Prevalence and associated risk factors of Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in goats in Chittagong district, Bangladesh

Muhammad Anowar Parvez^1*, Rokeya Khatun², Muhammad Abdullah Al Noman³

*Corresponding author:aparvez0445@gmail.com

ARTICLE CITATION: Parvez MA, Khatun R, Al–Noman MA (2014). Prevalence and associated risk factors of peste des petits ruminants in goats in Chittagong district, Bangladesh. Res. J. Vet. Pract. 2 (1S): 14 – 17.
Received: 2014–08–18, Revised: 2014–09–12, Accepted: 2014–09–13 The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at ( http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.rjvp/2014/2.1s.14.17 ) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited

ABSTRACT

Peste des petitis ruminants (PPR) is an acute febrile, extremely contagious and infectious disease of goats along with high morbidity as well as fatality rate. Present study was carried out to determine the prevalence and risk factors that directly associated with PPR in goats in Chittagong district, Bangladesh. A total of 5485 goats were registered at Shahedul Alam Quadery Teaching Veterinary Hospital (SAQTVH) in Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU) during the period of two years (2012 & 2013). The complete prevalence associated with PPR in goats was seemed to be 8.99%. The higher prevalence revealed in the year of 2013 (10%) than the year of 2012 (7.99%). Risk factors age, sex, breed and seasonal influence were analyzed and higher prevalence was observed (11.72%) in young goats as compared to kids (6.19%) and adults (7.52%) with the significant p value (P=0.000). Disease prevalence was higher in male goats in comparison to female but it was not significant. The breed specific susceptibility associated with PPR was higher in the Black Bangle goats (10.11%) as compared with Jamunapari (7.44%) and others cross breeds goats (7.79%). Among of the seasonal variation, disease incidence was higher in the rainy season (11.30%) while it was less in winter (8.25%) and summer (6.40%) season with the significant p value (P=0.000). The research additionally pointed out the particular situation regarding PPR which is currently becoming endemic throughout the Bangladesh.

INTRODUCTION

Goats participate in a vital position with lasting agricultural farming, employment generation as well as enhance the traditional economy of Bangladesh. Goats husbandry is one of the most important sources of incomes for rural families, marginal farmers, children, landless laborers and distress women who cannot afford to rear cattle, hence, goat is called "The cow of poor people" in Bangladesh. They provide mainly milk, meat, hides and skins as important export item. There are about 20.75 million goats in Bangladesh. This goats acquired second placement with regards to meat, milk along with skin manufacturing addressing information about 38.0%, 23.0% in addition to 28.0% respectively around the overall contribution involving livestock in Bangladesh (Devendra, 2007).

PPR is one of the major problems for the development of goats industry in Bangladesh. PPR is usually a severe disease condition frightening the actual income associated with very poor farmers (Diallo et al., 2007). A Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is usually extremely contagious as well as infectious disease condition affecting goats the consequence of morbilli virus in addition to transmitted via primary or direct contact (Awa et al., 2000). This particular disease had a course of per acute, acute or may be chronic with very high morbidity as well as fatality rate (Jones et al., 1997). Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a extremely severe febrile viral condition with regards to small ruminants, seen as mucopurulent nasal along with ocular discharges and also necrotising erosive stomatitis, enteritis along with pneumonia (Singh et al., 2004; Ismail et al., 1995). PPR has been recognized as extremely contagious viral disease linked with small ruminants, particularly in goats throughout the Bangladesh (Islam et al., 2001). The outbreaks of PPR brought about 74.13% of morbidity as well as 54.83% mortality within the Black Bengal goats throughout the Bangladesh (Islam et al., 2001; Das et al., 2007).

PPR was first discovered in Ivory Cost in1942. PPR was once thought to be only an African problem, but the recent outbreaks in Middle East and Indian sub–continent causing alarming losses of animals especially goats. Episodes associated with PPR are usually common inside India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Bhutan and Afghanistan at this moment (Banik et al., 2008; Abubakar and Irfan, 2014). PPR is actually widely prevalent throughout the tropical and also sub–tropical countries, particularly in sub–Saharan Africa, Middle East and western and southern Asia (Dhar et al., 2002). In Bangladesh, PPR is considered to be prevalent in goats since 1993 (Islam et al., 2001).

However, the pattern of PPR disease in goats, prevalence and underlying risk factors in Chittagong district of Bangladesh has not been analyzed before. These kinds of information might be valuable for realizing the economic importance as well as epidemiology of PPR in Chittagong district of Bangladesh. Therefore, the aims of this research were to determine the prevalence of PPR in goats and also to recognize associated risk factors in the goats population maintain within various management system. Such knowledge is essential in planning control strategies against PPR disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was performed over a period of two years (January 2012 to December 2013) at Shahedul Alam Quadery Teaching Veterinary Hospital (SAQTVH) in Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Chittagong district of Bangladesh. A total of 5485 goats were admitted during the period of 2 years with individual case registration number having address of owners, patient identification data, owners complain, anamnesis, clinical examination, system affected, and different diagnostic test, diagnosis treatments, follow up, advice and prognosis recorded in this clinical investigation records. Diagnosis of each and every clinical case was based on clinical history taking from the owner, physical examination, clinical signs and symptoms. Goats affected with PPR revealed by sudden high rise of body temperature (104–107.5°F), oculo–nasal discharge, stomatitis, profuse diarrhea along with dehydration and feces adhere to hind quarter. Age was categorized as kids (<4 months), young (4–12 month) and adult (>12 month). The entire year was portioned directly into 3 seasons namely summer (March–June), rainy (July–October) and winter (November–February) according to the climatic condition associated with Bangladesh. Breeds of goats were based on their phenotypic characters as Black Bangle goats, Jamunapari goats and others crossbreed goats.

Statistical Analysis
Data were collected and sorted from previous clinical record to Microsoft Excel 2007@ ® and exported to analytical software STATA 11.2® 2011. Applying 2X2 table along with determined measures of association by using Chi–square test and P values (P ≤ 0.05) were regarded as significant.

RESULTS

The total of 5485 goat populations registered at Teaching Veterinary Hospital (TVH) in CVASU during the period of 2 years (2012–2013). Among them, 493 goats were found to be clinically affected with PPR. Thus the overall prevalence of PPR in goat population was observed to be 8.99% (493/5485). The actual prevalence associated with PPR was increased in the year of 2013, (10.01%) than the year of 2012 (7.99%). In case of monthly observations, highest prevalence was recorded in the month of August (13.75% i.e., 77/560) followed by October (11.51%), February (10.98%), September (10.58%), November (10.57%), July (9.12%), April (8.22%), June (8.05%), while lower prevalence recorded in the month of December (6.21%), January (5.09%), March (4.99%) and lowest prevalence recorded in the month of May (4.09%)(Table 1).

The age of goats were categorized as kids (<4 month), young (4–12 month) and adult (>13 month. Among of these age groups, the highest prevalence associated with PPR within goats was recorded in the young goats 11.72% in compare to kids 6.19% and adult goats 7.52%. The study revealed that the prevalence of PPR was higher in males 9.07% in comparison with female goats 8.93%. Breed was categorized as Black Bangle goats, Jamunapai goats and others cross breed goats bases on their phenotypic characters. Among of these breed groups, highest prevalence was recorded in Black Bangle goats 10.11% in compare to Jamunapari 7.44% and others cross breed goats 7.79%. Season was taken as summer, rainy and winter season. The highest PPR in goats were recorded in rainy season 11.30% followed by winter season 8.25% and summer season 6.40% (Table 2).