Research Article

 

Effect of Leptin Gene Polymorphism on Reproductive Efficiency in Awassi Ewes

 

Laith Sofian Younis1*, Hayder Abd Alkarem Al-Mutar2, Ali Aziz Abid1

1College of Veterinary Medicine, Tikrit University, Iraq; 2College of Veterinary Medicine, Baghdad University, Iraq.

 

Editor | Kuldeep Dhama, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Received | August 07, 2018; Accepted | October 04, 2018; Published | November 02, 2018

*Correspondence | Laith Sofian Younis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tikrit University, Iraq; Email: [email protected]

Citation | Younis LS, Al-Mutar HAA, Abid AA (2019). Effect of leptin gene polymorphism on reproductive efficiency in awassi ewes. Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 7(1): 17-23.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2019/7.1.17.23

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316; ISSN (Print) | 2309-3331

Copyright © 2019 Younis et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

 

Introduction

 

LEPtin (LEP) is a protein release mostly from adipose tissue (the major source of LEP) (Houseknecht et al., 1998). It consists of 146 amino acids with molecular weight 16000 Dalton (Zhang et al., 1994). Chromosome four is containing the ovine LEP gene (Moravcikova et al., 2012). It’s included two introns and three exons, the last two exons are involved in LEP protein synthesis (167 amino acids) which is undergo cleavage of 21 amino acid (signal peptide) (De La et al., 1996; Zhang et al., 1994).

 

LEPtin receptors are categorized as class one cytokine receptors because of bilaterally symmetrical with a structure of IL-6 receptors (Houseknecht and Portocarrero, 1998). Because the LEP mRNA receptors are extensively express in arcuate nuclei, ventromedial hypothalamus and adenohypophysis of ewes, LEP act directly on brain and pituitary levels to promote and coordinate gonadotropin (FSH/LH) secretion (Dyer et al., 1997). The LEP infusion cause restore Kiss1 mRNA expression of kisspeptin neurons in an Arcuate nucleus and Preoptic area for poorly nourished ewes, and kisspeptin regulate brain control of reproduction by a reduction in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and raised neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene expression (Backholer et al., 2010).

 

In sheep; LEP blood circulating level is correlate with nutritional levels (Marie et al., 2001), feeding value (Blache et al., 2000) and condition of fat mass (Delavaud et al., 2000). The main role of LEP is regulating GnRH and prevents reduction of pulsatile LH throughout fasting (Nagatani et al., 1998) because GnRH neurons affect directly by LEP (Sullivan and Meonter, 2004). A severe feed restriction for 48 h caused an apparent decline in LEP secretion concurrent with LH drooping in cow (Amstalden et al., 2000) and ewes (Henry et al., 2001; Morrison et al., 2001). Continual feed deprivation for seven days gives rise to decline both of serum LEP and LH ovariectomized (OVX) young sow (Whisnant and Harrell, 2002). 

 

In fasted cows; LEP treatments stimulate adenohypophyseal LH secretion mediated by basal GnRH (Amstalden et al., 2003). Furthermore, LEP blocks the pulsating reduction of LH and promote GnRH secretion in heifers (Maciel et al., 2004). Moreover, sexual immaturity is correlating with low LEP levels (El-Eshmawy and Aal, 2010).

 

In ewes, LH secretion stimulated by intra cerebro ventricular (ICV) LEP injection in feed restricted OVX ewe (Henry et al., 2001). In spite of the fact that chronic ICV administration of LEP failed to stimulate LH secretion in well-fed ewes (Henry et al., 1999), the LEP injection caused rise of LH blood concentration and non-significantly enhance blood FSH level in feed deprivation; these facts give an indication about role of LEP as a metabolic signal on GnRH-LH/FSH axis in feed-limited ewes (Towhidi et al., 2007).

 

Several genetic SNPs contributed with Seasonality in sheep; aryl alkyl amine-N-acetyl-transferase gene (AA-NAT) and melatonin receptor 1A gene polymorphism correlated with ewes that breeding out of season (Giantsis et al., 2016; Hatif and Younis, 2018). As well as, GDF9 gene SNPs in Araucana creole sheep breed linked with litter size (Bravo et al., 2016). In sow, LEP receptor gene polymorphism record increment in litter size for Yorkshire and Duroc breed (Chen et al., 2004a).

 

Numerous studies pointed out about the role of LEP gene polymorphisms and growth parameters in different domestic animals; dairy cattle production quality (Nkrumah et al., 2004), sheep muscles growth and meat features (Boucher et al., 2006), body weight and growth traits (Shojaei et al., 2011).

 

Because the role of LEP on GnRH/LH and since the available information regarding the effect of polymorphism,of LEP gene on sheep reproduction aspect and (hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis) is insufficient, therefore, the existing study was carried out to identify polymorphisms in ovine LEP gene3 and their possible association with the time of estrus cycle and litter size in Iraqi Awassi ewes.

 

Material and methods

 

Animals Management and Samples Collection

Three ml blood specimens were, collected randomly during April from forty mature multiparous Awassi ewes with average age three years in Salah Aldin province. The animals were disconnected into two categories depending on breeding season; about 20 of ewes showed estrus at august/2017 (Seasonal ewes) (group 1) and the rest were demonstrated estrus cycle at April /2018 (Non-Seasonal ewes) (group 2). At all time; animals were housed in one flock with a breeding ram in the animal house of veterinary college/Tikrit university; that locate in latitude 34 and longitude 43. The blood samples were septically aspirated from vena puncture of jugular vein into vitamin K containing collection tube (APTACA/Italy) and stored at -20°C for DNA extraction, amplification and sequencing of exon II and III of LEP gene.

 

Genomic DNA was extracted by utilized G-spin Kit (Intron/ Korea) according to manufacturer’s protocol. Four Primers were designed based on genomic sequences of sheep (Genbank, AF310264, and AY831682) and (GenBank, U84247, and AY911719) according to Boucher et al. (2006). The sequence of primer 1 forward: 5´-CGCAAGGTCCAGGATGACACC-3´; and primer 1 reverse: 5´-GTCTGGGAGGGAGGAGAGTGA-3´ that’s amplified part of exon II and intron II (fragment 1), the sequence of primer 2 forward: 5’CTCTTGATGTCCCCTTCCTC-3’ and primer 2 reverse: 5’ TGGTCCTTCGAGATCCATTC-3’ that’s designed to amplified all exon III and part of the 3′ UTR of the gene (fragment 2) (Mahmoud et al., 2014). The total volume of reactions were 25 μl; that containing 2 ul of genomic DNA, 1 μl of each primer (10 pM), PCR Master Mix Kit (Intron/ Korea) 12.5 ul, and nuclease-free water 8.5 ul in 30 cycles for fragment 1 and 2 (initial denaturation: 95°C for 5 min, denaturation: 95°C for 30s, annealing: 60°C for 30s for fragment 1 and 54 °C for 30 sec for fragment 2, extension: 72°C for 30s and final extension 72°C for 7 min).

 

Table 1: The SNPs location, number, nucleotide and changes of amino acidsfor Awassi ewes

 

	Location Of SNP	SNP Number	Nucleotide Change	Amino Acid Change & Number	Predicted Effect	Type of Mutation
1	A(99)R (Intron II)	Rs408463464	TAG>TAG& TAA
2	G(425)R (Exon III)	Rs409584889	CGG> CAG& CGG	Arginine > Glutamine & Arginine (142)	Transition	Missense
3	T(541)K (Exon III)	Rs420693815	TTG> GTG& TTG	Leucine>Valine & Leucine(181)	Trasversion	Missense
4	G(587)R (Exon III)	Rs428185456	CGG> CAG& CGG	Arginine > Glutamine & Arginine (196)	Transition	Missense

 

Table 2: The observed genotypic and allele frequencies of LEP gene for Awassi ewes

 

No	Locus	Genotypes	Observed Genotypes	Genotypic Frequency %	Allele Frequency		Chi Square
1	A(99)R	AA	19	47.50	A	73.75	11.72 **
		AG	21	52.50	G	26.25
2	G(425)R	GG	17	42.50	G	71.25	11.55 **
		GA	23	57.50	A	28.75
3	T(541)K	TT	22	55.00	T	77.5	12.42 **
		TC	18	45.00	C	22.5
4	G(587)R	GG	15	37.50	G	68.75	10.09 **
		GA	25	62.50	A	31.25

 

** (P<0.01).

 

The DNA bands were detected by placing ethidium bromide staining gel electrophoresis in Trans illuminator (Vilberlourmat/ France).

 

Amplicons of LEP gene were sequenced separately by Macrogen Corporation/ Korea. The LEP sequences were edited, and aligned, by utilizing (BioEdit software). The samples homology done by applied BLAST option in NCBI GenBank database and Bioedit program.

 

Statistical Analysis

Statistical Analysis System”- SAS (2012) program was utilized to monitor the effect of different factors in study parameters. T-test and Chi-square test were usedto significant compared between means and between percentages respectively in this study.

 

Results and discussion

 

PCR Amplification

Two primers that amplified particular regions (part of exonII and part of intronII) of LEP gene of Awassi ewes. The PCR amplified size was 260 bp. In addition to that, another twoprimers were amplified of exonIII and part of 3′ UTR and the uniform fragments with size 1090 bp appeared after electrophoresed in 1% agarose gel (Figure 1).

 

Sequencing and Genetic Variability

The sequencing result revealed that one SNP in Intron II A(99)R and three SNPs in exon III (G(425)R, T(541)K

 

 

Table 3: Chi- square of genotypic distribution of LEP gene inNon-Seasonal and Seasonal ewes.

 

No	Locus	Genotypes	Genotypic Frequency for Non-Seasonal Ewes	Chi- Square	Genotypic Frequency for Seasonal Ewes	Chi- Square
1	A(99)R	AA	9 (45%)	4.57 *	10 (50%)	0.00 NS
		AG	11 (55%)		10 (50%)
2	G(425)R	GG	4 (20%)	13.86 **	13 (65%)	9.87 **
		GA	16 (80%)		7 (35%)
3	T(541)K	TT	8 (40%)	7.25 **	14 (70%)	10.33 **
		TC	12 (60%)		6 (30%)
4	G(587)R	GG	3 (15%)	13 .46 **	12 (60%)	7.25 **
		GA	17 (85%)		8 (40%)

 

* (P<0.05), ** (P<0.01).

 

Table 4: T- test of the litter size for the LEP genotypes of Awassi ewes

 

	Locus	Genotypes	Ewe Number	Lambs Number	Litter Size	T- Test
1	A(99)R	AA	19	24	1.26	0.128 *
		AG	21	30	1.42
2	G(425)R	GG	17	22	1.29	0.115 NS
		GA	23	32	1.39
3	T(541)K	TT	22	26	1.18	0.196 *
		TC	18	28	1.55
4	G(587)R	GG	15	21	1.4	0.107 NS
		GA	25	33	1.32

 

* (P<0.05).

 

and G(587)R) of LEP gene in Awassi ewes (Figure 2). All these SNPs were recorded in NCBI and Ensembl gene browser (rs408463464, rs409584889, rs420693815 and rs428185456 respectively). The last three SNPs of coding region are missense mutation that changed amino acid to another; Arginine > Glutamine, Leucine> Valine and Arginine > Glutamine in position 142, 181 and 196 respectively (Table 1).

 

Significant differences were recorded between the genetic variability of LEP gene. Higher significant variation (P<0.001) were recorded between the (AA and AG), (GG and GA), (TT and TC) and (GG and GA) genotypes of A(99)R, G(425)R, T(541)K and G(587)R locus respectively, while GG, AA, CC and AA genotypes didn’t noticed in these populations of the same locus (Table 2).These amino acids changes are impacted in LEP hormone function.These are in agreement with the Zhou et al. (2009) finding, which hypothesized that diversity of LEP gene might have an influence on LEP activity and function.

 

Correlation between Genotypes and Breeding Season in Awassi Sheep

The genotypic distributions of LEP gene in the two animal groups were recorded. In Non-Seasonal Awassi ewes group, higher significantly increased (P<0.001) were showed in mutant genotypes;GA, TC and GA as compared with the wild genotypes; GG, TT and GG of G(425)R, T(541)K and G(587)R locus, also AG genotype of A(99)R locus recorded significantly increased (P<0.05) when compared with AA genotype . On the other hand, higher significantly increased (P<0.001) were recorded in wild genotypes; GG, TT and GG in comparison with other genotypes (GA, TC and GA) of G(425)R, T(541)K and G(587)R locus respectively, while non-significant differences were recorded between AG and AA genotypes for A(99)R locus for Seasonal Awassi ewes group (Table 3).

 

This finding leads to speculate that the mutations has affected on the final form of LEP protein and caused increasing its function in ewes that breed off season. Only a few studies have been performed, to detect the relationship between polymorphism, of LEP,gene and ovine reproductive performance; Bravo et al. (2016) find a relationship between LEP gene polymorphism and litter size. When compared the sequence of exon III for the Najdi breed (ID: KF922846.1), the GG, TT and GG genotypic frequency in (G(425)R, T(541)K and G(587)R were present, while AG, TC and GA genotypes (mutant alleles) of the same locus were absent, the Najdi breed has shorter lambing interval compared with the Awassi breed (330 vs 286 days) (Abdelqader et al., 2012), that means the Non-Seasonal Awassi group has a longer breeding season than Najdi breed.

 

The LEP hormone is a metabolic factor that has an important role in up-regulation GnRH and LH output by an effect on kisspeptin, POMC and NPY expression in the arcuate nucleus and preoptic area of ewe’s hypothalamus (LEP receptors are expressed in kisspeptin cells) (Backholer et al., 2010). Therefore, the SNPs in LEP gene were strongly contributed to reproduction by an effect on kisspeptin secretion because the missense mutation make structural changes in protein conformation and that may enhance LEP protein function. These observations come constantly with several studies that revealed the polymorphisms in exon III of LEP gene were contributed with body weight and growth rate in Kermani sheep (Shojaei et al., 2011) and in Baluchi sheep (Tahmoorespur et al., 2010). These facts find out that LEP gene polymorphism have a positive influence of reproduction through its effect on fat deposition because the adipose tissue is the central source of LEP.This hypothesis was accord with Buchanan et al. (2002) study; which showed that LEP gene polymorphism contributed to increased expression of mRNA LEP gene. These event lead to in plasma LEP elevation (Liefers et al., 2003), and when LEP level increased, the LH is also increased. These argue was agreement with Henry et al. (2001), who mentioned that the LEP cerebral injection elevated of LH secretion. Also, GnRH secretion is indirectly potentiated and regulated by LEP because itacts as a metabolic factor (Burcelin et al., 2003; Quennell et al., 2009).

 

Correlation between genotypes, and litter, size in Awassi sheep

The results, of present study indicates that LEP gene contribute to the ovulation rate and subsequently litter size. The finding appeared that LEP AG and TC genotypes had significantly raised (P<0.05) in litter size when compared with AA and TT genotypes ofA(99)R and T(541)K respectively. Non-significant differences,were noticed between each genotype of G(425)R and G(587)R (Table 4).

 

Litter size is correlated with ovulation rate, the finding of present study showed variance between SNPs and genotypes; non-significant differences in litter size were noticed between the genotypes of each (G(425)R and G(587)R, while the genotypes of in locus in A(99)R intron II and the genotypes of T(541)K locus inexon III were recorded significant differences that reflect the mediated effect of LEP gene polymorphism on litter size, these outcomes have not been described previously in sheep. In spite the fact that mRNA of LEP receptor,not expressed, in ovine granulosa and the ca cells (Spicer, 2001), but in this study the polymorphisms recorded increase in ovulation rate. These results accord with Chen et al. (2004b) outcomes, which find that the litter size was increased significantly in mutant allele of porcine,LEP gene. As mentioned above; LEP increases GnRH and LH in ewes which reflected positively on ovulation rate (litter size). Additionally, according to Lagonigro et al. (2003), theincrease fat deposition and feed intake occurs because LEP gene polymorphism andthat explain the effect of polymorphism on enhancement the litter size. This speculation was corresponded with Kara et al. (2010), who mentioned that improving feed intake had a positive effect on reproduction and litter size Awassi ewes.

 

Taking into,consideration,the vast range of physiological LEP impact, it is expected that several phenotypic features have been detected with LEP gene SNPs. As a conclusion, heterozygote LEP gene polymorphisms of exon III were related with Awassi ewes that breeding out of season, while wild genotypic frequencies were higher in Seasonal Awassi ewes. Litter size was correlated with two SNPs, in intron II and exon III.

 

Acknowledgements

 

The authors thank the staff of laboratory of Biotechnology Research Center-Al-Nahrian University/Baghdad and laboratory of veterinary college/Tikrit University. Also special thanks to employers of animal house/veterinary college/Tikrit University.

 

Conflict of interest

 

There is no conflict of interest.

 

authors contribution

 

Laith Sofian Younis supervised the project. Both Hayder Alkarem Al-Mutar and Laith Sofian Younis designed and performed the experiments of genotyping, while Ali Aziz Abd wrote the manuscript, inconsultation with Hayder Alkarem Al-Mutar and Laith Sofian Younis. Also Ali Aziz Abd analyzed the data.

 

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