS

 

Productive performance indices

Initial body weights in Table 1 revealed non-significant differences between the supplemented rabbit bucks and the control group. Meanwhile, final body weight (Table 1) revealed highly significant (P < 0.01) increases in G3 (1 mL NS/L) compared to the other supplemented bucks and the control.

 

Bodyweight gains (Table 1) revealed highly significant (P < 0.01) increases in G3 (1 mL NS/L), G2 (0.5 mL NS/L), and G1 (1 mL Se), respectively compared to the control.

 

Feed intakes in Table 1 revealed non-significant differences between the three supplemented groups and the control group. Feed conversion ratios revealed in Table 1 highly significant (P < 0.01) mathematical increases in G2 (0.5 mL NS/L) and G3 (1 mL NS/L) with no significant differences between the two groups in FCR values.

 

Libido and semen characteristics

Reaction time, sperm motility, sperm concentration, normal live sperm, abnormal live sperm, normal dead sperm, abnormal dead sperm, and normal alive motile sperm per ejaculate revealed in Table 2 highly significant (P < 0.01) increases in G3 (1 mL NS/L), G2 (0.5 mL NS/L), and G1 (1 mL Se), respectively compared to the control.

 

Sperm mass activity (Table 2) revealed significant (P < 0.01) increases in G3 (1 mL NS/L) compared to other supplemented groups and control. Semen volume and pH in Table 2 revealed non-significant differences between the supplemented groups and the control group.

 

Reproductive performance indices

Kindling rate, the total number of born kits per litter, and litter weight at birth revealed in Table 3 highly significant (P < 0.01) increases in G3 (1 mL NS/L), G2 (0.5 mL NS/L), and G1 (1 mL Se), respectively compared to the control. The total number of alive-born kits per litter (Table 3) revealed highly significant (P < 0.01) increases in G2 (0.5 mL NS/L) and G3 (1 mL NS/L) with no significant differences between the two groups.

 

Table 1: Productive performance (Mean ±SE) in different rabbit groups exposed to environmental heat stress.

 

Groups	IBW g	FBW g	BWG g	FI g	FCR
G1	2984a±12.0	4269.2c±33.0	108.1c±0.14	475.6a±0.86	4.3b±0.07
G2	2964a±11.0	4316.4b±42.0	112.7b±0.11	464.5a±0.59	4.1a±0.01
G3	2952a±10.0	4361.52a±56.0	118.46a±0.10	477.8a±0.65	4.0a±0.01
G4	2966a±11.0	4192.4d±22.0	102.2d±0.13	460.0a±0.56	4.5c±0.09
P-value	0.275	0.01**	0.001**	0.56	0.005**

Means carrying different superscripts in the same column are significantly different at (P ≤ 0.05) or highly significantly different at (P < 0.01). Means carrying the same superscripts in the same column are non-significantly different at (P < 0.05). *: degree of significance. G1= Rabbit bucks supplemented with 1 mL inorganic commercial Se (100 mg/L) per liter drinking water, G2= Rabbit bucks supplemented with 0.5 mL synthesized NS (100 mg/L) per liter drinking water, G3=Rabbit bucks supplemented with 1.0 mL synthesized NS (100 mg/L) per liter drinking water, G4=control un-supplemented rabbit bucks. IBW=Initial body weights, FBW= Final body weights, BWG= Body weight gains, FI= Feed intakes, FCR= Feed conversion ratio, SE= Standard error.

 

Table 2: Libido and semen characteristics (Mean ±SE) in different rabbit groups exposed to environmental heat stress.

 

Semen characteristics	Rabbit bucks’ groups				P-value
	G1	G2	G3	G4
RT, sec	11.4c±0.17	10.1b±0.09	8.6a±0.13	13.3d±0.12	0.01**
S. vol., mL	0.53a±0.01	0.56a±0.03	0.57a±0.02	0.51a±0.01	0.34
S. pH	7.18a±0.4	7.17a±0.6	7.05a±0.2	7.13a±0.1	0.35
SMA	+++	+++	++++	++	0.05*
Sp. motility (%)	70.8c±1.8	71.5b±1.2	74.4a±1.1	61.4d±1.7	0.002**
Sp. Conc., 106/mL	297c±17.3	301b±16.7	306a±13.5	283d±14.2	0.01**
NAS, %	81.9b±1.7	82.4b±2.5	86.0a±3.1	72c±1.3	0.003**
ALS, %	7.2c±0.15	6.4b±0.21	5.7a±0.19	7.8d±0.24	0.001**
NDS, %	1.9c±0.04	3b±0.01	1.3a±0.02	10.2d±0.4	0.001**
ADS, %	9c±0.03	8.2b±0.02	7a±0.01	10d±0.09	0.001**
NAM, 106/ejacul.	91.3c±4.7	99.3b±5.9	111.6a±7.2	63.8d±3.8	0.01**

Means carrying different superscripts in the same row are significantly different at (P ≤ 0.05) or highly significantly different at (P < 0.01). Means carrying the same superscripts in the same row are non-significantly different at (P < 0.05). *: degree of significance. G1= Rabbit bucks supplemented with 1 mL inorganic commercial Se (100 mg/L) per liter drinking water, G2= Rabbit bucks supplemented with 0.5 mL synthesized NS (100 mg/L) per liter drinking water, G3= Rabbit bucks supplemented with 1.0 mL synthesized NS (100 mg/L) per liter drinking water, G4= control un-supplemented rabbit bucks. RT= Reaction time, S. vol. = Semen Volume, S. pH= Semen pH, SMA= Sperm mass activity, Sp. motility=Sperm motility, Sp. Conc. = Sperm concentration, NAS= Normal live sperm, ALS=Abnormal live sperm, NDS=Normal dead sperm, ADS=Abnormal dead sperm, NAM=Normal alive motile, ejacul. = Ejaculate, SE= Standard error.

 

Antioxidant activity and hormonal profile

Seminal plasma antioxidant activity of total glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione S-Transferase revealed in Table 4 highly significant (P < 0.01) increases in G3 (1 mL NS/L), G2 (0.5 mL NS/L), and G1 (1 mL Se), respectively compared to the control.

 

Testosterone hormone revealed in Figure 1 highly significant (P < 0.01) increases in G3 (1 mL NS/L), G2 (0.5 mL NS/L), and G1 (1 mL Se), respectively compared to the control. Meanwhile, cortisol hormone revealed in Figure 2 highly significant (P < 0.01) reductions in G3 (1 mL NS/L), G2 (0.5 mL NS/L), and G1 (1 mL Se), respectively compared to the control.

 

DISCUSSION

 

Rabbit production plays an important role in shortening the animal protein shortage in some countries (Khalil et al., 2016), as rabbit meat is advantageous for high protein, low cholesterol, better taste, and high nutritive quality (El-Sabrout, 2018). Welfare with high productivity and fertility are the main points of interest in animal and poultry production, they can be achieved by optimizing the macro and microclimatic conditions of the animal or birds like temperature, relative humidity, housing location, and design, animal-human interrelationship, feeding and watering system, and functional and operational biosecurity measures (El-Sabrout and Aggag, 2015). The normal behavior is known by the first attempt of an animal or bird to react to the surrounding friendly environment, but when the surrounding environment is hostile or presenting stressful conditions the behavior tends to deviate to vices (Gonçalves et al., 2017). In addition, the presence of heat stress exerts negative influences on rabbit productive and reproductive performance as a major challenge in subtropical regions, especially when combined with high humidity (El-Desoky et al., 2017). Therefore the present study was designed to clarify the role of NS and inorganic Se water supplementation regarding rabbit buck productive and reproductive performances, libido, semen criteria, antioxidant activity, testosterone, and cortisol levels in the presence of hot season stress.

 

Table 3: Reproductive performance (Mean±SE) in different rabbit groups exposed to environmental heat stress.

 

Groups	Kind. rate %	T. kits /litter	Alive kits /L.	L. wt/birth g
G1	79.1b±6.2	7.5c±0.7	6.2b±0.2	49.6c±4.2
G2	80.0b±5.4	8.1b±0.5	7.3a±0.1	62.4b±3.1
G3	84.3a±6.9	8.9a±0.7	7.6a±0.3	65.3a±4.3
G4	63.2c±7.3	6.2d±0.6	3.5c±0.1	35.4d±2.3
P-value	0.001**	0.041*	0.024*	0.001**

Means carrying different superscripts in the same column are significantly different at (P ≤ 0.05) or highly significantly different at (P < 0.01). Means carrying the same superscripts in the same column are non-significantly different at (P < 0.05). *: degree of significance. G1= Rabbit bucks supplemented with 1 mL inorganic commercial Se (100 mg/L) per liter drinking water, G2= Rabbit bucks supplemented with 0.5 mL synthesized NS (100 mg/L) per liter drinking water, G3= Rabbit bucks supplemented with 1.0 mL synthesized NS (100 mg/L) per liter drinking water, G4=control un-supplemented rabbit bucks. Kind. Rate= Kindling rate, T. kits/litter= Total kits born per litter, alive kits/litter= Total kits born alive per litter, L. wt/birth= Litter weight at birth, SE= Standard error.

 

Table 4: Antioxidant activity (Mean ±SE) in different rabbit groups exposed to environmental heat stress.

 

Groups	GSH IU/L	GHPx mg/L	SOD IU/L	GST IU/L
G1	14.6c±0.24	6.13c±0.17	7.28c±0.18	1.21c±0.02
G2	16.9b±0.33	7.42b±0.12	8.64b±0.31	1.27b±0.01
G3	18.7a±0.27	8.07a±0.14	9.33a±0.19	1.30a±0.01
G4	12.1d±0.30	4.35d±0.21	5.83d±0.12	1.11d±0.01
P-value	0.002**	0.01**	0.011**	0.01**

Means carrying different superscripts in the same column are significantly different at (P ≤ 0.05) or highly significantly different at (P < 0.01). Means carrying the same superscripts in the same column are non-significantly different at (P < 0.05). *: degree of significance. G1= Rabbit bucks supplemented with 1 mL inorganic commercial Se (100 mg/L) per liter drinking water, G2= Rabbit bucks supplemented with 0.5 mL synthesized NS (100 mg/L) per liter drinking water, G3= Rabbit bucks supplemented with 1.0 mL synthesized NS (100 mg/L) per liter drinking water, G4=control un-supplemented rabbit bucks. GSH= Total glutathione activity, GHPx=Glutathione peroxidase, SOD= Super dismutase, GST= glutathione S-transferase, FCR= Feed conversion ratio, SE= Standard error.

 

 

 

Controlled environmental houses for rabbits can optimize the microclimatic conditions and minimize the influences of the fluctuations in ecological and seasonal variations (Rodríguez-De Lara et al., 2010). Rabbits require calm, stable, friendly, and comfortable micro and macro-environmental conditions to live under to achieve maximum production and reproduction. Rabbit bucks under comfortable and friendly environmental conditions have greater sexual desire and higher semen production abilities (Nizza et al., 2003).

 

The current study revealed significant increases in the final body weights, bodyweight gains, and feed conversion ratios in rabbit bucks reared in the hot season and supplemented with NS at a rate of 0.5 and 1.0 mL/L drinking water. These improvements might be attributed to the advantageous structure of NS that increases the absorption from the intestinal tract and bioavailability for the major biological processes and metabolism. The current results were consistent with those of Abdel-Wareth et al. (2019) and Barko et al. (2018) who reported significant increases in final body weights and weight gain, as well as a significant improvement in feed conversion ratios after NS supplementations in rabbits, compared to commercial Se. El-Sabrout and Shebl (2015) and Amer et al. (2019) also reported significant increases in weight gain of rabbits supplemented with 0.6 mg sodium selenite/kg diet and 0.6 mg selenium-yeast/kg diet compared with the control. Tag-El-Din (2019) and Borda-Molina et al. (2018) also recorded that the dietary supplementation of rabbits with trace elements like selenium can improve the gut conditions and intestinal microbiota contributing to significant absorption and enhanced performance. Belhassen et al. (2016) reported in a similar study that dietary supplementation with live yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae could progressively enhance growth performance, caecal ecosystem, and health of growing rabbits.

 

The study showed marked improvements in reaction time and semen characteristics, sperm motility, sperm concentration, normal live sperm, abnormal live sperm, normal dead sperm, abnormal dead sperm, normal alive motile sperm per ejaculate, and sperm mass activity in rabbit bucks supplemented with NS (0.5 and 1.0 mL/L) at the hot season. The current improvements might be attributed to the molecular structure and bioavailability of NS versus inorganic commercial Se to face the high demand of testes and epididymis of Se for the spermatogenesis process and thus the production of highly fertile sperm and semen of good characteristics. The results were in agreement with those of Abdel-Wareth et al. (2019) who reported positive improvements in semen quality after supplementing diets with NS (400 μg/kg) in rabbits. Moreover, sperm motility, morphology, and concentration were improved by Se supplementation as reported by Ewuola and Akinyemi (2017), Rezvanfar et al. (2013), and Mistry et al. (2012). Markovic et al. (2018) and Baiomy et al. (2009) also reported relevant positive improvements in libido and seminal traits after supplementing diets with Se in poultry. El-Sabrout (2017) revealed the genetic capabilities of rabbit bucks to respond properly varies according to the surrounding microclimate, thus optimizing microclimate and supplementing diets with NS increased the genetic expressions for good seminal characteristics and higher sperm fertility in rabbit bucks.

 

The current results showed significant improvements in kindling rate, the total number of born kits per litter, litter weight at birth, and the total number of alive-born kits per litter in rabbit bucks supplemented with NS at a rate of 0.5 and 1.0 mL/L in face of the hot season. The current results might be attributed to the improvement caused by NS supplementations in sperm fertility and semen quality including sperm concentration, viability (motility and livability), and morphology. The recorded results were supported by those of Theau-Clement and Roustan (1992) who reported that reproductive efficiency depends on semen quality of rabbit bucks, and when meets optimized environmental conditions and females of good physiological status contributed to significantly enhanced reproductive performance. Kamel (2012) reported that the selenium-folic acid supplementations contributed to improved seminal qualities and enhanced reproductive traits in rabbit bucks, as well as maintained efficient productive and reproductive performance in face of the hot summer season.

 

The antioxidant activity of total glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione S-Transferase in the current study revealed significant enhancement in rabbit bucks supplemented with NS at a rate of 0.5 and 1.0 mL/1L in face of the hot season. Brigelius-Flohé and Maiorino (2013) reported that glutathione peroxidases are a family of antioxidant enzymes. Their main function is to protect cells from the accumulation of H2O2 and they ensure the continued integrity of cell membranes. Their enzymatic activity is directly proportional to Se intake (Brigelius-Flohe et al., 1994; Brigelius-Flohé and Maiorino, 2013). The increased levels of Se in face of overwhelming challenges as heat stress, could protect the body from the harmful effect of reactive oxygen species on testes and semen quality as reported by Castellini et al. (2019). In that sense, Fairweather-Tait et al. (2010) reported that GPx-4 is important for sperm function and male fertility. Wang et al. (2007) reported that NS supplementation is important for the efficient functions of glutathione peroxidase (GHPx).

 

Testosterone hormone revealed significant increases in rabbit bucks reared at the hot season and supplemented with NS (0.5 and 1.0 mL/1L). The high levels were achieved by the influence of NS on improving testicular tissue and enhancing spermatogenesis. These results were supported by Abdel-Wareth et al. (2019) and Ewuola and Akinyemi (2017) who reported that selenium supplementations have beneficial actions via improving the defense actions against reproductive toxicity, increasing the sera levels of testosterone, increasing sperm progressive movement, enhancing semen quality, increase the spermatogenesis process, and reduce the sperm DNA damage.

 

Stress marker cortisol hormone revealed significant reductions in rabbit bucks reared in the hot season and supplemented with NS (0.5 and 1.0 mL/1L). The results were supported by those reported by Wadhwani et al. (2016), Ranawat and Bansal (2009), and Marai et al. (2008) who reported the significant actions of Se supplementation to enhance the antioxidant activity and in turn reduce the stress biomarkers like cortisol. Zhao et al. (2018) recorded similar results from NS supplementation in broiler breeders and their offspring. Soliman et al. (2020), Ahmadi et al. (2018), and Xiao et al. (2016) also reported the significant increase of serum immunoglobulin in the shadow of NS supplementation (100 mg/L) and mitigated the microbial challenges induced in the experiment.

 

Conclusions And Recommendations

 

Nano-selenium supplementation in the drinking water of rabbit bucks at a rate of 0.5 and 1.0 mL of 100 mg/L per liter drinking water for 12 weeks in face of the hot season contributed to significant enhancement of productive traits (live body weights, weight gains, and feed conversion ratios) and reproductive traits (kindling rate, the total number of born kits per litter, litter weight at birth, and the total number of alive-born kits per litter).

 

Nano-selenium supplementation improved semen characteristics (reaction time, sperm motility, sperm concentration, normal live sperm, abnormal live sperm, normal dead sperm, abnormal dead sperm, normal alive motile sperms per ejaculate, sperm mass activity), and increased testosterone hormone. The significant enhancements were achieved by improving the action of NS in the antioxidant activity and reducing the stress marker cortisol hormone, thus mitigated the stress produced by the development of environmental heat stress of the hot season.

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

 

Many thanks to Dr. O.M. Abdelmoniem, Nano Science and Technology Institute, Kafr El-Sheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt, for supplying selenium nanoparticles voluntarily. Also, we would like to express our thanks to the community services sector for the unit they provided to conduct our experiment.

 

Novelty Statement

 

The research paper resides uniquely the pattern of nano-selenium water supplementation as a prophylactic, as well the augmentation of reproductive performance, semen quality, and sexual behavior in rabbit bucks exposed to high ambient temperature.

 

AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTION

 

AAA designed the experimental design, supervised the in-vivo experiment, participated in the analysis of the samples, and took a part in writing the manuscript. STH co-supervised the in-vivo experiment, conducted the seminal analysis and reproduction performance, and took a part in writing the manuscript. ESS participated in the sera samples analysis and productive performance calculations, as well as took a part in writing the manuscript.

 

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

 

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