Submit or Track your Manuscript LOG-IN

Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences

AAVS_9_9_1489-1497

 

 

Research Article

 

Formulation and Characterization of Plant, Animal, and Probiotic Based Fish Meals and Evaluating their Efficacy on Growth and Performance in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

 

Riya Ann Samuel, Suravi Sasmita Dash, Riyaz Ali.L, Kuppusamy Alagesan Paari*

Department of Life sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India 560029.

 

Abstract | A comparative analysis on the effects of plant based (PD), animal based (AD) and probiotic based (PrD) diets on growth performance in Danio rerio was investigated. Different diets were administered as either single or combination diet (CD) containing PD, AD and PrD exhibited varying effects on growth and development. The probiotic bacteria isolated from Indian prawn (Penaeus indicus) was identified as Bacillus sp using 16s rRNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The isolate was characterized by evaluating its ability to survive at different pH, temperature and simulated artificial gastric environment and was further subjected to varying concentrations of salt and organic solvents. Antibiofilm activity of the isolate was evaluated against fish pathogens; Vibrio harveyi (96.1±2.7%), Escherichia coli (96.2±1.5 %,), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (95.3±3.0%) and Staphylococcus aureus (96.7±2.8%). After the end of trail period, growth parameters were evaluated. Weight gain percentage was significantly higher in PrD (15.7±0.08 %) compared to other treatments. (p<0.05). Feed conversion ratio was least in CD (0.35±0.09) and feed efficiency (2.7±0.08) in CD was numerically high compared to other treatments. (p>0.05).The study promotes sustainable aquaculture by the use of alternative aqua feeds derived from plant or animal based sources. The study also highlights the usage of probiotics in improving growth performance, disease resistance in aquatic animals.

 

Keywords | Alternative feed, Feed formulation, Growth performance, Probiotics, Bacillus sp.

 

Received | May 14, 2021; Accepted | June 12, 2021; Published | July 28, 2021

*Correspondence | Kuppusamy Alagesan Paari, Department of Life sciences, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India 560029; Email: paari.ka@christuniversity.in

Citation | Samuel RA, Dash SS, Ali L Riyaz, Paari KA (2021). Formulation and characterization of plant, animal, and probiotic based fish meals and evaluating their efficacy on growth and performance in zebrafish (danio rerio). Adv. Anim. Vet. Sci. 9(9): 1489-1497.

DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.aavs/2021/9.9.1489.1497

ISSN (Online) | 2307-8316; ISSN (Print) | 2309-3331

Copyright © 2021 Paari et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

 

Introduction

 

Aquaculture is a rapidly growing food sector in the world with global production reaching a peak of 179 million tonnes annually (FAO, 2020). Aquaculture sector is in constant demand and is facing the problems of feed shortage, pathogenic diseases and excessive antibiotic usage. Rapid advancements in the field of nutrition biology, aquaculture technology and the practice of sustainable aquaculture are key factors that contribute for better aquaculture practices (Santis and Jerry, 2007). Fish meal (FM) is an extensively used ingredient in aquaculture owing to its vitamin contents, balanced amino acids, growth factor, and other growth promoting properties (Tacon and Metian, 2008; Goddard et al., 2008). In terms of aquaculture sustainability, extensive use of FM as an aquatic feed has been unyielding due to the shortages in the resource for feed production which in turn increase the cost of FM. Alternative feed sources that have better nutrient profiles and available at a lesser price can be used to make ideal formulations for catering nutritional requirements (Gerile and Pirhonen, 2017; Aleström et al., 2006). Cheap protein sources derived from plant and animal by-products from agriculture, oilseed plants, fisheries, domestic animal sources can be utilized as ingredients in fish feed formulation (Tacon, 1990; Zhou et al., 2011). Among the plant based meal, soybean diet consisting of 44-49% protein content constitute for 69% of diet from plant source for feed formulation (Ghadge et al., 2009; Siddiqui and Khan, 2014; Cromwell, 2017; Blaufuss and Trushenski, 2012). Similarly, groundnut meal known for its rich amount of protein, vitamins, and minerals source is another traditionally underutilized, inexpensive plant-based diet (Aguihe et al., 2012; Srivastava et al., 2018). Even though plant sources can be used as ideal formulations, several factors like anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) in soybean, failure of groundnut crops, susceptibility to fungal toxins limit their use (Ghadge et al., 2009; Yasothai, 2016). To overcome these complications from plant protein sources, alternative feeds from animal by-products are preferred (Henchion et al., 2017). Potential animal sources with favorable essential amino acid profiles include bone meal, shrimp meal, and earthworm meal (Sogbesan and Ugwamba, 2008). Long term economical and biological potential of bone and shrimp meal make it ideal additives in furnishing a balanced fish feed. More recently, earthworm meal is being used in the category of suitable feed ingredients (Ding et al., 2015; Tedesco et al., 2020). The amino acid profiles of animal based feeds are much similar to fishes and contain lipid contents with high proportions of omega-3 fatty acids (Beg et al., 2016). A proper ratio of all these blended protein sources can improve the quality of feed given to fishes and enhance their growth and development. A complementary feed material is formulated from plant, animal and bacterial source. Probiotics are live microbial feed supplements which benefit the host by improving its intestinal microflora (Vine et al., 2006; Wang, 2007; Yanbo and Zirong, 2006; Fuller, 1989). Probiotics supplemented along with the formulated diet can influence growth performance of fishes by secreting digestive enzymes which can facilitate better feed uptake and they can limit pathogenic growth by competition and production of extracellular secretions (Merrifield and Carnevali, 2014; Yanbo and Zirong, 2006). A wide variety of microorganisms can be used as probiotics in aquaculture including species of yeast, Bacilli, lactic acid bacteria, Pseudomonas sp. Enterococcus sp. (Wang et al., 2008; Ringo and Gatesoupe, 1998; Irianto and Austin, 2002; Satish Kumar et al., 2011). The use of probiotics can be highly beneficial in aquaculture since they can serve as an alternative to antibiotics, combat pathogenic diseases, many probiotic supplements have been proven to enhance growth, improve survival rate and even enhance reproduction in aquatic animals (Wang et al., 2008; Balcázar et al., 2006; Watts et al., 2017). Probiotics can improve the water quality of large aquaria by reducing ammonia content in the water and can also prevent pathogenic biofilm formation which makes them an essential component of sustainable aquaculture practices (Zhang et al., 2011; Sharma et al., 2018).

 

The present study was aimed at comparatively analyzing the effect of plant, animal, and probiotic based fish feeds on growth parameters in Danio rerio. Diets were formulated using plant-based (PD), animal-based (AD), and probiotic based (PrD) sources and were evaluated for their efficacy in improving growth performance in Danio rerio. The study promotes sustainable aquaculture by the use of alternative feeds derived from plant or animal based sources in order to mitigate the rising costs and shortage of fish feed.

 

Materials and Methods

 

Isolation, biochemical characterization and identification of potential probiotic bacteria

Indian prawn (Penaeus indicus) was used as a probiotic host for bacterial isolation. The gastrointestinal tract of the organism was homogenized and serially diluted with sterile saline solution, followed by plating onto De Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) agar and incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. The morphological characteristics such as abundance of growth and size were studied on MRS agar plates. The isolates obtained were screened using the antimicrobial well diffusion assay and the safety of the isolated culture was assessed using hemolysis assay. A non-hemolytic strain showing effective antimicrobial activity was selected and further characterized using standard biochemical tests like Gram’s staining, motility ,catalase, indole, methyl red, Vogus Proskauer and Simmon citrate tests (Yadav et al., 2016).The isolated strain was identified using 16SrRNA-F and 16SrRNA-R primers using BDT v3.1 Cycle sequencing kit on ABI 3730xl Genetic Analyzer. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor joining technique via MEGA v1.3.4 (Kimura, 1980; Kumar et al., 2016).

 

Probiotic characterization

The isolate was evaluated for its ability to survive in different pH (2-10), temperature (15 ̊C- 55 ̊C), sodium chloride concentration (2%-10%), phenol concentration (0.2%-0.6%) in MRS broth and was incubated for 24 hours. Later the isolate was plated onto MRS agar plates and the Log (CFU•mL-1) was calculated. The ability of the isolate to survive in simulated artificial gastric juice for durations (2, 4 and 6 hours) was assessed. After incubation, the isolate was plated onto MRS agar and Log (CFU•mL-1) was calculated. (Halder et al., 2017; Corcoran et al., 2005).

 

Antibiofilm activity of the isolate

The antibiofilm activity of the isolate was assessed against Escherichia coli, Vibrio harveyi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus by performing the modified crystal violet assay. A 100µl aliquot of the bacterial isolate was added along with the control into the wells of the microtiter plate. After 45 min, plates were washed with sterile distilled water. 1% crystal violet was added and again incubated for 15 min. De-staining was carried out using 100µl of ethanol and the absorbance was measured at 450nm using a microplate reading equipment (Costa et al., 2018).The percentage inhibition was calculated using the equation:

 

Image104721799.PNG 

 

Determination of carbohydrate fermentation profiles

The carbohydrate fermentation profile was established using nine different carbohydrates, maltose, mannitol, xylose, galactose, fructose, lactose, sorbitol, inositol and sucrose. The assay was performed in a 96 well microtiter plate. 160 µl of active cell culture in modified MRS broth containing bromocresol purple was added in each well along with 40 µl of different sugar solutions. After incubation at 42 ˚C overnight the change of color and turbidity in the wells were noted with yellow color change indicating a positive result and no color change indicating a negative result (Erkus, 2007).

 

Feed preparation and formulation

Proximate analysis of the feed constituents in both plant based (PD) and animal based (AD) was performed based on the percentage of carbohydrates, protein, fat, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), poly unsaturated fatty acids along with moisture and ash content (Table 2). Corn starch was added to act as a binder to prevent leaching of nutrients and disintegration of raw ingredients (Volpe et al., 2012).The probiotic based diet (PrD) involved administering the probiotic isolate at a concentration of 7 Log (CFU•mL-1) along with a commercially available diet. Combination diet (CD) was prepared by combining PD and AD based constituents in the ratio of 1:1 and supplemented along with 7 Log (CFU•mL-1) probiotic bacteria. Commercial fish diet served as control. The composition of different diets is shown in Table 1.

 

Experimental design and growth performance measurements.

Four experimental groups along with a control were designed. Uniform sized zebra fishes (Danio rerio) were purchased from a nearby fisheries store. The fishes were segregated into the following groups; group fed with plant-based diet (PD), group fed with animal-based diet (AD), group fed with probiotic-based diet (PrD), group fed with combination diet (CD). Each of the groups contained 10-12 replicates of uniform sized Danio rerio fishes. The fish were acclimated with the basal diet for 2 weeks before beginning the study.

 

Growth parameters-Weight gain percentage, feed conversion ratio and the feed efficiency were recorded from the beginning of the feeding period (Day 1) to the end of the feeding experiment (Day 30). The fishes were fed once a day with diets (4% of their body weight) and the growth parameters were measured at a five day interval. Additional parameters like pH, ammonia content, and temperature were monitored frequently to ensure a clean environment for the fishes to grow. Growth parameters were measured using the formulas below:

Image104727998.PNG 

Image104729164.PNG 

Image104730728.PNG 

 

Note: Wf = Final weight in grams, Wi = Initial weight in grams

 

Table 1: Showing proportions of different ingredients used to prepare the different fish diets.

 

Sl.no Name of the diet Diet formulation Percentage (%)

1. Plant based diet (PD)

Soybean meal

Groundnut meal

Fruit peelA

Corn starch

56.25

25

6.25

12.5

2.

Animal based diet(AD)

Fish meal

Bone meal

Shrimp meal

Earthworm meal B

Corn starch

48.65

15.13

24.33

1.08

10.81

3.

Probiotic based diet(PrD)

Crude protein C

Probiotic suspension

30

107 CFU mL-1

4. Combination diet (CD)

PD

AD

Probiotic suspension

50

50

107 CFU mL-1

5. Control

Crude protein C

30


NOTE:A- Major constituent of fruit peels-Orange peel, minor – pomegranate peel, banana peel; B- Dried in a hot air oven at 80ºC for 2 days, then ground into a fine powder and added as a raw ingredient; C- Commercial diet supplemented as 4% body weight ; CFU- Colony Forming Unit

 

Statistical analysis

All the data collected were analyzed using R v 3.6.3. One way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to evaluate the effects of each diet on the fish growth and performance with p <0.05 considered significant.

 

Table 2: Showing general isolate characteristics and the fermentation profile of nine carbohydrates

 

Colony morphology Off white, small, circular Fermentation profile
Shape Bacilli Maltose +
Gram’s staining + Mannitol +
IMViC tests

-+++*

Xylose +
Motility + Galactose +

Hemolytic activity

Non-hemolytic Fructose +
Anti-microbial activity +++ Lactose +
Milk coagulation efficacy + Sorbitol -
Tolerance to 0.6% trypsin + Inositol -
Catalase test + Sucrose -


Note: *IMViC tests- Indole, methyl red, Vogus Proskauer and Simmon citrate test respectively.

 

Results and discussion

 

The potential isolates obtained on MRS plate were screened using the agar well diffusion assay. The isolates which showed antimicrobial activity were then safety assessed using the hemolysis assay. A non-hemolytic isolate was selected and was further characterized using standard biochemical and morphological assays (Table 2). Isolated culture was identified as Bacillus sp. using 16s rRNA sequencing and BLAST analysis. Bacillus sp. have been reported for a wide range of nutritional, physiological and metabolic diversity which has been widely used for its antimicrobial activity to tackle fish pathogens in commercial aquaculture (Sen et al., 2015; Kong et al., 2017).

 

The consensus sequence obtained was deposited in GENBANK (Accession number- MT355408). Phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor joining method (Figure 1).

 

 

The isolate was able to grow at low pH ranging at pH 2 [5.9±0.04 Log (CFU•mL-1)] and pH 4 [6.56±0.07 Log (CFU•mL-1)].The optimum growth was between pH 6-8.The growth decreased at higher pH 10 [5.65±0.012 Log (CFU•mL-1)].T (Figure 2). Resistance to low pH is of great importance in assessing the survival of probiotic strains in the gastric environment (Musikasang et al., 2009; Kimura et al., 2006). Tolerance to gastric juice is considered as a key functional requirement for probiotics, which enables them to survive during passage through the gastrointestinal tract (Bevilacqua et al., 2010). The final growth observed after exposure of the isolate for a duration of 6h in simulated artificial gastric juice was found to be 6.46±0.01 Log (CFU•mL-1) (Figure 3). LAB are equipped with molecules like proton‐translocating ATPase that prevent internal cellular destruction or improve cellular strength to enable the tolerance of harmful exterior surroundings (Sanchez et al., 2007).

 

The ability of an isolate to resist the gastric environment is a probiotic feature. Furthermore, the resistance can be enhanced by encapsulation, carbohydrate and protein substrate changes (Ding and Shah, 2007).

 

The isolate was able to tolerate different temperatures. Growth at optimum temperature 37 ˚C was maximum at 7.38±0.04 Log (CFU•mL-1). The growth diminished at temperature deviations of 10 ˚C in extremes of 37 ˚C. The growth at 25 ˚C was 7.02±0.06 Log (CFU•mL-1) and the growth at 45 ˚C was 6.83±0.09 Log (CFU•mL-1) (Figure 4). No growth was observed at low temperatures 15 ˚C and beyond 45 ˚C (data not shown). Probiotics have a variety of adaptation mechanisms to increase their thermostability which include increasing the production of heat shock proteins (HSPs), phosphotransferases and chaperonins (Chen et al., 2017; Hernández et al., 2018).

 

Probiotic growth at higher temperature is a good indication since a high fermentation temperature decreases contamination by other microorganisms (Chen et al., 2015;Terpou et al., 2019). Probiotics grown in a high salt concentration adapt by displaying loss of turgor pressure which can affect their overall physiology, enzyme activity, water activity and metabolism and thereby enabling the cells to proliferate. The growth observed at 2% concentration was 7.72±0.03 Log (CFU•mL-1) and the growth at 10% NaCl concentration was 7.15±0.05 Log (CFU•mL-1) (Figure 5). Therefore strains which can survive high osmotolerance are preferred in commercial applications (Menconi et al., 2014).

 

 

 

 

The antbiofilm activity of Bacillus sp. against fish pathogens; Vibrio harveyi (96.1±2.7%), Escherichia coli (96.2±1.5 %,), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (95.3±3.0%) and Staphylococcus aureus (96.7±2.8%) was recorded (p<0.05) (Figure 6). Probiotics can mitigate the problem of prevalence of pathogens in aquaria by disrupting formed biofilms. Probiotic antibiotic activity is due to secretion of bio surfactants, peptidoglycan binders, antimicrobial peptides and enolases (Spurbeck and Arvidson, 2010; Wu et al., 2018). Antimicrobial peptides are produced by genes like LCI other and gene clusters that help in production of secondary metabolites (Wu et al., 2018).

 

 

 

Proximate nutrient analysis PD and AD

The nutrient profiles of the plant and animal based diets were analyzed. The average energy was between 2500 kcal kg-1-3000kcal kg-1.The protein range was optimum between 45-50% of the feed composition. (Sogbesan and Ugwamba, 2008).The percentage of other components ;carbohydrates, fats (Mono unsaturated fatty acids, poly unsaturated fatty acids),moisture and ash have been described in Table 3.

 

Growth performance study

The results of the present study were hypothesized to show better performance in the fishes fed with a combination diet (CD) as it had the highest diversity of raw ingredients along with probiotic administration. However, this was not the case. PrD was found to exhibit greater weight gain percentage (15.7±0.08 %) in comparison with other treatments (p<0.05) (Figure 7). Feed conversion ratio and feed

 

Table 3: Showing proximate analysis of plant based diet (PD) and animal based diet (AD) per 100 g of the samples

 

Diets Energy (kcal)*

%

Carbohydrate

%

Protein

%

Fat

%

MUFA

%

PUFA

%

Moisture

%

Ash

PD

287.3 16.9 45.7 4.1 0.59 0.54 10

5.23

AD 263.5 9.0 48.1 3.9 0.28 0.06 8

4.6


Note: i. MUFA – Mono Unsaturated Fatty Acids, PUFA – Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids ii. Energy = (Carbohydrate (g) x 4) + (Protein(g) x 4) + (Fat(g) x 9) *Energy in kcal per 100g of feed

 

 

 

 

efficiency were numerically better in CD compared to other treatments (0.35±0.09 and 2.7±0.09) respectively (P>0.05) (Figure 8, 9 respectively).

 

Soybean meal has been found to contain anti-nutritional factors (ANFs) such as protease inhibitors, lectins, glycinin, and saponins which could possibly affect feed intake (Salem and Ghany, 2018). In another study, feed intake was highly affected when 35% of the feed was replaced with soybean meal, causing an 18% decrease in feed intake in comparison with the control group (Volpe et al., 2012). Similarly the replacement of fish meal with more than 20% of soybean meal can negatively affect growth. Moreover, soy protein, as well as soy saponins present in soybean meal, are known to trigger an immune response causing inflammation (Hedrera et al., 2013). Usage of soya concentrate can negate the detrimental effect of ANFs and other growth inhibitors (Ray et al., 2018). Soybean meal has a favorable essential amino acid profile (EAA) and is suitably used as an better digestibility component (Bandara, 2018). Probiotics can reduce inflammation caused due to plant proteins and improve growth and survival (Rendueles et al., 2012). This might be one of the possible reasons for better performance observed in fishes fed with CD compared to PD. Plant based diets if provided at early stages of the organism’s life can enhance acceptance and better utilization (Geurden et al., 2013). No mortality was observed in any of the treatments supplemented to the fishes throughout the experiment.

 

Conclusion

 

Alternate feeds formulated in this study had no negative effect on the growth and performance of Danio rerio. Bacillus sp supplement was effective in growth performance, contribute resistance against pathogens and improve water quality parameters in aquaria. Soybean meal refinement into concentrate can minimize the effects of ANFs and thereby improvise the feed intake. The use of alternative feeds along with probiotic supplements can reduce the load on fish feed industry and therefore making sustainable aquaculture practices more economical and to reap maximum benefits.

 

Acknowledgements

 

The authors acknowledge the support received from the Department of Life Sciences and Centre for Research, CHRIST (Deemed to be University) for the financial aid through MRP. (MRPDSC-1936).The authors also acknowledge the copyright assigned conditions required by Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences.

 

Conflict of Interest

 

The authors declare no conflict of interest

 

Author contribution

 

Riya Ann Samuel was involved in the experimental design, data collection, data analysis and revised this manuscript. Suravi Sasmita Dash was involved in the experimental design, data collection, data analysis and revised this manuscript. Riyaz Ali.L was involved in experimental design, data analysis and drafted this manuscript. Kuppusamy Alagesan Paari conceptualized the idea, involved in funding and revised this manuscript. All authors read and approved this manuscript

 

References

 

  • Aguihe PC, Kehinde AS, Lekene B (2012). Effect of Replacement Levels of Soybean Meal with Local Groundnut Cake Meal on Carcass and Organ Characteristics in Broilers Diet. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 10(1). https://doi.org/10.4314/joafss.v10i1.28
  • Alestrom P, Holter JL, Nourizadeh LR (2006). Zebrafish in functional genomics and aquatic biomedicine. Trends. Biotechno. 24(1):15-21.
  • Balcázar JL, De Blas I, Ruiz-Zarzuela I, Cunningham D, Vendrell, D, Múzquiz JL (2006). The role of Probiotics in aquaculture. Vet. Microbiol. 114(3-4):173-186.
  • Bandara T (2018). Alternative feed ingredients in aquaculture: Opportunities and challenges. J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 6(2): 3087-3094.
  • Beg MM, Mandal B, Moulick S (2016). Potential of earthworm meal as a replacement of fish meal for Indian major carps. Int. J. Fish. Aquat. Stud.15: 65-66.
  • Bevilacqua A, Altieri C, Corbo MR, Sinigaglia M, Ouoba LI (2010). Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Italian Bella di Cerignola Table Olives. Selection of Potential Multifunctional Starter Cultures. J. Food. Sci. 75(8): 536-544. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01793.x
  • Blaufuss P, Trushenski J (2012). Exploring Soy-Derived Alternatives to Fish Meal: Using Soy Protein Concentrate and Soy Protein Isolate in Hybrid Striped Bass Feeds. N. Am. J. Aquac. 74(1):8-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/15222055.2011.635782
  • Chen J, Shen J, Ingvar Hellgren L, Ruhdal Jensen P, Solem C (2015). Adaptation of Lactococcus lactis to high growth temperature leads to a dramatic increase in acidification rate. Sci. Rep. 5: 14199.
  • Chen, MJ, Tang HY, Chiang ML (2017). Effects of heat, cold, acid and bile salt adaptations on the stress tolerance and protein expression of kefir‐isolated probiotic Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens M1. Food Microbiol. 66:20-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2017.03.020
  • Corcoran BM, Stanton C, Fitzgerald GF, Ross RP (2005). Survival of probiotic lactobacilli in acidic environments is enhanced in the presence of metabolizable sugars. Appl. Envir. Microbiol. 71 (6):3060- 3067.
  • Costa GA, Rossatto FCP, Medeiros AW, Correa APF, Brandelli A, Frazzon APG, Motta AD (2018). Evaluation antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of the antimicrobial peptide P34 against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. An. Acad. Bras. Cienc. 90(1):73-84.
  • Cromwell D (2017). Soybean meal–An exceptional protein source. Soy Meal Center. IA: 01-29.
  • De-Santis C, Jerry D R (2007). Candidate growth genes in finfish -Where should we be looking? .Aquaculture. 272(1-4): 22-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.08.036
  • Ding WK, Shah NP (2007). Acid, bile, and heat tolerance of free and microencapsulated probiotic bacteria. J. Food. Sci., 72(9):446-450.
  • Ding Z, Zhang Y, Ye J, Du Z, Kong Y (2015). An evaluation of replacing fish meal with fermented soybean meal in the diet of Macrobrachium nipponense: Growth, nonspecific immunity, and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 44(1): 295-301. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.024.
  • El‐Sayed AM (1998). Total replacement of fish meal with animal protein sources in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), feeds. Aquac. Res. 29 (4): 275-280. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.1998.00199.x
  • Erkus O (2007). Isolation, phenotypic and genotypic characterization of yoghurt starter bacteria. MS Thesis, Graduate School of Engineering and Sciences of Izmir, Izmir, Turkey.
  • FAO (2020). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture: Sustainability in action. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9229en
  • Fuller (1989). Probiotics in man and animals. Int. J. Syst. Evo. l Microbiol. 66(5):365-378. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1989.tb05105.x
  • Gerile S, Pirhonen J (2017). Replacement of fishmeal with corn gluten meal in feeds for juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) does not affect oxygen consumption during forced swimming. Aquaculture. 479: 616-618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.07.002
  • Geurden I, Borchert P, Balasubramanian MN, Schrama JW, Dupont-Nivet M, Quillet E, Kaushik SJ, Panserat S, Médale F (2013). The positive impact of the early-feeding of a plant-based diet on its future acceptance and utilisation in rainbow trout. PLoS One. 8(12):e83162. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083162
  • Ghadge VN, Upase BT, Patil PV (2009). Effect of replacing groundnut cake by soybean meal on performance of broilers. Vet. World. 2(5):183-184.
  • Goddard S, Al-Shagaa G, Ali A (2008). Fisheries by-catch and processing waste meals as ingredients in diets for Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquac. Res. 39(5): 518-525. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2008.01906.x
  • Halder D, Mandal M, Chatterjee SS, Pal NK, Mandal S (2017). Indigenous Probiotic Lactobacillus Isolates Presenting Antibiotic like Activity against Human Pathogenic Bacteria. Biomed. 5(2):1-11. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines5020031
  • Hedrera MI, Galdames JA, Jimenez-Reyes MF, Reyes AE, Avendaño-Herrera R, Romero J, Feijóo CG (2013). Soybean meal induces intestinal inflammation in zebrafish larvae. PloS One. 8(7): e69983.
  • Henchion M, Hayes M, Mullen AM, Fenelon M, Tiwari B (2017). Future Protein Supply and Demand: Strategies and Factors Influencing a Sustainable Equilibrium. Foods. 6(7):53. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6070053
  • Hernández‐AM, Wacher C, Llamas MG, López P, Pérez ML (2018). Probiotic properties and stress response of thermotolerant lactic acid bacteria isolated from cooked meat products. LWT. 91: 249-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2017.12.063
  • Irianto A, Austin B (2002). Use of probiotics to control furunculosis in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). J. Fish. Dis. 25(6): 333-342. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2761.2002.00375.x
  • Kimura M (1980). A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. J. Mol. Evo. 16(2):111-120
  • Kimura M, Danno K, Yasui H (2006). Immunomodulatory Function and Probiotic Properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Mongolian Fermented Milk. Biosci. Microflora. 25(4):147-155. https://doi.org/10.12938/bifidus.25.147
  • Kong W, Huang C, Tang Y, Zhang, D, Wu Z, Chen, X. (2017). Effect of Bacillus subtilis on Aeromonas hydrophila-induced intestinal mucosal barrier function damage and inflammation in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Sci. Rep. 7(1): 1588.
  • Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K (2016). MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets. Mol. Bio. Evo. 33(7):1870-1874.
  • Menconi A, Kallapura G, Latorre JD, Morgan MJ, Pumford NR, Hargis BM. Tellez G (2014). Identification and Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria in a Commercial Probiotic Culture. Biosci.Microbiota. Food. Health. 33 (1):25-30. https://doi.org/10.1293
  • Merrifield DL, Carnevali O (2014). Probiotic Modulation of the Gut Microbiota of Fish. Aquac. Nutr.185-222. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118897263.ch8
  • Musikasang H, Tani A, H-kittikun A, Maneerat S (2009). Probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria isolated from chicken gastrointestinal digestive tract.World. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 25(8):1337-1345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-009-0020-8
  • Ray Gyan W, Ayiku S, Yang Q (2019). Effects of Replacing Fishmeal with Soybean Products in Fish and Crustaceans Performance. J. Aquac. Res. Dev. 10(8). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.35248/2155-9546.19.10.573
  • Rendueles O, Ferrières L , Fretaud M, Begaud E, Herbomel P, Levraud JP Ghigo JM (2012). A new zebrafish model of oro-intestinal pathogen colonization reveals a key role for adhesion in protection by probiotic bacteria. PLoS. Pathog. 8(7): e1002815.
  • Ringo E, Gatesoupe FJ (1998). Lactic acid bacteria in fish: a review. Aquaculture.160, (3-4):177-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(97)00299-8.
  • Salem M, Abdel HM (2018). Effects of dietary orange peel on growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. Aquac. Stud. 18(2): 127-134. http://doi.org/10.4194/2618-6381-v18_2_06
  • Sanchez B, Champomier VMC, Collado MC, Anglade P, Baraige F, Sanz Y, Zagorec M (2007). Low‐pH adaptation and the acid tolerance response of Bifidobacterium longum biotype longum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73(20): 6450-6459. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00886-07
  • Satish Kumar R, Kanmani P, Yuvaraj N, Paari KA, Pattukumar V, Arul V (2011). Purification and characterization of enterocin MC13 produced by a potential aquaculture probiont Enterococcus faecium MC13 isolated from the gut of Mugil cephalus. Can. J. Microbiol. 57(12):993-1001.
  • Sen R, Tripathy S, Padhi SK, Mohanty S, Maiti NK (2015). Assessment of genetic diversity of Bacillus spp. isolated from eutrophic fish culture pond. Biotech. 5(4):393-400.
  • Sharma V, Harjai K, Shukla G (2018). Effect of bacteriocin and exopolysaccharides isolated from probiotics on P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm. Folia. Microbiol. 63(2): 181-190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12223-017-0545-4.
  • Siddiqui MI, Khan MA (2014). Effect of soybean diet: Growth and conversion efficiencies of fingerling of stinging cat fish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). J. King Saud. Univ. Sci. 26(2):83-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2013.10.004
  • Sogbesan AO, Ugwumba AA (2008). Nutritional values of some non-conventional animal protein feedstuffs used as fishmeal supplement in aquaculture practices in Nigeria. Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 8(1):159-164.
  • Spurbeck RR, Arvidson CG (2010). Lactobacillus jensenii surface-associated proteins inhibit Neisseria gonorrhoeae adherence to epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 78 (7): 3103-3111.
  • Srivastava D, Mathur AN, Shirshat MK (2018). Use of de-oiled groundnut cake flour as an alternate source of nutrition.Internat. J. Agric. Engg. 11(1): 150-152. https://doi.org/10.15740/has/ijae/11.1/150-152
  • Tacon A and Metian M (2008). Global overview on the use of fish meal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds: Trends and future prospects. Aquaculture. 285(1-4):146-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.08.015
  • Tacon, Albert, GJ (1990). Fish Feed Formulation and Production. FAO. Food and Agriculture Organisation. [Online]. Available: http://www.fao.org/3/u4173e/u4173e00.html
  • Tedesco DEA, Castrica M, Tava A, Panseri S, Balzaretti CM (2020). From a Food Safety Prospective: The Role of Earthworms as Food and Feed in Assuring Food Security and in Valuing Food Waste. Insects. 11(5):293 https://.doi.org/10.3390/insects11050293
  • Terpou A, Papadaki A, Lappa IK, Kachrimanidou V, Bosnea LA, Kopsahelis N (2019). Probiotics in food systems: significance and emerging strategies towards improved viability and delivery of enhanced beneficial value. Nutr. 11(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071591
  • Vine NG, Leukes WD, Kaiser H (2006). Probiotics in marine larviculture. FEMS. Microbiol. Rev. 30(3): 404-427.
  • Volpe MG, Varricchio E, Coccia E , Santagata G, Di Stasio M , Malinconico M, Paolucci M (2012). Manufacturing pellets with different binders: Effect on water stability and feeding response in juvenile Cherax albidus. Aquaculture. 324-325:104-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.10.029
  • Wang YB, Tian ZQ, Yao JT, Li WF (2008). Effect of probiotics, Enterococcus faecium, on tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth performance and immune response. Aquaculture. 277(3- 4):203-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.03.007
  • Wang YB (2007). Effect of probiotics on growth performance and digestive enzyme activity of the shrimp Penaeus vannamei. Aquaculture. 269(1-4): 259-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.05.035
  • Watts JEM, Schreier HJ, Lanska L, Hale MS (2017). The Rising Tide of Antimicrobial Resistance in Aquaculture: Sources, Sinks and Solutions. Mar. Drugs. 15(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/md15060158
  • Wu J , Xu G, Jin Y, Sun, C, Zhou L, Lin G, Xu R, Wei L, Fei H, Wang D, Chen J, Lv Z, Liu K (2018). Isolation and characterization of Bacillus sp. GFP-2, a novel Bacillus strain with antimicrobial activities, from Whitespotted bamboo shark intestine. AMB. Express. 8(1):84.
  • Yadav R, Puniya AK, Shukla P (2016). Probiotic Properties of Lactobacillus plantarum RYPR1 from an Indigenous Fermented Beverage Raabadi. Front. Microbiol.7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01683
  • Yanbo W, Zirong X (2006). Effect of probiotics for common carp (Cyprinus carpio) based on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 127(3-4): 283-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.09.003
  • Yasothai R (2016). Antinutritional factors in soybean meal and its deactivation. Int. J. Sci. Environ.Technol. 5(6): 3793-3797.
  • Zhang Q, Feng Y, Wang J, Guo J, Zhang Y, Gao J, Song Z (2011). Study on the characteristics of the ammonia-nitrogen and residual feeds degradation in aquatic water by Bacillus licheniformis. Acta. Hydrobiol. Sin. 35(3):498-503.
  • Zhou F, Song W, Shao Q, Peng X, Xiao J, Hua Y, Owari BN, Zhang T, Ng WK (2011). Partial Replacement of Fish Meal by Fermented Soybean Meal in Diets for Black Sea Bream, Acanthopagrus schlegelii, Juveniles. J. World. Aquac. Soc. 42(2):184-197. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2011.00455.x
  •  

     

     

    Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences

    November

    Vol. 12, Iss. 11, pp. 2062-2300

    Featuring

    Click here for more

    Subscribe Today

    Receive free updates on new articles, opportunities and benefits


    Subscribe Unsubscribe