Research Article

 

Influence of some Genetic and Non-Genetic Factors on Total Milk Yield and Lactation Period in Iraqi Awassi Sheep

 

Firas Rashad Al-Samarai1, Yehya Khalid Abdulrahman2, Fatten Ahmad Mohammed3, Falah Hamad Al-Zaidi4, Nasr Nouri Al-Anbari5

1, 2Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Iraq; 3, 4Department of Animal Resources, Directorate of Baghdad Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Iraq; 5Department of Animal Resources, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Iraq.

 

Editor | Kuldeep Dhama, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Received | November 03, 2014; Revised | December 01, 2014; Accepted | December 03, 2014; Published | December 06, 2014

*Correspondence | Firas Rashad Al-Samarai, University of Baghdad, Iraq; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Al-Samarai FR, Abdulrahman YK, Mohammed FA, Al-Zaidi FH, Al-Anbari NN (2014). Influence of some genetic and non-genetic factors on total milk yield and lactation period in Iraqi Awassi sheep. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 2(12): 662-667.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.14737/journal.aavs/2014/2.12.662.667

ISSN (Online)| 2307-8316; ISSN (Print) | 2309-3331

Copyright © 2014 Al-Samarai et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

 

 

Introduction

 

Awassi breed is utilized for production of meat, milk, and wool. It is the main breed in Iraq and most of the Middle Eastern countries (Epstein, 1985; Zarkawi et al., 1999; Tabbaa et al., 2001; Hailat, 2005). Awassi sheep survive under harsh environmental conditions. It is adapted to scarcity of feed and high environmental temperatures (Said et al., 1999). The Awassi breed is traditionally kept for the production of milk and meat and plays a socioeconomic role in Iraq.

 

The average total milk yield (TMY) of Iraqi Awassi sheep was ranged between 73.16 to 131.92 kg and the average lactation period (LP) was ranged between 85.80 to 142.00 days (Eliya and Juma 1970; Karam et al., 1971; Alkass et al., 2009; Al-Samarai and Al-Anbari 2009; Abd Al-Noor, 2011). The potential genetic ability of Awassi sheep for increasing milk production have been supported according to the genetic improvement programs that have been applied in Israel. Intensive selection within the Awassi breed has increased milk production in Israel from 297 kg in 1940’s to over 500 kg in the 1990’s (Epstein, l985; Galal et al., 2008). Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the level of influence of some factors on milk yield and lactation period, as well as to estimate the heritability of these traits as heritability is an important genetic parameter that must be taken into consideration when designing breeding programs for animal populations and the study also aimed to estimate Best Linear Unbiased prediction (BLUP) of sires for TMY.

 

 

Material and methods

 

This study was conducted at the Research Station of Sheep and Goats, Abu Gharib, Ministry of Agriculture, Iraq.

 

A total of 369 records of productive performance of 369 Awassi ewes daughters of 66 sires were analyzed for one year (2008). The flock was kept in semi-shaded houses, grazed mainly on natural pastures and some green forage legumes and cereals during March-May. During June-November, the flock grazed on crop residues post harvesting with access to grazing a triplex shrubs, in addition to some supplements (250-500 gm/head) of feed concentrates according to their physiological status. In winter, the flock was fed 0.5-1.0 kg concentrate of mixed grain in addition to 0.5-1.0 kg of hay and straw.

 

Milk yield was measured weekly (Twice-daily). On the milk recording day, lambs were isolated from their dams, and dam’s udders were evacuated handily from the surplus milk post lambs suckling, and milk produced was weighed and recorded. This method was routinely repeated till lambs were weaned. The flock included Local Awassi in addition Turkish Awassi which was exported from Turkey to improve the performance of local Awassi by mating.

 

Statistical Analysis

Data were analysed using General Linear Model (GLM) in SAS program (2010) to investigate the effect of some fixed factors on: total milk yield and lactation period in Awassi sheep according to the following linear model:

 

Yijklm = μ + Pi + Xj + Wk + Gl + eijklm

 

Where Yijklm is the studied trait, μ is the overall means, Pi the fixed effect of i th parity (i = 1 – 2), Xj the fixed effect of j th birth month (j = January, February and March), Wk the k th effect of birth type (k = 1= single, 2 = twins), Gl the fixed effect of sex of lamb and eijklm is the residual effect.

 

Mixed model was used to estimate variance components using Restricted Maximum Likelihood Estimation (REML) method as following model:

 

Yijklmn = μ + Pi + Xj + Wk + Gl + Sm + eijklmn

 

Where Yijklm, μ, Pi, Xj, Wk, Gl and eijklmn are the same in the first model, whereas Sm is the random effect of sires. The same model was also used to estimate Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) of sires for TMY using Proc mixed procedure in SAS program (2010). Least square means were compared using Duncan test.

 

 

Results and discussion

 

Table 1 showed that the overall means of TMY and LP were 103.57±3.63 kg and 107.44±1.47 days respectively. The estimate of the TMY in this study was within range of 73.16 – 131.92 kg reported by several workers (Eliya and Juma 1970; Karam et al., 1971; Alkass et al., 2009; Al-Samarai and Al-Anbari 2009; Abd Al-Noor, 2011) for the same breed in Iraq. Results revealed that the effect of parity on the TMY was not significant (Table 2), whereas the effect of the group of dam was significant (P <0.01). Least square means of the TMY in local and Turkish Awassi were 45.30 and 129.07 kg respectively (Table 1). This result is consistent with the finding of Iñiguez and Hilali, (2009) who stated that the Turkish Awassi sheep surpassed the Syrian Awassi sheep (101.3 vs 77.8 kg) in TMY. Least square mean of TMY of ewes in January (106.31 kg) was differed significantly (p< 0.01) as compared with February (77.76 kg) and March (77.48 kg). Similar results were reported by Alkass et al. (2009) and Kassem et al. (2010). This result could be attributed to changes in the environmental conditions, particularly in ambient temperature together with the availability of feeds during different lambing months (Alkass et al., 2009). The effect of type of birth on TMY was significant (P< 0.05). TMY of ewes suckling twins (94.65 kg) was higher than that of ewes suckling singles (79.72 kg). Such increase was obviously due to increased stimulation of the udder. Similar results have been found by Macciotta (1999), Sakul et al. (1999), Alkass et al. (2009) and Kassem et al. (2010). On the other hand, the effect of sex of birth on TMY was not significant. Our results confirmed finding of Al-Samarai and Al-Anbari (2009).

 

 

Table 1: Least square means of TMY and LP of Awassi sheep

Factor	No. of obs.	TMY	LP
Parity		N.S	**
1	175	86.49±4.99a	88.63±2.57b
2	97	88.04±6.60a	100.58±4.07a
3	56	87.02±9.66a	85.78±6.89b
Group of dam		**	**
Local Awassi	112	45.30±8.43b	80.45±3.29b
Turkish Awassi	257	129.07±10.08a	102.88±3.93a
Month of birth		**	**
January	141	106.31±8.40a	109.59±3.28a
February	190	77.76±6.64b	91.85±2.98b
March	38	77.48±14.54b	73.54±6.78c
Type of birth		**	**
Single	240	79.72±8.49b	82.59±3.31b
Twin	129	94.65±9.57a	100.74±3.73a
Sex		N.S	N.S
Male	186	84.60±8.95a	89.71±3.49a
Female	183	89.77±9.00a	93.62±3.51a
Overall mean	369	103.57±3.63	107.44±1.47

 

**Means with the different letters in same column differed significantly (P< 0.01); N.S=Non-significant

 

 

Table 2: Analysis of variance of factors affecting TMY in Awassi sheep

Source of variation	df	Mean square	F	P
Parity	2	23.2257	0.01	0.9930
Group of dam	1	390977.6517	117.66	<0.0001
Month of birth	2	34045.4847	10.25	<0.0001
Type of birth	1	17969.0633	5.41	<0.0206
Sex	1	2445.1813	0.74	0.3916
Error	361	3322.813

 

 

Table 3: Analysis of variance of factors affecting LP in Awassi sheep

Source of variation	df	Mean square	F	P
Parity	2	2014.00671	3.98	0.0195
Group of dam	1	28016.18905	55.35	<0.0001
Month of birth	2	16337.70309	32.27	<0.0001
Type of birth	1	26553.55363	52.46	<0.0001
Sex	1	1398.52797	2.76	0.0973
Error	361	506.2077

 

 

Table 4: Heritability of TMY and LP in Awassi sheep

Trait	Sire variance	Error variance	h²
TMY	516.26	4330.20	0.42
LP	53.83	651.54	0.30

 

 

Table 5: BLUP values of sires for TMY and LP

Rank of Sire	No. of Sire	BLUP value
1	11976	-33.6155
2	11958	-31.8667
3	11966	-22.9156
4	11941	-19.2332
5	11902	-17.2458
.	-	-
.	-	-
62	11999	14.4530
63	11921	14.5797
64	11985	17.9483
65	11924	21.7712
66	11939	31.0058

 

 

In present study, the overall mean of LP of Awassi was 107.44 days (Table 1), which was within the range of 85.80 to 142.00 days reported by previous studies (Eliya and Juma, 1970; Karam et al., 1971; Alkass et al., 2009; Al-Samarai and Al-Anbari 2009; Abd Al-Noor, 2011) for the same breed in Iraq. LP was affected significantly (P< 0.05) by parity (Table 3). The LP of second parity (100.58 days) was higher than first (88.63 days) and third parity (85.78 days). Similar result was found by Jawasreh et al. (2013) who reported that means of LP in first forth parity were 88.28, 113.68, 105.86 and 87.93 days respectively and LP of the second parity differed significantly (P< 0.05) as compared with other means. Group of dam had significant (P <0.01) effect on LP. Turkish Awassi had longer LP (102.88 days) as compared with local Awassi (80.45 days). This result confirmed previous results reported by Iñiguez and Hilali (2009) and Kassem et al. (2010). Our finding could be reflects the differences in genetic potential between local and Turkish sheep, in other words it seems that persistency of Turkish Awassi was higher than local Awassi, however this explanation need more studies to be determine. The effect of month of birth was significant (P< 0.01). Highest estimate of LP was found in January with reduction in estimation along with advancing sequence of months. This finding is consistent with Abdul-Rahman and Abbo (2013). In the finding of present study, the effect of type of birth was significant (P< 0.01). The mean of LP of ewes with twins was more longer (100.74 days) as compared with ewes with single (82.59 days). These differences could be attributed to that twins are more stimulate of the udder than single. Al-Samarai and Al-Abari (2009) found that LP of ewes with twins (90.87 days) differed significantly (P< 0.01) as compared with single (80.81 days). On the other side, the effect of sex was not significant. Estimates of heritability are shown in table 4. Heritability of TMY was 0.42. This estimate was lower than estimate of 0.47, 0.56 and 0.60 reported by Al-Samarai and Al-Anbari (2009), Mavrogenis (1996) and Hossamo et al. (1985) for the same breed. Whereas the estimate of present study was higher than 0.103 (Pollott and Gootwine, 2001), 0.25 (Pollott et al., 1998) and 0.26 (Jawasreh and Khasawneh, 2007). The variation in estimates of heritability could be attributed to several factors: such as, method of estimating variance component, size of flock, breed of sheep but generally the estimate of heritability of TMY tend to be low for flocks under selection. Gootwine, (2011) stated that “In response to selection for high milk production in the Awassi, the genetic variation for milk production ability is expected to decrease in the selected lines. It is thus not surprising that heritability estimates for milk yield in the Improved Awassi dairy strain are low as compared to those in non-selected Local Awassi populations”. The estimate of heritability of LP was moderate (0.30) which was consistent with 0.33 recorded by Al-Samarai and Al-Anbari (2009). The values of BLUP of sires for TMY are shown in table 5. It is obvious that there was a considerable wide difference between values of BLUP. The low and high values were –33.61 and 31.00 kg respectively. These results in addition to high estimate of heritability increase the opportunity to get acceptable response in TMY by selection.

 

In conclusion: A large portion of the increased performance and productivity of modern livestock can be attributed to genetic improvement through selection. Thus, for Local Awassi populations with low milk production, and high heritability, mass selection based on actual milk records will continue to be the main breeding strategy to improve Awassi performance in Iraq. As the Local Awassi, is a triple-purpose breed (meat, milk, and carpet–wool production) with priority intention for meat in Iraq, so it is of interest, that a positive association was found between ewe weight and milk production and such association was confirmed by Gootwine (2011), who reported that the development of the high milk producer Improved Awassi line from the Local Awassi was associated with an increase in ewes’ body weight.

 

 

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