Ye Gong, Nehafta Bibi and Haitao Wang*
...ified as successful nest usurpation: in six cases nests of other birds were usurped by Mandarin duck and in three cases nests of Mandarin duck were usurped by other birds. The remaining mixed clutches may be incomplete usurpation. For the nests taken over by Mandarin ducks, all heterospecific eggs were rejected and four clutches were incubated successfully. For the other mixed clutches, none of Mandarin duck eggs were remove...
T. J. Roberts
...alously defended against usurpation by any neighbouring tribes. Because of the harsh climatic conditions, the limited available forage could best be utilized by a nomadic pastoral people and even today a major portion of the rural population appears to have retained these nomadic habits. In the main valleys a limited settlement with crop cultivation under irrigation appears to have been in existence for several hundred years. Such cu...
