ResearchersLinks
Pakistan Journal of ForestryA ResearchersLinks journal
Submit manuscriptReview for this journal

Research Article · Volume 73, Issue 1, 23 May 2024 · Open Access

Uses of Nanostructures in Innovative Composite Wood Products and Their Applications

· · ·

Affiliations & Notes ⌄
  1. 1Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. *Correspondence | Abdur Rahman Khan, Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
  2. 2Email: abdurehman223344@gmail.com
Article Info ⌄
Journal:
Pakistan Journal of Forestry
Published:
23 May 2024
Download PDF ePub eFLIP Set Alert Get Rights Reprints

From the article

  • Nanotechnology use in wood and wood-based products is colossal and enormous.
  • Nanotechnology has many advantages such as eco-friendly and its recyclibity in many products.
  • The addition of nanomaterials to wood based products increase their physico-mechanical properties and increasing the scavenging quality of formaldehyde.
  • This will indirectly conserve the forest by increasing the durability of wood-based products.

Selected from the article's own text.

Abstract

Composite wood products are the engineered products manufactured from wood saw dust and fibers with synthetic organic adhesive like urea formaldehyde and phenol formaldehyde. The uses of nanotechnology in present day are flourishing in many fields, because of its unique properties. Nanomaterials are those materials, which have a size in between 1-100 nm. Nano level sized materials show distinct physical and mechanical properties and incomparable chemical and biological properties. Nano based composite wood products are manufactured now a days by incorporating different nanomaterials in the synthetic adhesives. These nano based wood composites are highly hydrophobic, resistant to pesticides, promising physico-mechanical properties, UV resistance, eco-friendly and fire retardant etc. Nano-structures accelerate and enhance the durability and life span of building materials and furniture. The nanotechnology scavenges the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from the synthetic adhesive used in wood panels. Due to the vast scope of nanoparticle, it paves a way to use nano-structure in wood composite products for better industrial products manufacturing. The article aim is to review the current state of research regarding the use of nanomaterials in wood composite products.

 

Introduction

Nanotechnology is a science in which matter are manipulated to a size of 1-100 nm. In this we incorporate science and technology with each other having diverse applications with the aims to develop and improve the various physical and mechanical properties , 2009). Nano leveled materials exhibit distinguished and unique properties than that of original . Nanotechnology is a versatile field which has multipronged uses in the medical bio sensing and catalytic activates etc. . Twenty first century is considered as the new era of nanotechnology for uplifting the bio economy of the country by the development of various nano based products ; , 2019). As it is evident that nanotechnology uses are multifarious, but in the present era its use has been focused in wood-based industries. The non-nano based wood products are generally less durable, unstable, carcinogenic, and less eco-friendly. The nanomaterial’s make wood products more resistant to pests, decrease the surface hydrophylicity, fire resistant, durable, and UV absorption ; ; . These nanostructures also increase the preservation and decreasing the leaching of wood by limiting the penetration of agents to wood ; ; . Nanoparticles are added to the wood based products by following methods like, direct addition to the adhesive or by post treatment of finished products by applying nano based coating ; ; ; ; . The doped nanoparticles shows greater activity than its pure form like, samarium doped cerium oxide 10-20% greater than common ceria . Nanostructures also indirectly put a good impact on climate by avoiding carbon emission to atmosphere through preserving wood decay. It is expected that steel, concrete and aluminum have high carbon footprint than that of wood and the CO2 emission can be reduced by 14% using wood-based products in buildings (Global Status Report: Towards a Zero-Emission, Efficient and Resilient Buildings and Construction Sector, 2018). Hence the vast uses of nanoparticles in different fields it will increase the life span and durability of composite wood products.

Nanostructures used in composite/wood based products

So far different nanostructure either in pure or in doped form have been used in wood based products for better and efficient results like to increase durability, high physic-mechanical properties, fire resistance and hydrophobicity etc. The following are the important nanomaterials used in composite wood products.

Graphene oxide nanopatrticle

Graphene are mono layered carbon atoms with hexagonal structure having Sp2 hybridization . Mostly Hummer method is used for the preparation of graphene nanoparticles . Graphene nanoparticle improved the physical properties like water absorption, thermal conductivity and thickness swelling up to 19.5%, 39.79% and 50%, respectively. Similarly, the graphene oxide also improved the mechanical properties like modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and internal bond up to 19.22%, 38.8% and 28.5%, respectively . The Table 1 show the properties of wood products when graphene oxide was incorporated as nanoparticle.

Iron oxide (Fe2O3 and Fe3O4) nanoparticles

In nature Iron exist in many forms but the two important ones are Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 . As compared to bulk form the nanostructure of iron oxide possesses unique magnetic, optical and electrical properties . Pyrolysis method is used specially for the preparation of iron oxide nanostructure . By adding 1%Fe3O4 to the MDF increased 8.5% internal bonding (IB). Moreover, the shielding effect was increased significantly by adding 10% of Fe3O4 to MDF . The Table 2 show the properties of wood products when Iron oxide was incorporated as nanoparticle.

Titanium oxide (TiO2) nanostructure

Titanium oxide (TiO2) nanomaterial’s is prepared particularly by hydrothermal process . The various functionality in wood is enhanced by TiO2 nanoparticle like fire resistance , prevent weathering ; ; , dimensional stability , and rot protection . Apart from wood or wood based products TiO2 nanostructure is also used for bio sensing purpose through caped ionic liquids. The Table 3 show the properties of wood products when Titanium oxide was incorporated as nanoparticle.

Table 1: Effect of Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on properties of MDF (medium density fiber board).

Wood products

Type of nanoparticle

Properties

Effect (increase/decrease)

Reference

MDF (Medium density fiber board)

Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO)

Thickness swelling, water absorption, thermal conductivity, internal bond and rupture modulus

Significantly improved

Table 2: Effect of iron oxide (Fe2 O3 ) on properties of MDF (medium density fiber.

Wood products

Type of nanoparticle

Properties

Effect (increase/ decrease)

Reference

MDF (Medium density fiber board)

iron oxide (Fe2O3)

Thickness swelling, water absorption, moisture content and density

Significantly improved

Silica (SiO2) nanostructure

Nano silica has novel and unique properties, due to which it is incorporated to the woody or non woody based materials to increase strength, hardness durability, modulus and decrease the rate of degradation ; ; . The nanosilica is prepared from its basic rice husk source through many steps . The Table 4 show the properties of wood products when Silica was incorporated as nanoparticle.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructure

Zinc oxide nanostructure is prepared generally by thermal decomposition method . Urea formaldehyde is a gluing agent in composite wood products. When zinc oxide nanostructure is mixed with urea formaldehyde in the manufacturing of MDF (medium density fiber board) increases and improves the water absorption and thickness swelling . 1% addition of ZnO to the wood based products increases modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) . The Table 5 show the properties of wood products when Zinc oxide was incorporated as nanoparticle.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)

Among various metallic nanoparticles silver nanostructure is the most important and fascinating ones for biomedical application, industries, food and optical sensor etc. ; . Generally, the silver nanostructure is prepared by various methods like physical, chemical and biological method. Pyrolysis and spark discharging are the two main conventional physical methods which are used for synthesis of silver nanomaterials ; . While organic solvents or water is used in chemical method for the synthesis of silver nanostructures ; . To reduce the limitation of chemical method the silver nanoparticles is prepared by green synthesis using fungi, bacteria and plant extract . Addition of silver nanomaterials to the MDF shows better hardness at 6minute hot pressing. When hot press time increase it decrease the hardness of MDF because of De-polymerization . The Table 6 show the properties of wood products when Silver oxide was incorporated as nanoparticle.

Table 3: Nano fibrillated cellulose (NFC) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) effect on particle board properties.

Wood products

Type of nanoparticle

Properties

Effect (increase/decrease)

Reference

Particle Board

Nano fibrillated cellulose (NFC) and titanium dioxide (TiO2)

Thickness swelling, water absorption, moisture content, internal bond and rupture modulus

Significantly improved

Table 4: Silica nanostructures impact on physical properties Particle Board, MDF and Ply wood.

Wood products

Type of nanoparticle

Properties

Effect (increase/decrease)

Reference

Particle Board, MDF and Ply wood

SiO2

Thickness swelling, water absorption, and internal bond

Significantly improved only in case of MDF internal bond decrease

; ;

Table 5: Effect of ZnO on MDF properties.

Wood products

Type of nanoparticle

Properties

Effect (increase/decrease)

Reference

MDF

ZnO

Thickness swelling and water absorption

Significantly improved

Table 6: Effect of silver oxide nanoparticle on MDF properties.

Wood products

Type of nanoparticle

Properties

Effect (increase/decrease)

Reference

MDF

AgO

Thickness swelling, hardness and water absorption

Significantly improved

Table 7: Al2 O3 effects on properties of MDF.

Wood products

Type of nanoparticle

Properties

Effect (increase/decrease)

Reference

MDF

Al2O3

Thickness swelling, water absorption, internal bonding (IB), modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR),

Significantly improved

Table 8: Effects of Wollastonite on MDF properties.

Wood products

Type of nanoparticle

Properties

Effect (increase/decrease)

Reference

MDF

Wollastonite

Density and gas liquid chromatography

Significantly improved

Taghiyari and Samadi, 2016

Alumina (Al2O3) nanostructure

Alumina (Al2O3) is considered the most vital ceramic materials have magnificent characteristics like high strength gigantic electrical insulation, good catalytic activity, colossal hot-hardness, high thermal conductivity, fabulous dielectric properties, chemical inactiveness, huge melting temperature and good stiffness etc. ; ; ; . Several methods are reported for alumina nanoparticle preparation like hydrothermal , sol-gel and precipitation method etc. . By the addition of 4.5% alumina nanostructure to medium density fiberboard (MDF) increases and improves the modulus of elasticity (MoE), modulus of rupture (MoR) and internal bond (IB) to a level of 31%, 22.12% and 16.4%, respectively. By comparing to the controlled and normal MDF alumina nanostructure also increases water absorption and thickness swelling 37.53% and 40.15%, respectively . The Table 7 show the properties of wood products when Alumina was incorporated as nanoparticle.

Wollastonite nanofibers

Wollastonite chemically a calcium silicate minimizes the effects of various pathogens and flourishes the plant growth . Due to the huge thermal conductivity of wollastonite its nanofibers significantly improves the solid wood dimensional stability and enhances the medium density fiberboard thermal conductivity coefficient . Wollastonite nano fibers minimized the gas and liquid permeability to medium density fiberboard (MDF) significantly, So, its durability is increase . The Table 8 show the properties of wood products when Walsonite was incorporated as nanoparticle.

Application of nanotechnology

The nanomaterials have multidisciplinary uses including wood and wood composite materials . In order to increase and fascinate the quality of wood based composites nanotechnology is introduced which also fulfill the demands for new products in the modern era. Various components like, moisture contents, pathogens and structure instability causes various wood drawbacks in its utilization. These limitations are caused due to many hydroxyl group and polymer nature of cell wall . Naturally wood is a hygroscopic material and the absorption capability of wood to moisture contents is directly related to the surface area exposed.

Properties enhancement of wood based panels by nanomaterials

Wood composites are the combination of various wood elements combined by adhesives . As compared to common wood the wood composite properties are generally regarded as stronger. Wood based products for specific purpose at various grade, size and thickness can be easily manufactured. The main limitations and disadvantages of the wood composite products are like that they require high primary energy for manufacturing prone to humidity and releases toxic formaldehyde as compared to the solid lumber. In order to overcome all the above mentioned limitations and disadvantages nanotechnology is implied in the wood based industries in this modern arena .

Wood coating

Nano coating of wood-based products is less susceptible to various environmental factors because of the greater surface volume ratio of the coated nanomaterials. The coated nano materials interact with the adverse environmental factors to protect the wood-based product from decay and weathering ; .

Nano additive as a durable enhancement

To increase the durability of wood and wood-based products nanostructures are added by appropriate way. This nano addition creates molecular level changes in the wood-based products. Pathogens like bacteria, fungi and other microorganism ‘scant easily attack on the Nanocoated wood-based products. Different metal oxide nanoparticles such as Zinc oxide (ZnO), cerium oxide (CeO­­2) and titanium oxide (TiO2) were evaluated and find out significant antimicrobial activities ; ; ; . Graphene, silver and polyurethane Nanoparticles also inhabit the growth of microorganisms on the surface of wood and their products ; , 2020).

Improvement of mechanical properties by nano addition

The inorganic nanoparticles immersed in the organic polymer increase the mechanical properties. These nanostructures act as a nano filer in the adhesives. nanoparticles like silica and nanocellulose increases hardness, modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) significantly ; .

Improvement of fire retardancy by nano addition

In the modern era, nanostructures are used in pure form or with conventional combination of fire retardants to reduce the ignitability of composite wood products. In this regard titanium oxide (TiO2) nanostructure is reported which reduces the inflammability to larger extent as compared to simple and non-nano based wood products . Other nanoparticles reported as fire retardant are zinc-aluminum layered double hydroxide, Nano magnesium aluminum layered double hydroxide and graphene used in wood based products ; ; .

UV absorption enhancement by nanoparticles

The UV light coming from the sun rays causes degradation of wood and wood based products and also decreases its water resistance power, because it destroy the polymeric structure of wood . To improve the UV resistance of wood and wood based products different techniques have been applied among which the nanotechnology is promising. Different nanostructures such as TiO2 and ZnO are reported which exhibit strong UV resistance properties and color stabilization .

Eco-Friendly effects of nanostructures

The human and environment problem related with formaldehyde (HCOH) emission from wood-based panels causes a serious concern globally and many countries issues legislations for this to reduce volatile organic compounds related to wood based panels, the scientific community have to overcome this problem . To scavenge formaldehyde emission from wood-based panels nanostructures was added these nanostructures increase the adhesion of formaldehyde (HCOH) in wood-based panels due to its large surface area .

Conclusions and Recommendations

Nanotechnology use in wood and wood-based products is colossal and enormous. The fate of wood-based industries has been changed by incorporation of nanotechnology globally. Nanotechnology has many advantages such as eco-friendly and its recyclibity in many products. The applications of nanostructures are multipronged and versatile but the present review aim to dig out its use in forest products industries. The addition of nanomaterials to wood based products increase their physico-mechanical properties and increasing the scavenging quality of formaldehyde. The future perspective of nanotechnology is to make the nanocomposite with bio adhesives to eradicate the toxic synthetic polymers and developed the novel bio based nano adhesive for the wood-based products. This will indirectly conserve the forest by increasing the durability of wood-based products.

Acknowledgement

The authors acknowledge the support of DG, PFI peshawar and his team for providing support for the completion of this research project.

Novelty Statement

Nanostructures are transforming composite wood products by enhancing their performance, sustainability, and functionality, thereby driving innovative applications in modern construction and manufacturing

Author’s Contribution

Abdur Rahman Khan: Contributed to the conception and composing of manuscript Also served as corresponding author.

Mansoor Ali Khan: Helped in composition of manuscript and assisted in physio mechanical properties of nanocomposite.

Abdur Rehman: Helped in cross checking for grammatical check.

Muhammad Umair Khan: Proof reading of article and composing of novel statement.

Conflict of interest

The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Alabduljabbar, H., Alyousef, R., Gul, W., Shah, S.R.A., Khan, A., Khan, R. and Alaskar, A., 2020. Effect of alumina nano-particles on physical and mechanical properties of medium density fiberboard. Materials, 13(18): 4207. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13184207[CrossRef]
  2. Bajpai, P., 2016. Pulp and paper industry: Nanotechnology in forest industry: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811099-7.00002-2[CrossRef]
  3. Balamurugan, A., Sudha, M., Surendhiran, S., Anandarasu, R., Ravikumar, S. and Khadar, Y.S., 2020. Hydrothermal synthesis of samarium (Sm) doped cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles: characterization and antibacterial activity. Mater. Today Proc., 26: 3588-3594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.08.217[CrossRef]
  4. Bueno, A.F., Bañón, M.N., De Morentín, L.M. and García, J.M., 2014. Treatment of natural wood veneers with nano-oxides to improve their fire behaviour. Paper presented at the IOP conference series: Materials science and engineering. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/64/1/012021[CrossRef]
  5. Candan, Z. and Akbulut, T., 2015. Physical and mechanical properties of nanoreinforced particleboard composites. Maderas. Cienciay Tecnol., 17(2): 319-334. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-221X2015005000030[CrossRef]
  6. Carvalho, L., Magalhães, F. and Ferra, J., 2012. Formaldehyde emissions from wood-based panels-Testing methods and industrial perspectives. Formaldehyde: Chem. Appl. Role Polymeriz., pp. 1-45.
  7. Chakra, C., Raob, K. and Rajendar, V., 2017. Nanocomposites of ZnO and TiO2 have enhanced antimicrobial and antibacterial properties than their disjoint counterparts. Dig. J. Nanomater. Biostruct., 12: 185-193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-017-0731-8[CrossRef]
  8. Cheng, D., Wen, Y., An, X., Zhu, X. and Ni, Y., 2016. TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCNs) as a green reinforcement for waterborne polyurethane coating (WPU) on wood. Carbohydrate Polymers, 151: 326-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.05.083[CrossRef]
  9. Cheng, L., Ren, S. and Lu, X., 2020. Application of eco-friendly waterborne polyurethane composite coating incorporated with nano cellulose crystalline and silver nano particles on wood antibacterial board. Polymers, 12(2): 407. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12020407[CrossRef]
  10. Chernousova, S. and Epple, M., 2013. Silver as antibacterial agent: Ion, nanoparticle, and metal. Angewandte Chem. Int. Ed., 52(6): 1636-1653. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201205923[CrossRef]
  11. Conner, L. and Madariaga, B., 1996. Economic impact analysis and regulatory flexibility analysis of air pollution regulations: Architectural and industrial maintenance coatings. Draft report: Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC (United States).
  12. Cornell, R.M. and Schwertmann, U., 2003. The iron oxides: Structure, properties, reactions, occurrences, and uses: Wiley-vch Weinheim. Vol. 664. https://doi.org/10.1002/3527602097[CrossRef]
  13. Cristea, M.V., Riedl, B. and Blanchet, P., 2011. Effect of addition of nanosized UV absorbers on the physico-mechanical and thermal properties of an exterior waterborne stain for wood. Prog. Organ. Coat., 72(4): 755-762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2011.08.007[CrossRef]
  14. De Filpo, G., Palermo, A.M., Rachiele, F. and Nicoletta, F.P., 2013. Preventing fungal growth in wood by titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Int. Biodeter. Biodegrad., 85: 217-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.07.007[CrossRef]
  15. Deraman, A.F. and Chandren, S., 2019. Fire-retardancy of wood coated by titania nanoparticles. Paper presented at the AIP Conference Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5125526[CrossRef]
  16. Dukarska, D. and Czarnecki, R., 2016. Fumed silica as a filler for MUPF resin in the process of manufacturing water-resistant plywood. Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod., 74: 5-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-015-0955-4[CrossRef]
  17. El-Naggar, M.E., Shaheen, T.I., Zaghloul, S., El-Rafie, M.H. and Hebeish, A., 2016. Antibacterial activities and UV protection of the in situ synthesized titanium oxide nanoparticles on cotton fabrics. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 55(10): 2661-2668. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.5b04315[CrossRef]
  18. Esmailpour, A., Majidi, R., Taghiyari, H.R., Ganjkhani, M., Mohseni Armaki, S.M. and Papadopoulos, A.N., 2020. Improving fire retardancy of beech wood by graphene. Polymers, 12(2): 303. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12020303[CrossRef]
  19. Fallah, F., Khorasani, M. and Ebrahimi, M., 2017. Improving the mechanical properties of waterborne nitrocellulose coating using nano-silica particles. Progress Organ. Coat., 109: 110-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2017.04.016[CrossRef]
  20. Fengel, D. and Wegener, G., 2003. Wood chemistry, ultrastructure, reaction. Remagen: Germany: Kessel Verlag.
  21. Fernández-Puratich, H. and Oliver-Villanueva, J.V., 2014. Quantification of biomass and energetic value of young natural regenerated stands of Quercus ilex under mediterranean conditions. Rev. Bosque, 35(1): 65-74. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-92002014000100007[CrossRef]
  22. Ganaie, S., Abbasi, T. and Abbasi, S., 2015. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using an otherwise worthless weed mimosa (Mimosa pudica): Feasibility and process development toward shape/size control. Partic. Sci. Technol., 33(6): 638-644. https://doi.org/10.1080/02726351.2015.1016644[CrossRef]
  23. Global Status Report: Towards a Zero-Emission, Efficient and Resilient Buildings and Construction Sector. 2018. Agency, I.E., Programme, U.N.E., 2018.
  24. González, W., Álvarez, E., Martínez-Martínez, R., Yescas-Mendoza, E., Camarillo, I. and Caldiño, U., 2012. Cold white light generation through the simultaneous emission from Ce3+, Dy3+ and Mn2+ in 90Al2O3· 2CeCl3· 3DyCl3· 5MnCl2 thin film. J. Luminescence, 132(8): 2130-2134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2012.03.064[CrossRef]
  25. Guefrech, A., Mounanga, P. and Khelidj, A., 2011. Experimental study of the effect of addition of nano-silica on the behaviour of cement mortars Mounir. Proc. Eng., 10: 900-905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.04.148[CrossRef]
  26. Gul, W. and Alrobei, H., 2021. Effect of graphene oxide nanoparticles on the physical and mechanical properties of medium density fiberboard. Polymers, 13(11): 1818. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13111818[CrossRef]
  27. Gul, W., Akbar Shah, S.R., Khan, A., Ahmad, N., Ahmed, S., Ain, N. and Khan, R., 2023. Synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and their application as nano-fillers to improve the physical and mechanical properties of medium density fiberboard. Front. Mater., 10: 1206918. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2023.1206918[CrossRef]
  28. Gul, W., Alrobei, H., Shah, S.R.A. and Khan, A., 2020. Effect of iron oxide nanoparticles on the physical properties of medium density fiberboard. Polymers, 12(12): 2911. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12122911[CrossRef]
  29. Gul, W., Shah, S.R.A., Khan, A. and Pruncu, C.I., 2021. Characterization of zinc oxide-urea formaldehyde nano resin and its impact on the physical performance of medium-density fiberboard. Polymers, 13(3): 371. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13030371[CrossRef]
  30. Hincapié, I., Künniger, T., Hischier, R., Cervellati, D., Nowack, B. and Som, C., 2015. Nanoparticles in facade coatings: A survey of industrial experts on functional and environmental benefits and challenges. J. Nanopart. Res., 17: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-015-3085-3[CrossRef]
  31. Hummers, Jr, W.S. and Offeman, R.E., 1958. Preparation of graphitic oxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 80(6): 1339-1339. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01539a017[CrossRef]
  32. Iriarte-Mesa, C., López, Y.C., Matos-Peralta, Y., de la Vega-Hernández, K. and Antuch, M., 2020. Gold, silver and iron oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis and bionanoconjugation strategies aiming to electrochemical applications. Surface-modified nanobiomaterials for electrochemical and biomedicine applications, pp. 93-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55502-3_4[CrossRef]
  33. Issa, I., Joly-Pottuz, L., Réthoré, J., Esnouf, C., Douillard, T., Garnier, V. and Masenelli-Varlot, K., 2018. Room temperature plasticity and phase transformation of nanometer-sized transition alumina nanoparticles under pressure. Acta Mater., 150: 308-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.03.023[CrossRef]
  34. Jagiełło, J., Chlanda, A., Baran, M., Gwiazda, M. and Lipińska, L., 2020. Synthesis and characterization of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide composites with inorganic nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Nanomaterials, 10(9): 1846. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10091846[CrossRef]
  35. Jasmani, L., Rusli, R., Khadiran, T., Jalil, R. and Adnan, S., 2020. Application of nanotechnology in wood-based products industry: A review. Nanosc. Res. Lett., 15: 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-020-03438-2[CrossRef]
  36. Jia, Q., Zeng, J., Qiao, R., Jing, L., Peng, L., Gu, F. and Gao, M., 2011. Gelification: An effective measure for achieving differently sized biocompatible Fe3O4 nanocrystals through a single preparation recipe. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 133(48): 19512-19523. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja2081263[CrossRef]
  37. Kevin, E.I., Ochanya, O.M., Olukemi, A.M., Bwanhot, S.T.N. and Uche, I., 2018. Mechanical properties of urea formaldehyde particle board composite. Am. J. Chem. Biochem. Eng., 2(1): 10-15. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajcbe.20180201.12[CrossRef]
  38. Khanjanzadeh, H., Pirayesh, H. and Sepahvand, S., 2014. Influence of walnut shell as filler on mechanical and physical properties of MDF improved by nano-SiO2. J. Indian Acad. Wood Sci., 11: 15-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13196-014-0111-5[CrossRef]
  39. Kim, S., 2009. The reduction of indoor air pollutant from wood-based composite by adding pozzolan for building materials. Constr. Build. Mater., 23(6): 2319-2323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.11.008[CrossRef]
  40. Kong, L., Xu, D., He, Z., Wang, F., Gui, S., Fan, J. and Liu, B., 2019. Nanocellulose-reinforced polyurethane for waterborne wood coating. Molecules, 24(17): 3151. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24173151[CrossRef]
  41. Li, H., Xiao, H.G., Yuan, J. and Ou, J., 2004. Microstructure of cement mortar with nano-particles. Composit. B: Eng., 35(2): 185-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-8368(03)00052-0[CrossRef]
  42. Li, J., Pan, Y., Xiang, C., Ge, Q. and Guo, J., 2006. Low temperature synthesis of ultrafine α-Al2O3 powder by a simple aqueous sol–gel process. Ceram. Int., 32(5): 587-591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2005.04.015[CrossRef]
  43. Liu, Y., Laks, P. and Heiden, P., 2002. Controlled release of biocides in solid wood. I. Efficacy against brown rot wood decay fungus (Gloeophyllum trabeum). J. Appl. Polymer Sci., 86(3): 596-607. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.10896[CrossRef]
  44. Lohcharoenkal, W., Abbas, Z. and Rojanasakul, Y., 2021. Advances in nanotechnology-based biosensing of immunoregulatory cytokines. Biosensors, 11(10): 364. https://doi.org/10.3390/bios11100364[CrossRef]
  45. Mahltig, B., Swaboda, C., Roessler, A. and Böttcher, H., 2008. Functionalising wood by nanosol application. J. Mater. Chem., 18(27): 3180-3192. https://doi.org/10.1039/b718903f[CrossRef]
  46. Mahr, M.S., Hübert, T., Stephan, I. and Militz, H., 2013. Decay protection of wood against brown-rot fungi by titanium alkoxide impregnations. Int. Biodeter. Biodegrad., 77: 56-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2012.04.026[CrossRef]
  47. Mahrdt, E., Pinkl, S., Schmidberger, C., van Herwijnen, H.W., Veigel, S. and Gindl-Altmutter, W., 2016. Effect of addition of microfibrillated cellulose to urea-formaldehyde on selected adhesive characteristics and distribution in particle board. Cellulose, 23: 571-580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-015-0818-5[CrossRef]
  48. Meng, L.Y., Wang, B., Ma, M.G. and Lin, K.L., 2016. The progress of microwave-assisted hydrothermal method in the synthesis of functional nanomaterials. Mater. Today Chem., 1: 63-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2016.11.003[CrossRef]
  49. Mukherjee, P., Ahmad, A., Mandal, D., Senapati, S., Sainkar, S.R., Khan, M.I. and Kumar, R., 2001. Fungus-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their immobilization in the mycelial matrix: A novel biological approach to nanoparticle synthesis. Nano Lett., 1(10): 515-519. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl0155274[CrossRef]
  50. Myers, G.E., 1989. Advances in methods to reduce formaldehyde emission. Composite board products for furniture and cabinet-innovations in manufacture and utilization.
  51. Okyay, T.O., Bala, R.K., Nguyen, H.N., Atalay, R., Bayam, Y. and Rodrigues, D.F., 2015. Antibacterial properties and mechanisms of toxicity of sonochemically grown ZnO nanorods. Rsc. Adv., 5(4): 2568-2575. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA12539H[CrossRef]
  52. Papadopoulos, A.N., 2010. Chemical modification of soild wood and wood raw material for composites production with linear chain carboxylic acid anhydrides. ChemInform, 41(26): i. https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.201026276[CrossRef]
  53. Peteu, S.F., Oancea, F., Sicuia, O.A., Constantinescu, F. and Dinu, S., 2010. Responsive polymers for crop protection. Polymers, 2(3): 229-251. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym2030229[CrossRef]
  54. Pizzi, A. and Mittal, K.L., 2017. Handbook of adhesive technology: CRC press.
  55. Pluym, T., Powell, Q., Gurav, A., Ward, T., Kodas, T., Wang, L. and Glicksman, H., 1993. Solid silver particle production by spray pyrolysis. J. Aerosol Sci., 24(3): 383-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(93)90010-7[CrossRef]
  56. Poshtiri, A.H., Taghiyari, H.R. and Karimi, A.N., 2014. Fire-retarding properties of nano-wollastonite in solid wood. Philipp. Agric. Sci., 97(1): 52-59.
  57. Pourjafar, M., Behrooz, R., Shalbafan, A. and Nayyeri, 2022. Preparation and characterisation of electromagnetic shielding medium-density fiberboard using Iron oxide nanoparticles. Wood Mater. Sci. Eng., pp. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2022.2136529[CrossRef]
  58. Pourjafar, M., Behrooz, R., Shalbafan, A. and Nayyeri, V., 2023. Preparation and characterisation of electromagnetic shielding medium-density fiberboard using Iron oxide nanoparticles. Wood Mater. Sci. Eng., 18(4): 1360-1371. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2022.2136529[CrossRef]
  59. Qu, L., He, C., Yang, Y., He, Y. and Liu, Z., 2005. Hydrothermal synthesis of alumina nanotubes templated by anionic surfactant. Mater. Lett., 59(29-30): 4034-4037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2005.07.059[CrossRef]
  60. Rani, H., Singh, S.P., Yadav, T.P., Khan, M.S., Ansari, M.I. and Singh, A.K., 2020. In-vitro catalytic, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of bioengineered copper quantum dots using Mangifera indica (L.) leaf extract. Mater. Chem. Phys., 239: 122052. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2019.122052[CrossRef]
  61. Rassam, G., Abdi, Y. and Abdi, A., 2012. Deposition of TiO2 nano-particles on wood surfaces for UV and moisture protection. J. Exp. Nanosci., 7(4): 468-476. https://doi.org/10.1080/17458080.2010.538086[CrossRef]
  62. Salavati-Niasari, M., Davar, F. and Mazaheri, M., 2008. Preparation of ZnO nanoparticles from [bis (acetylacetonato) zinc (II)]–oleylamine complex by thermal decomposition. Mater. Lett., 62(12-13): 1890-1892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2007.10.032[CrossRef]
  63. Salma, U., Chen, N., Richter, D.L., Filson, P.B., Dawson-Andoh, B., Matuana, L. and Heiden, P., 2010. Amphiphilic core/shell nanoparticles to reduce biocide leaching from treated wood, 1–leaching and biological efficacy. Macromol. Mater. Eng., 295(5): 442-450. https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.200900250[CrossRef]
  64. Schmalzl, K. and Evans, P., 2003. Wood surface protection with some titanium, zirconium and manganese compounds. Polymer Degrad. Stability, 82(3): 409-419. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(03)00193-9[CrossRef]
  65. Singh, A.K., Pal, P., Gupta, V., Yadav, T.P., Gupta, V. and Singh, S.P., 2018. Green synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide quantum dots using Eclipta alba. Mater. Chem. Phys., 203: 40-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2017.09.049[CrossRef]
  66. Singh, A.K., Yadav, T.P., Pandey, B., Gupta, V. and Singh, S.P., 2019. Engineering nanomaterials for smart drug release: Recent advances and challenges. Appl. Target. Nano Drugs Delivery Syst., pp. 411-449. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814029-1.00015-6[CrossRef]
  67. Song, X.L., Qu, P., Yang, H.P., He, X. and Qiu, G.Z., 2005. Synthesis of γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles by chemical precipitation method. J. Central South Univ. Technol., 12: 536-541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-005-0118-6[CrossRef]
  68. Sun, Q., Yu, H., Liu, Y., Li, J., Cui, Y. and Lu, Y., 2010. Prolonging the combustion duration of wood by TiO2 coating synthesized using cosolvent-controlled hydrothermal method. J. Mater. Sci., 45: 6661-6667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-010-4758-z[CrossRef]
  69. Sun, Q., Yu, H., Liu, Y., Li, J., Lu, Y. and Hunt, J.F., 2010. Improvement of water resistance and dimensional stability of wood through titanium dioxide coating. https://doi.org/10.1515/hf.2010.114[CrossRef]
  70. Taghiyari, H., Mobini, K., Sarvari-Samadi, Y., Doosti, Z., Karimi, F., Asghari, M. and Nouri, P., 2013. Effects of nano-wollastonite on thermal conductivity coefficient of medium-density fiberboard. J. Nanomater. Mol. Nanotechnol., 2: 1 of 5, 2. https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-8777.1000106[CrossRef]
  71. Taghiyari, H.R. and Norton, J., 2014. Effect of silver nanoparticles on hardness in medium-density fiberboard (MDF). iFor. Biogeosci. For., 8(5): 677. https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor1188-007[CrossRef]
  72. Taghiyari, H.R. and Sarvari, S.Y., 2016. Effects of wollastonite nanofibers on fluid flow in medium-density fiberboard. J. For. Res., 27: 209-217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-015-0137-6[CrossRef]
  73. Taghiyari, H.R., Ghorbanali, M. and Tahir, P.M., 2014. Effects of the improvement in thermal conductivity coefficient by nano-wollastonite on physical and mechanical properties in medium-density fiberboard (MDF). BioResources, 9(3): 4138-4149. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.9.3.4138-4149[CrossRef]
  74. Tao, A., Sinsermsuksakul, P. and Yang, P., 2006. Polyhedral silver nanocrystals with distinct scattering signatures. Angewandte Chem. Int. Ed., 45(28): 4597-4601. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200601277[CrossRef]
  75. Teacă, C.A., Roşu, D., Bodîrlău, R. and Roşu, L., 2013. Structural changes in wood under artificial UV light irradiation determined by FTIR spectroscopy and color measurements. A brief review. BioResour., 8(1). https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.8.1.1478-1507[CrossRef]
  76. Tien, D., Liao, C., Huang, J., Tseng, K., Lung, J., Tsung, T. and Yu, B., 2008. Novel technique for preparing a nano-silver water suspension by the arc-discharge method. Rev. Adv. Mater. Sci., 18(8): 752-758.
  77. Tobón, J., Payá, J., Borrachero, M. and Restrepo, O., 2012. Mineralogical evolution of Portland cement blended with silica nanoparticles and its effect on mechanical strength. Constr. Build. Mater., 36: 736-742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.06.043[CrossRef]
  78. Tomak, E.D., Yazici, O.A., Parmak, E.D.S. and Gonultas, O., 2018. Influence of tannin containing coatings on weathering resistance of wood: Combination with zinc and cerium oxide nanoparticles. Polymer Degrad. Stability, 152: 289-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.03.012[CrossRef]
  79. Ulker, O.C., Ulker, O. and Hiziroglu, S., 2021. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from coated furniture units. Coatings, 11(7): 806. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070806[CrossRef]
  80. Ümit Yalçın, Ö., 2023. Improved properties of particleboards produced with urea formaldehyde adhesive containing nanofibrillated cellulose and titanium dioxide. BioResources, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.2.3267-3278[CrossRef]
  81. Valle, A.C., Ferreira, B.S., Prates, G.A., Goveia, D. and Campos, C.I.D., 2020. Physical and mechanical properties of particleboard from Eucalyptus grandis produced by urea formaldehyde resin with SiO2 nanoparticles. Engenharia Agrícola, 40(3): 289-293. https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-eng.agric.v40n3p289-293/2020[CrossRef]
  82. Wang, J., Li, J., Zhuang, X., Pan, X., Yu, H., Sun, F. and Jiang, Y., 2018. Improved mould resistance and antibacterial activity of bamboo coated with ZnO/graphene. R. Soc. Open Sci., 5(8): 180173. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180173[CrossRef]
  83. Wang, X., Kalali, E.N., Xing, W. and Wang, D.Y., 2018. CO2 induced synthesis of Zn-Al layered double hydroxide nanostructures towards efficiently reducing fire hazards of polymeric materials. Nano Adv., 3: 12-17. https://doi.org/10.22180/na221[CrossRef]
  84. Wegner, T.H. and Jones, E.P., 2009. A fundamental review of the relationships between nanotechnology and lignocellulosic biomass. Nanosci. Technol. Renew. Biomater., 1: 1-41. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444307474.ch1[CrossRef]
  85. Wegner, T.H. and Jones, P.E., 2006. Advancing cellulose-based nanotechnology. Cellulose, 13: 115-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-006-9056-1[CrossRef]
  86. Wiley, B., Sun, Y., Mayers, B. and Xia, Y., 2005. Shape-controlled synthesis of metal nanostructures: The case of silver. Chem. Eur. J., 11(2): 454-463. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.200400927[CrossRef]
  87. Wu, W., Jing, Y., Zhou, X. and Dai, H., 2011. Preparation and properties of cellulose fiber/silica core shell magnetic nanocomposites. Paper presented at the 16th international symposium on wood, fiber and pulping chemistry proceedings, ISWFPC, Tiajin.
  88. Yalcin, N. and Sevinc, V., 2001. Studies on silica obtained from rice husk. Ceramics Int., 27(2): 219-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-8842(00)00068-7[CrossRef]
  89. Yao, X., Du, C., Hua, Y., Zhang, J., Peng, R., Huang, Q. and Liu, H., 2019. Flame-retardant and smoke suppression properties of nano MgAl-LDH coating on bamboo prepared by an in situ reaction. J. Nanomater., https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9067510[CrossRef]
  90. Zheng, R., Tshabalala, M.A., Li, Q. and Wang, H., 2015. Weathering performance of wood coated with a combination of alkoxysilanes and rutile TiO2 heirarchical nanostructures. BioResour., 10(4): 7053-7064. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.10.4.7053-7064[CrossRef]

Related articles

Services

Article usage statistics

Loading…